东北龙岗火山区孤山屯泥炭中显微火山灰的发现及其意义

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 孤山屯位于东北龙岗火山区,距离长白山天池火山200km,在沉积物深度40～43cm处发现少量火山灰颗粒,其形态不规则,呈多气泡状、薄板状、尖角状结构,属原生火山灰。电子探针分析结果显示其属于碱流质火山喷发,而不同于龙岗地区第四纪火山活动的特征。通过AMS ¹⁴C年龄所建立的年龄模式推断孤山屯沉积物深度40～43cm(即发现火山灰的层位)处的年龄应为260～420cal a BP, 这与史料记载的天池火山公元1702年、1668年和1597年的喷发年龄较接近,而且公元1702年、1668年和1597年主要为碱流质岩浆喷发,与孤山屯沉积物中发现的火山灰的地球化学特征也相吻合,进一步证明孤山屯沉积物深度40～43cm处的少量火山灰应来源于天池火山千年大喷发后的公元1702年、1668年和1597年喷发。关于天池火山公元1702年、1668年和1597年喷发的记录比较少,这3次小规模的喷发发生于天池火山千年大喷发之后,且其喷发物的特征与天池火山千年大喷发的特征比较接近,却亦有不同之处。因此,在对沉积物中火山灰的探寻研究工作中,若发现了来自公元1702年、1668年或1597年的火山灰颗粒,可对其下部地层做更为细致的分样以及火山灰提取工作,这对未来在研究区域寻找长白山天池火山千年大喷发的记录有很大的帮助。如果天池火山大喷发的喷发物在龙岗火山区更多的沉积物中发现,便可在该地区建立非常稳固的火山灰年代地层学框架,为地层对比和追踪火山演化历史提供时间依据,最重要的是多种测年方法的应用可为记录气候环境提供准确的高分辨率时间标尺,而这对于过去全球变化研究亦非常重要。

关键词: 孤山屯, 显微火山灰, 电子探针分析, 火山灰年代学

Abstract: Gushantun,200km to Tianchi volcano,is located in the Longgang volcanic area of northeastern China. Cryptotephra were discovered in the sediment at 40～43cm depth,and the particular shape,such as bubbles,flat and sharp rim,suggests that the tephra shards are the result of direct sinking to the bottom rather than the one of secondary transportation. Electron microprobe analysis showed that the volcanic ash was derived from rhyolitic lavas which are different from the characteristics of the Longgang area volcanism in Quaternary.
The age of the bed at depth 40～43cm in Gushantun is 260～420cal a BP calibrated by using AMS ¹⁴C.This is very close to the Tianchi volcano eruptions which happened in 1702,1668 and 1597AD.Moreover,these three eruptions are all rhyolitic eruptions which have the similar characteristics with tephra shards detected in Gushantun. All of the information shows the Gushantun shards could come from Tianchi 1702,1668 or 1597AD eruptions. There are few records about these eruptions,however,they happened after the millennium eruption of Tianchi volcano(1199-1200AD)and have geochemical characteristics very close to that of the millennium eruption. In the future work,if the tephra shards of these three eruptions are discovered in the sediments,we can do more careful work as tephra subsampling and extracting in the underlying layers to look for the possible Tianchi tephra. This will be very helpful for searching tephra shards of the Tianchi millennium eruption in the research area. If more Tianchi tephra shards are discovered in Longgang volcanic area,the firm tephrochronology and tephrostratigraphy frame can be established to provide the time basis for stratigraphic comparison and trace the evolution of volcano eruption. Moreover,the use of multi dating methods could provide precise and higher resolution time scale for recording the climatope,which is very significant for studying the past global changes.

Key words: Gushantun, cryptotephra, electron microprobe analysis, tephrochronology

中图分类号:

P317.3

赵宏丽, 刘嘉麒. 东北龙岗火山区孤山屯泥炭中显微火山灰的发现及其意义[J]. 地震地质, 2012, (3): 516-530.

ZHAO Hong-li, LIU Jia-qi. CRYPTOTEPHRA DISCOVERED IN GUSHANTUN PEAT OF NE CHINA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2012, (3): 516-530.

参考文献

白志达,孙善平,李家振,等.1999.五大连池新期火山锥体结构及喷发过程［J］.地质论评,45(7): 369-377.
BAI Zhi-da,SUN Shan-ping,LI Jia-zhen, et a1.1999.Cone structure and eruption process of modern volcanoes in the Wudalianchi area,Heilongjiang Province［J］.Geological Review,45(7): 369-377(in Chinese).
白志达,徐德斌,张秉良,等.2006.龙岗火山群第四纪爆破式火山作用类型与期次研究［J］.岩石学报,22(6): 1473-1480.
BAI Zhi-da,XU De-bin,ZHANG Bing-liang,et al.2006.Study on type and phase of Quaternary explosive volcanism in Longgang volcanic cluster［J］.Acta Petrologica Sinica,22(6): 1473-1480(in Chinese).
崔钟燮,金东淳,李霓.2000.长白山天池火山公元1199-1200 年大喷发历史记载的发现及其意义［J］岩石学报,16: 191-193.
CUI Zhong-xie,JIN Dong-chun,LI Ni.2000.The historical record discovery of 1199-1200AD large eruption of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano and its significance［J］.Acta Petrologica Sinica,16(2): 191-193(in Chinese).
崔钟燮,刘嘉麒,韩成龙.2008.长白山火山公元1199-1201年喷发的历史记录［J］.地质评论,54(4): 557-564.
CUI Zhong-xie,LIU Jia-qi,HAN Cheng-long.2008.Historical records on 1199-1201's eruptions of the Changbaishan volcano［J］.Geological Review,54(4): 557-564(in Chinese).
崔钟燮,魏海泉,刘若新.1995.长白山天池火山喷发历史记载资料的考证.见:刘若新主编. 火山作用与人类环境.北京: 地震出版社.36-39.
CUI Zhong-xie,WEI Hai-quan,LIU Ruo-xin.1995.The historical record of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano eruption.In: LIU Ruo-xin(ed). Volcanism and Human Environment. Seismological Press,Beijing.36-39(in Chinese).
樊祺诚,刘若新,魏海泉,等.1999.长白山天池火山全新世喷发与岩石地球化学特征［J］.地质论评,45(增刊): 263-271.
FAN Qi-cheng,LIU Ruo-xin,WEI Hai-quan,et al.1999.Petrogeochemical characteristics of Holocene eruption of the Tianchi volcano,Changbai Mountains［J］.Geological Review,45(suppl): 263-271(in Chinese).
樊祺诚,隋建立,刘若新,等.2002.吉林龙岗第四纪火山活动分期［J］.岩石学报,18(4): 495-500.
FAN Qi-cheng,SUI Jian-li,LIU Ruo-xin,et al.2002.Periods of Quaternary volcanic activity in Longgang area,Jilin Province［J］.Acta Petrologica Sinica,18(4): 495-500(in Chinese).
樊祺诚,隋建立,王团华,等.2006.长白山天池火山粗面玄武岩的喷发历史与演化［J］.岩石学报,22(6): 1449-1457.
FAN QI-cheng,SUI Jian-li,WANG Tuan-hua,et al.2006.Eruption history and magma evolution of the trachybasalt in the Tianchi volcano,Changbaishan［J］.Acta Petrologica Sinica,22(6): 1449-1457(in Chinese).
郭正府,刘嘉麒,樊祺诚.2005.四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物中碱流质火山灰的来源及其意义［J］.岩石学报,21(1): 251-255.
GUO Zheng-fu,LIU Jia-qi,FAN Qi-cheng.2005.Source of volcanic ash in the sediments of Sihailongwan maar lake,NE China,and its significance［J］.Acta Petrologica Sinica,21(1): 251-255(in Chinese).
刘德来,陈发景,杨丰平.1994.中国东北地区中生代火山岩与板块构造环境［J］.大庆石油学院学报,18(2): 1-8.
LIU De-lai,CHEN Fa-jing,YANG Feng-ping.1994.Mesozoic volcanic rocks and plate tectonic environments in northeastern China［J］.Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute,18(2): 1-8(in Chinese).
刘嘉麒.1987.中国东北地区新生代火山岩的年代学研究［J］.岩石学报,3(4): 21-31.
LIU Jia-qi.1987.Cenozoic volcanic rocks chronology research in northeastern China［J］.Acta Petrologica Sinica,3(4): 21-31(in Chinese).
刘嘉麒.1988.中国东北地区新生代火山幕［J］.岩石学报,(1): 1.
LIU Jia-qi.1988.The Cenozoic volcanic episodes in northeastern China［J］.Acta Petrologica Sinica,(1): 1(in Chinese).
刘嘉麒.1999.中国火山［M］.北京: 科学出版社.13-126.
LIU Jia-qi.1999.Volcanoes in China［M］.Science Press,Beijing. 13-126(in Chinese).
刘若新.2000.中国的活火山［M］.北京: 地震出版社.67-70.
LIU Ruo-xin.2000.Active Volcanoes in China［M］.Seismological Press,Beijing.67-70(in Chinese).
刘若新,李霓.2005.火山与火山喷发［M］.北京: 地震出版社.
LIU Ruo-xin,LI Ni.2005.Volcano and Volcano Eruption［M］.Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
刘若新,魏海泉,李继泰.1998.长白山天池火山近代喷发［M］.北京: 科学出版社.83-107.
LIU Ruo-xin,WEI Hai-quan,LI Ji-tai,et al.1998.The Modern Eruption of Changbaishan Volcano［M］.Science Press,Beijing.83-107(in Chinese).
刘金陵.1989.长白山区孤山屯沼泽地13,000年以来的植被与气候变化［J］.古植物学报,28(4): 495-511.
LIU Jin-ling.1989.Vegetational and climatic changes at Gushantun bog in Jilin,NE China since 13,000 yr. BP［J］.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,28(4): 495-511.
刘强,刘嘉麒,陈晓雨,等.2005.18.5ka BP以来东北四海龙湾玛珥湖全岩有机碳同位素记录及其古气候环境意义［J］.第四纪研究,25(6): 711-721.
LIU Qiang,LIU Jia-qi,CHEN Xiao-yu,et al.2005.Stable carbon isotope record of bulk organic matter from the Sihailongwan maar lake,Northeast China during the past 18.5ka［J］.Quaternary Sciences,25(6): 711-721(in Chinese).
刘强,盘晓东,魏海泉,等.2008.长白山天池火山喷发序列研究［J］.中国地震,24(3): 235-246.
LIU Qiang,PAN Xiao-dong,WEI Hai-quan,et al.2008.A borehole study on the eruptive sequence from the Tianchi volcano,Changbai Mountains［J］.Earthquake Research in China,24(3): 235-246(in Chinese).
刘强,魏海泉,许建东,等.2009.吉林龙岗四海火山碎屑物粒度分析与地质意义［J］.地震地质,31(1): 112-121.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2009.01.01.
LIU Qiang,WEI Hai-quan,et al.2009.Grain-size characteristics of the Sihai tephra sheet and their geological implications［J］.Seismology and Geology,31(1): 112-121(in Chinese).
刘祥.2006.长白山火山历史上最大火山爆发火山碎屑物层序与分布［J］.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),36(3): 313-318.
LIU Xiang.2006.Sequence and distribution of the pyroclastic deposits of the greatest eruption of Changbaishan volcano during the period of history［J］.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),36(3): 313-318(in Chinese).
刘祥,向天元.1997.中国东北地区新生代火山和火山碎屑堆积物资源与灾害［M］.长春: 吉林大学出版社.83-106,142.
LIU Xiang,XIANG Tian-yuan.1997.Resources and Hazards of Cenozoic Volcanoes and Pyroclastic Deposits in Northeastern China［M］.Jilin University Press,Changchun.83-106,142(in Chinese).
刘祥,张成粱.1997.龙岗火山群四海火山渣层: 来自金龙顶子火山亚普林尼式火山爆发［J］.吉林地质,16(3): 1-8.
LIU Xiang,ZHANG Cheng-liang.1997.Sihai basaltic scoria deposits in the Longgang volcanic swarm belong to the Sub Plinian eruption of Jinlongdingzi volcano［J］.Jilin Geology,16(3): 1-8(in Chinese).
栾鹏,许建东,潘波,等.2009.长白山天池火山喷发物地形地貌特征初步研究［J］.地震研究,32(2): 182-187(in Chinese).
LUAN Peng,XU Jian-dong,PAN Bo,et al.2009.Preliminary study on geomorphic characteristics of eruptive products of Tianchi volcano,Changbai Mountains［J］.Journal of Seismological Research,32(2): 182-187(in Chinese).
彭玉琼,李景春,张广宇,等.2008.中国东北晚全新世火山爆发最新的一次活跃期［J］.地质与资源,17(4): 241-249(in Chinese).
PENG Yu-qiong,LI Jing-chun,ZHANG Guang-yu,et al.2008.Dynamic setting analysis for future eruption of Tianchi volcano in Changbaishan Mountains［J］.Geology and Resources,17(4): 241-249(in Chinese).
金伯禄,张希友.1994.长白山火山地质研究［M］.延吉: 东北朝鲜民族教育出版社.223.
JIN Bo-lu,ZHANG Xi-you.1994.Changbaishan Volcanism Research［M］.Northeast China Korean Nationality Education Press,Yanji.223(in Chinese).
孙善平,钟蓉,刘永顺.2004.火山灰年代学与地层对比及岩相古地理环境研究的关系.第八届古地理学与沉积学学术会议论文摘要集.317.
SUN Shan-ping,ZHONG Rong,LIU Yong-shun.2004.Tephrochronology and tephrostratigraphical comparison and lithofacies paleogeography research.In: Proceedings of Abstracts of the Eighth Palaeogeography and Sedimentology Seminar.317(in Chinese).
魏海泉,樊祺诚.2000.龙岗火山群金龙顶子火山.见: 刘若新主编. 中国的活火山.北京: 地震出版社.67-74.
WEI Hai-quan. FAN Qi-cheng.2000.Jinlongdingzi volcano in Longgang volcanic area.In: LIU Ruo-xin(ed).Active Volcanoes in China. Seismological Press,Beijing.67-74(in Chinese).
魏海泉,刘若新.1995.长白山天池火山近代火山碎屑堆积物成因类型及灾害预测.见: 刘若新编.火山作用与人类环境.北京: 地震出版杜.21-27.
WEI Hai-quan,LIU Ruo-xin.1995.Genetic type and hazard prediction for recent tephra deposit of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano.LIU Ruo-xin(ed),Volcanism and Human Environment. Seismological Press,Beijing.21-27(in Chinese).
王雨钧,孙建中.1980.吉林省新生代火山活动期次初步划分［J］.吉林地质,(3): 2-6.
WANG Yu-jun,SUN Jian-zhong.1980.A preliminary division of Cenozoic volcanic activity periods in Jilin Province［J］.Jilin Geology,(3): 2-6(in Chinese).
许东满,郑祥身,许湘西.1993.长白山天池地区全新世以来火山活动及其特征［J］.第四纪研究,(1): 85-94.
XU Dong-man,ZHENG Xiang-shen,XU Xiang-xi.1993.Holocene volcanic activities and their features in Tianchi area,Changbaishan Mountains［J］.Quaternary Research,(1): 85-94(in Chinese).
于福生,袁万明,韩松,等.2003.吉林龙岗晚更新世玄武岩的铀系组分法年龄证据［J］.高能物理与核物理,27(11): 1039-1043.
YU Fu-sheng,YUAN Wan-ming,HAN Song,et al.2003.U-series component dating for late Pleistocene basalt of Longgang,Jilin Province［J］.High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics,27(11): 1039-1043(in Chinese).
张秉良,赵波,于红梅,等.2009.天池天文峰剖面全新世火山喷发物长石的结构特征及意义［J］.地震地质,31(4): 628-638.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2009.04.006.
ZHANG Bing-liang,ZHAO Bo, YU Hong-mei et al.2009. Structure characteristics of feldspar from Holocene volcanic eneptire rock on the Tianwenfeng profile in Tianchi and their geological implications［J］. Seismology and Geology, 31(4): 628-638(in Chinese).
钟蓉,孙善平,傅泽明.1996.山东及邻区晚石炭世-早二叠世火山事件沉积及地层对比［M］.地质学报,70(2): 42-152.
ZHONG Rong,SUN Shan-ping,FU Ze-ming.1996.Volcanic event deposits and stratigraphic correlation of the late Carboniferous-early Permian in Shandong and adjacent regions［J］.Acta Geologica Sinica,70(2): 42-152(in Chinese).
Baillie M G L,Munro M A R.1998.Irish tree rings,Santorini and volcanic dust veils［J］.Nature,332: 344-346.
Bjorck S,Ingolfsson O,Haflidason H,et al.1992.Lake Torfadalsvatn: A high resolution record of the North Atlantic Ash Zone I and the last glacial-interglacial environmental changes in Iceland［J］.Boreas,21: 15-22.
Blackford J.2000.Palaeoclimatic records from peat bogs［J］.Tree,15(5): 193-198.
Braitseva O A,Ponomareva V V,Sulerzhttsky L D,et al.1997.Holocene key-marker tephra layers in Kamchatka,Russia［J］.Quaternary Research,47: 125-139.

Coulter S E,Pilcher J R,Hall V A,et al.2010.Testing the reliability of the JEOL FEGSEM 6500F electron microprobe for quantitative major element analysis of glass shards from rhyolitic tephra［J］.Boreas,39: 163-169.

Dai J H,Mosley-Thompson E,Thompson L G.1991.Ice core evidence for an explosive tropical volcanic eruption six years preceding Tambora［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research(Atmospheres)96: 361-17,366.
Davies S M,Branch N P,Lowe J J,et al.2002.Towards a European tephrochronological framework for Termination 1 and the early Holocene［J］.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,London A,360: 767-802.

Davies S M,Elmquist M,Bergman J,et al.2007.Cryptotephra sedimentation processes within two lacustrine sequences from west central Sweden［J］.The Holocene,17: 319-330.

Davies S M,Wastegrd S,Rasmussen T L,et al.2008.Identification of the Fugloyarbanki tephra in the NGRIP ice-core: A key tie-point for marine and ice-core sequences during the last glacial period［J］.Journal of Quaternary Science,23: 409-414.

Desmares D,Grosheny D,Beaudoin B,et al.2007.High resolution stratigraphic record constrained by volcanic ash beds at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Western Interior Basin,USA［J］.Cretaceous Research,28: 561-582.

Dugmore A J. 1989. Icelandic volcanic ash in Scotland［J］. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 105:168-172.

Froggatt P C.1983.Toward a comprehensive upper Quaternary tephra and ignimbrite stratigraphy in New Zealand using electron microprobe analysis of glass shards［J］.Quaternary Research,19: 188-200.

Gehrels M J,Lowe D J,Hazell Z J,et al.2006.A continuous 5300-yr Holocene cryptotephrostratigraphic record from northern New Zealand and implications for tephrochronology and volcanic hazard assessment［J］.The Holocene,16: 173-187.

Grevenitz P,Carr P,Hutton A.2003.Origin,alteration and geochemical correlation of late Permian airfall tuffs in coal measures,Sydney Basin,Australia［J］.International Journal of Coal Geology,55: 27-46.

Haflidason H,Sejrup H P,Kristensen D K,et al.1995.Coupled response of the late glacial climatic shifts of northwest Europe reflected in Greenland ice cores: Evidence from the northern North Sea［J］.Geology,23: 1059-1062.

Hall V A,Pilcher J R.2002.Late Quaternary Icelandic tephras in Ireland and Great Britain: Detection,characterization and usefulness［J］.The Holocene,12: 223-230.
Hall V A.2005.The vegetation history of monastic and secular sites in the midlands of Ireland over the last two millennia［J］.Vegetation History and Archaeobotany,15: 1-12.
Hints R,Kirsimae K,Somelar P,et al.2006.Chloritization of Late Ordovician K-bentonites from the northern Baltic palaeobasin-Influence from source material or diagenetic environment？［J］.Sedimentary Geology,191: 55-66.

Hongli Zhao.2010.Quaternary distal tephra studies of northeastern China ［D］.Ph D thesis.Queen's University Belfast.1-208.
Huff W D.2008.Ordovician K-bentonites: Issues in interpreting and correlating ancient tephras［J］.Quaternary International,178: 276-287.

Kirchner Ⅰ,Stenchikov G,Graf H-F,et al.1999.Climate model simulation of winter warming and summer cooling following the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research,104: 19039-19055.

KramerW,Weatherall G,Offler R.2001.Origin and correlation of tuffs in the Permian Newcastle and Wollombi coal measures,NSW,Australia,using chemical finger printing［J］.International Journal of Coal Geology,47: 115-135.

Le Maitre R W,Streckeisen A,Zanettin B.2002.Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms,Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences,Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous Rocks［M］.Cambridge University Press.
Liu J Q,Chu G Q,Han J T,et al.2009.Volcanic eruptions in the Longgang volcanic field,northeastern China,during the past 15,000 years［J］.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,34: 645-654.

Machida H,Arai F.1983.Extensive ashfall in and around the Sea of Japan from large,late Quaternary eruptions［J］.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,18: 151-164.

Machida H,Moriwaki H,Zhao D C.1990.The recent major eruption of Changbai volcano and its environmental effects［J］.Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University,25: 1-20.
Maohida H. 2002. Volcanoes and tephras in the Japan area［J］. Global Environmental Research, 6:19-28.
Marfil R,Hall AV,Garcia-Gil S,et al.1998.Petrology and geochemistry of diagenetically altered tuffaceous rocks from the middle Triassic of central Spain［J］.Journal of Sedimentary Research,68(3): 391-403.

Palais J M,Germani M S,Zielinski G A.1992.Inter-hemispheric transport of volcanic ash from a 1259AD volcanic eruption to the Greenland and Antarctic Icesheets［J］.Geophysical Research Letters,19: 801-804.

Pilcher J R,Hall V A.1992.Towards a tephrochronology for the Holocene of the north Ireland［J］.The Holocene,2: 255-259.

Pilcher J R,Hall V A.1996.Tephrochronological studies in northern England［J］.The Holocene,6: 100-105.

Reimer P J,Baillie M G L,Bard E,et al.2009.IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves,0-50,000 years cal BP［J］.Radiocarbon,51: 1111-1150.
Rose N L,Golding P N E,Battarbee RW.1994. Selected concentration and enumeration of tephra shards from lake sediment cores［J］.Ambio,23: 296-299.
Ruddiman W F,Glover L K.1972.Vertical mixing of ice-rafted volcanic ash in North Atlantic sediments［J］.Geological Society of America Bulletin,83: 2817-2836.

Sigurdsson H,Carey S.1983.Plinian and co-ignimbrite tephra fall from the 1815 eruption of Tambora volcano［J］.Bulletin of Volcanology,51: 243-270.
Stenchikov G L,Kirchner Ⅰ,Robock A,et al.1998.Radiative forcing from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research,103: 13837-13857.

Stothers R B.1984.The great Tambora eruption in 1815 and its aftermath［J］.Science,224: 1191-1197.

Su Wenbo,Zhang Shihong,Huff Warren D,et al.2008.SHRIMP U-Pb ages of K-bentonite beds in the Xiamaling Formation: Implications for revised subdivision of the Meso-to Neoproterozoic history of the North China Craton［J］.Gondwana Research,14(3):543-553. doi: 10.101b / j.gr.

Turney C S M.1998.Extraction of rhyolitic component of Vedde microtephra from minerogenic lake sediments［J］.Journal of Paleolimnology,19: 199-206.

Turney C S M,Kershaw A P,Clemens S C,et al.2004a. Millennial and orbital variations of El Nino/Southern Oscillation and high-latitude climate in the last glacial period［J］.Nature,428: 306-310.

Turney C S M,Lowe J J,Davies S M,et al.2004b. Tephrochronology of last termination sequences in Europe: A protocol for improved analytical precision and robust correlation procedures(a joint SCOTAV-INTIMATE proposal)［J］.Quaternary Science,19: 111-120.

Westgate J A,Gorton M P.1981.Correlation techniques in tephra studies ［A］.In: Self S and Sparks R S J(eds).Tephra Studies.73-94.Riedel,Dortrecht.
Wohlfarth B.1996.The chronology of the last termination: A review of radiocarbon-dated,high resolution terrestrial stratigraphies［J］.Quaternary Science Reviews,15: 267-284.