吉林龙岗火山群金龙顶子火山机构及灾害区划

引用本文

赵波, 张焘, 徐德斌, 白志达. 吉林龙岗火山群金龙顶子火山机构及灾害区划[J]. 地震地质, 2017,39(2): 423-435.
ZHAO Bo, ZHANG Tao, XU De-bin, BAI Zhi-da. PRELIMINARY VOLCANIC HAZARD ZONATION IN JINLONGDINGZI VOLCANO, LONGANG VOLCANO AREA, JILIN PROVINCE, CHINA[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2017,39(2): 423-435. 复制到剪切板

Doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.02.011
Permissions

《地震地质》编辑部所有

吉林龙岗火山群金龙顶子火山机构及灾害区划

赵波¹, 张焘², 徐德斌³, 白志达³

1.中国地震局地质研究所, 活动构造与火山重点实验室, 北京 100029

2.美国宝石研究所, 卡尔斯巴德 92008

3.中国地质大学(北京), 北京 100083;

〔作者简介〕赵波, 男, 1983年生, 2010年于中国地震局地质研究所获构造物理学博士学位, 助理研究员, 主要从事火山地质和火山碎屑岩石学研究, 电话: 010-62009135, E-mail:zhaobo@ies.ac.cn。

收稿日期: 2016-02-09

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(41402299)与中国地震局地质研究所基本科研业务专项(IGCEA1516)共同资助

摘要

金龙顶子火山是吉林龙岗火山群全新世喷发规模最大的火山。前人研究表明, 该地区火山活动活跃, 具有潜在喷发危险。通过对金龙顶子火山机构的解析, 确定历史火山灾害类型主要有火山溅落灾害、空降火山渣灾害和熔岩流灾害等。在限定金龙顶子火山未来再次喷发类型和规模与上次相当的条件下, 火山溅落灾害局限于火口2km范围内; 空降火山渣灾害, 距火口2~9km为高危险区, 9~14km为中危险区, 14~18km为低危险区; 使用Volcflow模型对熔岩流进行模拟, 结果表明熔岩流主要分布在金龙顶子火山周围低洼地带。

关键词: 龙岗火山群; 金龙顶子火山; 火山机构; 火山灾害区划

中图分类号:P317.9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:0253-4967(2017)02-0423-13

PRELIMINARY VOLCANIC HAZARD ZONATION IN JINLONGDINGZI VOLCANO, LONGANG VOLCANO AREA, JILIN PROVINCE, CHINA

ZHAO Bo¹, ZHANG Tao², XU De-bin³, BAI Zhi-da³

1.Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Volcano, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China

2.Gemological Institute of America, Carlsbad 92008, America

3.China University of Geoscience, Beijing 100083, China

Abstract

Longgang volcano cluster is 150km away from the Tianchi volcano, located in Jingyu and Huinan Counties, Jilin Province, China. It had a long active history and produced hundreds of volcanoes. The latest and largest eruption occurred between 1 500 and 1 600 years ago by Jinlongdingzi(JLDZ)volcano which had several eruptions in the history. This paper discusses the volcanic hazard types, and using the numerical simulations of lava flow obtained with the Volcflow model, proposes the hazard zonation of JLDZ volcano area. JLDZ volcano eruption type is sub-plinian, which produced a great mass of tephra fallout, covering an area of 260km². The major types of volcanic hazards in JLDZ area are lava flow, tephra fallout and spatter deposits. Volcflow is developed by Kelfoun for the simulation of volcanic flows. The result of Volcflow shows that the flows are on the both sides of the previous lava flows which are low-lying areas now. According to the physical parameters of historical eruption and Volcflow, we propose the preliminary volcanic hazard zonation in JLDZ area. The air fall deposits are the most dangerous product in JLDZ. The highly dangerous region of spatter deposits is limited to a radius of about 2km around the volcano. The high risk area of tephra fallout is between 2km to 9km around the volcano, and between 9km to 14km is the moderate risk area. Out of 14km, it is the low risk area. Lava flow is controlled by topography. From Jinchuan Town to Houhe Village near the volcano is the low-lying area. If the volcano erupts, these areas will be in danger.

Keyword: Longgang volcano area; Jinlongdingzi volcano; volcanic edifice; volcanic hazard zonation

Show Figures

0 引言

龙岗火山群位于长白山火山群以西, 吉林省东部辉南县、靖宇县境内的龙岗山脉中段。龙岗火山区从新近纪开始活动(刘嘉麒, 1987), 一直延续到全新世(刘祥等, 1997)。第四纪火山活动频繁, 具有多旋回、多期次和多阶段喷发特点(王雨钧等, 1980; 刘祥等, 1989; 刘尔义, 1990; 王彦生等, 1999; 樊祺诚等, 2002; 于福生等, 2003; 白志达等, 2006; Liu et al., 2009), 是中国近代主要火山活动区之一。

前人对龙岗地区的研究重点主要集中在火山构造、喷发产物及分布、火山地层、岩石学、地球化学以及地幔动力学等方面。龙岗火山群夹在敦化-密山断裂带和鸭绿江-图们江断裂带之间, 区内断裂发育, 主要有NE向、 NW向和近EW向3组(欧祥喜等, 1984)。岩石类型为单一的粗面玄武岩, 来自于地幔(樊祺诚等, 1999)。火山喷发产物主要为熔岩流、基浪堆积物、火山空降碎屑席、火山溅落堆积物以及所携带大量地幔橄榄岩的捕掳体(罗照华, 1984a; 刘祥等, 1991, 1997; 隋建立等, 1999; 魏海泉等, 1999; 刘若新, 2000; 张秉良等, 2005; 白志达等, 2006; 隋建立, 2007; 刘强等, 2009; 赵波等, 2010)。部分研究者开展了橄榄岩地球化学和其所代表的地幔动力学特征研究(罗照华, 1984b; 史兰斌等, 1999; 徐义刚等, 2003; 张志海等, 2006; 杨清福等, 2011)。刘嘉麒等(2000)、贺怀宇等(2000)、刘强等(2004, 2005)和储国强等(2005)研究了本地区玛珥湖纹层泥及古环境变化, 郭正府等(2005)在四海龙湾湖沉积物中发现长白山千年大喷发的碱流质火山灰。徐德兵等(2005)、于红梅等(2008)和赵波等(2008)对本区基浪堆积物地层、岩石和粒度分布进行了成因分析及探讨。

金龙顶子火山是龙岗火山群全新世喷发规模最大的火山, 在1, 500~1, 700a前, 发生了亚普尼林式喷发, 形成了分布广泛的四海火山碎屑席(刘祥等, 1997; 刘若新, 2000; 樊祺诚等, 2002; 于福生等, 2004; 李智等, 2006)。白志达等(2006)认为四海火山碎屑席是由多次喷发形成的。此外, 于红梅等(2013)对金龙顶子火山灰灾害概率性分布进行了研究; 綦伟等(2013)和刘俊清等(2013)通过水准复测资料和地震活动分析, 认为龙岗火山活动性有增强趋势。

以上研究结果表明, 全新世以来龙岗火山群火山活跃, 其中金龙顶子火山发生过多次喷发, 该地区火山活动仍处于相对活跃期, 但是研究重点集中在岩石学、地球化学以及年代学等方面, 对金龙顶子火山机构类型和火山灾害区划等研究相对薄弱。

本文以龙岗火山群金龙顶子火山为研究对象, 对火山机构进行解析, 确定了金龙顶子火山的主要历史火山灾害类型; 根据历史火山喷发规模和Volcflow模型, 对未来可能发生的金龙顶子火山灾害进行了初步区划。

1 火山机构

龙岗火山群EW长约70km, SN宽约40km, 涉及范围达2, 500km²。金龙顶子火山位于火山群西北部, 辉南县金川镇东南3.5km处, 最高海拔992m(图1)。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 金龙顶子火山分布位置示意图Fig. 1 The location of Jinlongdingzi volcano.

火山机构是指一定空间、时间范围内, 形成的火山通道及其附近各种堆积物和构造的总称。根据金龙顶子火山成因、地貌形态及喷发产物特征等, 火山喷发类型为亚普尼林式(刘祥等, 1997), 火山机构由火山锥体、火山碎屑席和熔岩流3部分组成(图2)。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图2 金龙顶子火山地质简图Fig. 2 The geological sketch of Jinlongdingzi volcano.

1.1 火山锥体

在龙岗地区, 第四纪玄武质火山活动, 部分火山发生爆炸式喷发, 在火口之上形成了以浮力上升为主要营力的喷发柱, 并形成范围较广的火山碎屑席(图4)。金龙顶子火山是这一类型的典型代表, 是亚普尼林式喷发形成的(刘祥等, 1997)。普尼林式火山通常以岩浆黏度大的流纹质与粗面质为主, 而金龙顶子火山是玄武质爆炸式喷发形成的。部分研究者认为两者在成分上存在明显差异, 金龙顶子火山不适用亚普尼林式喷发。亚普尼林式喷发作为喷发强度介于斯通博利式和普尼林式之间的1种喷发类型, 就是Walker根据冰岛海克拉火山1970年玄武质爆发提出的(Walker, 1973; Lockwood et al., 2010)。

金龙顶子火山锥体由早期降落火山渣锥、晚期降落火山渣锥及末期溅落锥共同组成(图3), 其整体形态呈椅子型, 在西南方向有1个缺口, 为末期熔岩流溢出破坏形成。

金龙顶子早期降落式火山渣锥的玄武质火山渣已遭受较强的风化, 为土黄色, 并有一定的胶结, 顶部出现0.8~1.3m厚的黄土层, 坡度较缓。该期爆发的残存火口推测位于现今火口的NE方向。

在金龙顶子早期降落火山渣锥顶部的风化黏土层之上是金龙顶子晚期降落火山渣锥, 构成了现今的金龙顶子火山锥体的主体部分, 该锥体底部直径约2km。

在晚期降落锥之上叠加的是末期溅落锥, 锥底直径约1km, 锥体陡峻, 锥体坡度25° ~35° , 最陡处高达40° , 锥体主要由砖红色和灰黑色的熔结集块岩组成。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图3 金龙顶子火山锥体剖面图Fig. 3 Cross sections of Jinlongdingzi volcano.

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图4 金龙顶子火山碎屑席厚度拟合曲线分布图Fig. 4 Iso-thickness fitting distribution map of tephra from Jinlongdingzi volcano.

1.2 火山碎屑席

金龙顶子火山碎屑席(俗称四海火山灰)是金龙顶子火山爆破式喷发作用的产物(魏海泉等, 1999)。根据野外火山地层调查结果, 金龙顶子火山碎屑席主要分布于黄泥岗村— 南阳屯— 徐家店村— 蛤蟆塘所围成的范围内, 平面上呈略向NE偏转的近椭圆形(图4), 为灰色、灰黑色火山渣, 局部见有少量火山弹、熔岩饼, 比重相对较轻, 顶部为厚20~30cm的现代腐殖土层, 分布面积约260km²。根据野外火山渣地层剖面厚度数据, 建立了金龙顶子火山碎屑席的厚度拟合曲线分布图(图4)。

1.3 熔岩流

金龙顶子溅落锥形成后, 由于玄武质岩浆的供给快速提高, 位于火口内的岩浆在密度作用下, 沿着锥体底部与基底接触面上的中性浮力界面流动, 在锥体西南方向形成岩浆溢出口, 并在岩浆向外溢流时把锥体肢解。大量岩浆自溢出口向西沿低洼的沟谷流淌, 在岩浆流动过程中将被锥体破坏(图2)。根据野外地质调查结果, 金龙顶子熔岩流的展布严格受地形制约, 形成带状熔岩流, 部分熔岩流流入大龙湾, 其余继续向西和西南流动。由早到晚划分为L1、 L2、 L3、 L4和L5五套熔岩流单元, L1、 L2、 L3和L4熔岩流单元沿沟谷向西流淌, 其中L1和L2流动距离长, 最远接近10km, 呈带状分布(图2)。最晚的L5熔岩流单元向西流到大龙湾附近, 流动距离最短。熔岩流流动单元的长度由早到晚逐渐变小。熔岩流的构造类型早期为结壳熔岩, 晚期为渣状熔岩, 表现出在时间与空间上由结壳熔岩向渣状熔岩转化的特征(Kilburn, 2004)。

2 金龙顶子地区火山灾害区划

根据对金龙顶子火山机构的解析, 历史火山灾害类型主要有火山溅落堆积物灾害、空降堆积物灾害和熔岩流灾害等。在限定喷发规模和灾害类型不变的条件下, 对金龙顶子火山灾害进行区划。

2.1 火山溅落堆积物灾害区划

根据野外地质调查, 从火口向外约2km范围内, 堆积厚度> 5m, 主要是溅落堆积物, 具体包括火山弹、熔岩饼、围岩碎块以及粗粒级火山渣。该区堆积物为弹道喷射, 撞击能量大, 受风力影响小, 温度高, 堆积厚度大, 是高危险区。

2.2 火山空降火山渣灾害区划

若从火山空降火山渣对住宅等建筑物以及农作物的重压等角度考虑, 房顶受力超过700kg/m²时, 几乎所有类型房屋都会压垮; 200~700kg/m²时, 部分屋顶会垮塌; 10~200kg/m²时, 对农作物会产生破坏性影响(Mastrolorenzo et al., 2008; 于红梅等, 2013)。

金龙顶子火山渣能浮在水上, 密度一般< 1g/cm³。通过换算, 把压强转化为火山渣堆积物厚度: 厚度> 0.7m, 几乎所有类型房屋会压垮; 厚度在0.2~0.7m, 部分屋顶会垮塌; 厚度在0.01~0.2m, 对农作物会产生破坏性影响。

如果金龙顶子再次发生火山爆发, 可能的规模大致和上次相近, 考虑现今盛行的季风(西偏北风), 火山碎屑降落堆积物的分布仍是1个长轴呈NWW向展布的椭圆形。自火口向外2~9km为空降堆积物灾害的高度危险区, 该区域是火山碎屑物主要降落区, 降落火山碎屑厚度> 0.7m, 几乎所有建筑物都会遭到破坏。9~14km为中等危险区, 降落堆积物以细粒火山渣、火山灰为主, 厚度在0.2~0.7m, 部分建筑会垮塌。14~18km为低危险区, 堆积厚度为0.01~0.2m, 对建筑物的影响则小, 对农作物会造成严重损害。18km以外, 火山灰厚度< 0.01m, 主要是火山灰尘及有害气体危害。

2.3 熔岩流模拟及灾害区划

2.3.1 Volcflow模型

熔岩流模拟, 国外研究主要分为2类: 一类是以灾害研究为主, 基于GIS和DEM, 主要用于人员分散和应急救援, 如Magflow模型和Volcflow模型; 另一类就是随着灾害研究的不断深入, 逐渐变成了基于物理模型的数学研究, 如FLOWGO模型, 需要高度的数学运算, 研究流体复杂的运动过程。与热流变运动学为基础的FLOWGO等模型相比, Volcflow在流体物理参数方面考虑少, 以DEM等地形数据为基础, 在确定流体流动路径方面与实际喷发有较好的吻合(Kelfoun et al., 2005, 2008, 2011)。本文采用Volcflow模型对金龙顶子火山进行熔岩流流动路径模拟。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图5 Volcflow网格计算模型示意图Fig. 5 Schematic model of grid computing.

Volcflow模型基本原理就是获取火山研究区域高精度的DEM(数字高程)数据, 建立基于地形的数字三维网格单元, 以火口为中心进行计算, 在每个时间增量计算流体各个方向边缘速度, 根据速度大小自动选取第一流动方向, 然后根据算法算出平均项, 计算网格单元中心的平均厚度和速度(图5), 以此类推, 直到各个方向的速度为0。

计算方法主要包括质量深度平均方程和能量守恒方程:

(1)质量深度平均方程

$\begin{matrix} \frac{\partial b}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial}{\partial x} (h u) + \frac{\partial}{\partial y} (h v) = 0 (1) \end{matrix}$

(2)能量守恒方程

$\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} \frac{\partial}{\partial t} (h u) + \frac{\partial}{\partial x} (h u^{2}) + \frac{\partial}{\partial y} (h uv) = g h \sin a_{x} - \frac{1}{2} K_{actpass} \frac{\partial}{\partial x} (g h^{2} cosa) + \frac{T_{x}}{ρ} (2) \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial t} (h y) + \frac{\partial}{\partial x} (h uv) + \frac{\partial}{\partial y} (h v^{2}) = g h \sin a_{y} - \frac{1}{2} K_{actpass} \frac{\partial}{\partial y} (g h^{2} cosa) + \frac{T_{y}}{ρ} (3) \\ K_{actpass} = 2 \frac{1 \pm [1 - co s^{2} ϕi n t (1 + ta n^{2} {ϕbed))}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{co s^{2} ϕint} - 1 (4) \\ T_{x} = - ρ h (gcosa + \frac{u^{2}}{r}) tanϕbed \frac{u}{‖ u ‖} (5) \end{matrix} \end{matrix}$

2.3.2 模拟结果

龙岗地区火山岩岩性主要为玄武岩(Liu et al., 2009), 1, 200℃玄武质岩浆的黏度在1, 000~10, 000Pa· s(Lockwood et al., 2010), 设置熔岩流从金龙顶子火山海拔950m处向四周溢流, 总共溢出体积为0.59km³, 其他具体参数见表1。

表1 熔岩流模型输入参数表 Table1 Input parameters of lava model

Volcflow模拟的结果显示: 熔岩流主要分为南北2部分, 向N流动的熔岩流被三角龙湾火山挡住分成2股, 一股向W到金川镇, 规模较大, 另一股向E, 沿着山脚流动, 规模较小; 向S流动的熔岩流在参场也分为2股, 大部分向W流向吴家蹚子村, 少量向E流; 还有少量熔岩流向W被大龙湾东南部高地阻挡。从地形上看, 熔岩流所在区域均为地势低洼区域。

2.3.3 熔岩流灾害区划

熔岩流能到达的地方, 都是高危险地区, 因为高温炽热的熔岩流几乎对所有生物极其建筑物造成毁灭性灾害, 金龙顶子以往熔岩流由于受地形制约, 基本沿低洼沟谷呈带状展布, 熔岩流最长为10km, 以此规模为参照, 划分金龙顶子未来喷发熔岩流的灾害区域。

根据熔岩流作用特点、金龙顶子地区地形和Volcflow模拟结果, 熔岩流灾害区主要在金龙顶子火山周围低洼地带和以往熔岩流的南北两侧河谷低洼地带(图6)。因此未来喷发的熔岩流会向W沿金川镇至蛤蟆塘低洼地带流动, 或沿着吴家蹚子山前低洼地带向W流动, 或是沿着金龙顶子火山周围的低洼地带流动。这些地带是高危险区。

后河农场以东金龙顶子早期熔岩流所覆盖区域。虽然地势比金川镇和吴家蹚子高, 但从模拟结果来看, 仍有小部分熔岩流沿着早期熔岩流路线向W流动到大龙湾附近, 如果未来喷发溢出率高, 则有可能继续往W流动; 该地带南北两侧洼地是熔岩流活动区, 且宽度不超过2km, 容易形成被熔岩流所围绕的孤岛。因此, 该地带是中危险区。

后河农场以西地区, 在喷发规模不变的情况下从这里溢出岩浆的可能性很小, 故应是低危险区。但如果喷发规模变大, 这片开阔带危险性则会提高。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图6 金龙顶子火山熔岩流Volcflow模拟结果图Fig. 6 The map of lava simulation from Jinlongdingzi volcano by Volcflow.

3 结论

距离金龙顶子火山3.4km处的辉南县金川镇, 总人口约1.3万人, 火山喷发必定会给附近人民群众造成灾害及损失。金龙顶子火山灾害分类是基于过去的火山喷发历史建立的, 理论上来说未来火山喷发灾害类型不能用确定性灾害来预见, 但对1座火山过去活动模式的了解有助于对其未来喷发行为的认识(Scarpa et al., 1996)。本文基于野外地质调查和金龙顶子火山机构的建立, 认为火山活动具有继承性(图3), 用历史火山灾害类型来为未来火山灾害进行初步区划。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图7 金龙顶子火山灾害区划图Fig. 7 The hazard zonation map of Jinlongdingzi volcano.

根据对金龙顶子火山机构的解析, 金龙顶子火山活动具有多期性特征, 历史火山灾害类型主要为火山溅落灾害、空降火山渣灾害和熔岩流灾害等。在限定金龙顶子火山未来再次喷发类型和规模与上次相当的条件下, 初步建立了金龙顶子火山灾害区划图(图7)。火山溅落灾害局限于火口2km范围内; 空降火山渣受风影响较大, 距火口2~9km为高危险区, 9~14km为中危险区, 14~18km为低危险区; 熔岩流灾害受地形影响大, 金龙顶子周围低洼地带、金川镇到蛤蟆塘一带, 吴家蹚子山前低洼地带均是高危险区, 以往熔岩流流动区域为中危险区, 后河农场以西为低危险区。在未来可能的火山喷发前, 金龙顶子火山灾害区划可以给相关部门提供初步参考, 做出相应的预防计划。龙岗火山区常见的火山碎屑涌浪在金龙顶子历史火山灾害中没有出现过, 但是不能保证以后的喷发不会有; 次生的火山灾害没有涉及, 比如大龙湾的湖水, 如果金龙顶子火山喷发导致湖水的倾泻, 会产生什么破坏性影响, 都是未知的。

研究活火山高分辨率火山结构, 建立火山区灾害区划图, 是开展火山监测、预测未来火山喷发危险性以及应急响应机制的基础。

致谢感谢Karim Kelfoun无偿提供Volcflow软件; 感谢于红梅副研究员在论文撰写中提出的宝贵意见。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

View Option

1	白志达, 徐德斌, 张秉良, 等. 2006. 龙岗火山群第四纪爆破式火山作用类型与期次研究[J]. 岩石学报, 22(6): 1473—1480. BAI Zhi-da, XU De-bin, ZHANG Bing-liang, et al. 2006. Study on type and phase of Quaternary explosive volcanism in Longgang volcanic cluster[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22(6): 1473—1480(in Chinese). [本文引用:2]
2	储国强, 顾兆炎, 许冰, 等. 2005. 东北四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物纹层计年与¹³⁷Cs、 ²¹⁰Pb 测年[J]. 第四纪研究, 25(2): 202—207. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 1001-74102005. 02. 010. CHU Guo-qiang, GU Zhao-yan, XU Bing, et al. 2005. Varvechronology and radiometric dating(¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb)from the Sihailongwan maar, northeastern China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 25(2): 202—207(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
3	樊棋诚, 刘若新, 魏海泉, 等. 1999. 龙岗金龙顶子近代活动火山的岩石学与地球化学[J]. 岩石学报, 15(4): 584—589. FAN Qi-cheng, LIU Ruo-xin, WEI Hai-quan, et al. 1999. The petrology and geochemistry of Jinlongdingzi modern active volcano in Longgang area[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 15(4): 584—589(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
4	樊祺诚, 隋建立, 刘若新, 等. 2002. 吉林龙岗第四纪火山活动分期[J]. 岩石学报, 18(4): 495—500. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1000-0569. 2002. 04. 008. FAN Qi-cheng, SUI Jian-li, LIU Ruo-xin, et al. 2002. Periods of Quarternary volcanic activity in Longgang area, Jilin Province[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 18(4): 495—500(in Chinese). [本文引用:2]
5	郭正府, 刘嘉麒, 樊祺诚, 等. 2005. 四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物中碱流质火山灰的来源及其意义[J]. 岩石学报, 21(1): 251—255. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1000-0569. 2005. 01. 025. GUO Zheng-fu, LIU Jia-qi, FAN Qi-cheng, et al. 2005. Source of volcanic ash in the sediments of Sihailongwan maar lake, NE China, and its significance[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 21(1): 251—255(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
6	贺怀宇, 刘嘉麒, 马志邦. 2000. ²¹⁰Pb 年代学方法测定东北玛珥湖沉积速率[J]. 第四纪研究, 20(6): 571. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 1001-74102000. 06. 013. HE Huai-yu, LIU Jia-qi, MA Zhi-bang. 2000. Accumulation rates based on ²¹⁰Pb dating of a maar lake, Northeast China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 20(6): 571(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
7	李智, 韩松, 邓亚平, 等. 2006. 吉林金龙顶子火山空降堆积物体积估算及其地质意义[J]. 地球科学与环境学报, 28(1): 28—31. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1672-6561. 2006. 01. 006. LI Zhi, HAN Song, DENG Ya-ping, et al. 2006. Calculation of fallout tephra volumes in Sihai phase of Jinlongdingzi volcano of Longgang volcanic swarm in Jilin Province[J]. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment, 28(1): 28—31(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
8	刘尔义. 1990. 吉林省龙岗火山群地质构造特征研究[J]. 中国区域地质, (2): 157—165. LIU Er-yi. 1990. The structural characteristics of the Longgang volcano group in Jilin[J]. Regional Geology of China, (2): 157—165(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
9	刘嘉麒. 1987. 中国东北地区新生代火山岩的年代学研究[J]. 岩石学报, 3(4): 21—31. LIU Jia-qi. 1987. Study on geochronology of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks in Northeast China[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 3(4): 21—31(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
10	刘嘉麒, Negendank J F W, 王文远, 等. 2000. 中国玛珥湖的时空分布与地质特征[J]. 第四纪研究, 20(1): 78—86. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 1001-74102000. 01. 013. LIU Jia-qi, Negendank J F W, WANG Wen-yuan, et al. 2000. The distribution and geological characteristics of maar lakes in China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 20(1): 78—86(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
11	刘俊清, 丁广, 张晨侠, 等. 2013. 吉林省龙岗火山群现今活动性研究[J]. 华北地震科学, 31(1): 31—33. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1003-1375. 2013. 01. 006. LIU Jun-qing, DING Guang, ZHANG Chen-xia, et al. 2013. Study on present activity of Longgang volcano in Jilin Province[J]. North China Earthquake Sciences, 31(1): 31—33, 44(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
12	刘强, 刘嘉麒, 陈晓雨, 等. 2005. 18. 5kaB. P. 以来东北四海龙湾玛珥湖全岩有机碳同位素记录及其古气候环境意义[J]. 第四纪研究, 25(6): 711—721. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 1001-74102005. 06. 007. LIU Qiang, LIU Jia-qi, CHEN Xiao-yu, et al. 2005. Stable carbon isotope record of bulk organic matter from the Sihailongwan maar lake, Northeast China during the past 18. 5ka[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 25(6): 711—721(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
13	刘强, 魏海泉, 许建东, 等. 2009. 吉林龙岗四海火山碎屑物粒度分析与地质意义[J]. 地震地质, 31(1): 112—121. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 2009. 01. 010. LIU Qiang, WEI Hai-quan, XU Jian-dong, et al. 2009. Grain-size characteristics of the Sihai tephra sheet and their geological implications[J]. Seismology and Geology, 31(1): 112—121(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
14	刘强, 游海涛, 刘嘉麒. 2004. 湖泊沉积物年纹层的研究方法及其意义[J]. 第四纪研究, 24(6): 683—694. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 1001-74102004. 06. 011. LIU Qiang, YOU Hai-tao, LIU Jia-qi. 2004. Methodology of studying on varved lake sediments and its significance[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 24(6): 683—694(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
15	刘若新. 2000. 中国的活火山 [M]. 北京: 地震出版社. 67—74. LIU Ruo-xin. 2000. Active Volcanoes in China [M]. Seismological Press, Beijing. 67—74(in Chinese). [本文引用:2]
16	刘祥, 王锡魁. 1991. 大椅子山火山碎屑降落堆积物研究[J]. 长春地质学院学报, 21(4): 417—424. LIU Xiang, WANG Xi-kui. 1991. Study on fallout tephra deposits in Dayizishan[J]. Journal of Changchun University of Earth Science, 21(4): 417—424(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
17	刘祥, 向天元, 王锡魁. 1989. 长白山地区新生代火山活动分期[J]. 吉林地质, (1): 30—41. LIU Xiang, XIANG Tian-yuan, WANG Xi-kui. 1989. Episodes of Cenozoic volcanism in the Changbai Mountains area[J]. Jilin Geology, (1): 30—41(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
18	刘祥, 张成梁. 1997. 龙岗火山群四海火山渣层: 来自金龙顶子火山亚普林尼式火山爆发[J]. 吉林地质, 16(3): 1—8. LIU Xiang, ZHANG Cheng-liang. 1997. Sihai basaltic scoria deposits in the Longgang volcanic swarm belong to the sub-plinian eruption of Jinlongdingzi volcano[J]. Jilin Geology, 16(3): 1—8(in Chinese). [本文引用:5]
19	罗照华. 1984 a. 吉林辉南大椅山玄武岩中超镁铁岩包体的研究[J]. 地球科学-武汉地质学院学报, (1): 73—80. LUO Zhao-hua. 1984 a. Dayishan alkali basalt, Huinan County, Jilin Province and its origin[J]. Earth Science-Jonrnal of Wuhan College of Geology, (1): 73—80(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
20	罗照华. 1984 b. 吉林辉南大椅山碱性玄武岩及其成因[J]. 地球科学-武汉地质学院学报, (1): 81—86. LUO Zhao-hua. 1984 b. The study of ultramafic nodules in Dayishan basalt, Huinan County, Jilin Province[J]. Earth Science-Jonrnal of Wuhan College of Geology, (1): 81—86(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
21	欧祥喜, 傅靖戈. 1984. 龙岗火山群的形成与构造的关系[J]. 吉林地质, (1): 76—81. OU Xiang-xi, FU Jing-ge. 1984. Relationship between the formation of the Longgang volcano swarm and tectonics[J]. Jilin Geology, (1): 76—81(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
22	綦伟, 刘俊清, 李仲巍, 等. 2013. 龙岗火山喷发危险性初探[J]. 防灾减灾学报, 29(4): 70—73. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1674-8565. 2013. 04. 016. QI Wei, LIU Jun-qing, LI Zhong-wei, et al. 2013. Preliminary discussion on the risk of volcano eruption in Longgang area[J]. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Preduction, 29(4): 70—73(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
23	史兰斌, 林传勇, 韩秀伶, 等. 1999. 吉林龙冈火山群金龙顶子火山喷发物中幔源包体的基本特征及其地质意义[J]. 地质论评, 45(S): 308—318. SHI Lan-bin, LIN Chuan-yong, HAN Xiu-ling, et al. 1999. Principal features of mantle xenoliths in Jinlongdingzi volcanics, Longgang volcano cluster, Jilin Province, and their geological implications[J]. Geological Review, 45(S): 308—318(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
24	隋建立, 樊祺诚, 曹杰. 1999. 龙岗火山喷发特征与火山岩化学初步研究[J]. 地质论评, 45(S): 319—324. SUI Jian-li, FAN Qi-cheng, CAO Jie. 1999. A preliminary study of eruption features and petrochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Longgang volcanoes[J]. Geological Review, 45(S): 319—324(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
25	隋建立, 樊祺诚, 刘嘉麒. 2007. 吉林龙岗火山高纯镁橄榄石(Fo~98. 5)捕掳晶及其出溶结构的发现和意义[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 26(S): 26. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1007-2802. 200, 7. z1. 013. SUI Jian-li, FAN Qi-cheng, LIU Jia-qi. 2007. The discovery of high-purity olivine(Fo_{~98. 5})xenocrysts with exsolution structure in Longgang volcano, and its significance[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 26(S): 26(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
26	王彦生, 靳克. 1999. 吉林省新生代龙岗火山群期次划分及火山喷发类型特点[J]. 地质论评, 45(S): 332—338. WANG Yan-sheng, JIN Ke. 1999. Division and eruption types of the Cenozoic Longgang volcano cluster, Jilin Province[J]. Geological Review, 45(S): 332—338(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
27	王雨钧, 孙建中. 1980. 吉林省新生代火山活动期次初步划分[J]. 吉林地质, (3): 6—25. WANG Yu-jun, SUN Jian-zhong. 1980. Division of Cenozoic volcanic action stage of Jilin Province[J]. Jilin Geology, (3): 6—25(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
28	魏海泉, 刘若新, 樊祺诚, 等. 1999. 龙岗火山群单成因火山作用[J]. 地质论评, 45(S): 325—331. WEI Hai-quan, LIU Ruo-xin, FAN Qi-cheng, et al. 1999. Monogenetic volcanism in Longgang volcano clusters[J]. Geological Review, 45(S): 325—331(in Chinese). [本文引用:2]
29	徐德兵, 白志达, 张秉良, 等. 2005. 吉林龙岗火山群火山碎屑基浪堆积特征与成因机理[J]. 沉积学报, 23(1): 60—66. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1000-0550. 2005. 01. 008. XU De-bing, BAI Zhi-da, ZHANG Bing-liang, et al. 2005. Characteristic and genetic mechanism of pyroclastic base-surge deposits of volcanic swarm in Longgang area, Jilin Province[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 23(1): 60—66(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
30	徐义刚, 黄小龙, Thirlwall M F, 等. 2003. 吉林辉南“反应”成因方辉橄榄岩包体及其深部动力学意义[J]. 岩石学报, 19(1): 19—26. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1000-0569. 2003. 01. 003. XU Yi-gang, HUANG Xiao-long, Thirlwall MF, et al. 2003. “Reactive” harzburgite xenoliths from Huinan, Jilin Province and their implications for deep dynamic processes[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 19(1): 19—26(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
31	杨清福, 王建, Hattori K H, 等. 2011. 吉林南部辉南-靖宇地区岩石圈地幔氧化-还原状态及研究意义[J]. 岩石学报, 27(6): 1797—1809. YANG Qing-fu, WANG Jian, Hattori K H, et al. 2011. Redox state of the lithospheric mantle beneath Huinan-Jingyu area, southern Jilin Province, China[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(6): 1797—1809(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
32	于福生, 袁万明, 韩松, 等. 2003. 吉林龙岗晚更新世玄武岩的铀系组分法年龄证据[J]. 高能物理与核物理, 27(11): 1039—1043. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 0254-3052. 2003. 11. 021. YU Fu-sheng, YUAN Wan-ming, HAN Song, et al. 2003. U-series component dating for late Pleistocene basalt of Longgang, Jilin Province[J]. High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics, 27(11): 1039—1043(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
33	于福生, 袁万明, 韩松, 等. 2004. 吉林大椅子山火山年代学、地球化学特征及其排气量的估算[J]. 地球学报, 25(2): 219—223. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 1006-3021. 2004. 02. 024. YU Fu-sheng, YUAN Wan-ming, HAN Song, et al. 2004. Chronological and geochemical features and degassing evaluation of the Dayizishan volcano, Jilin Province[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 25(2): 219—223(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
34	于红梅, 许建东, 林传勇, 等. 2008. 吉林省龙岗火山群南龙湾第四纪火山碎屑颗粒特征研究[J]. 岩石学报, 24(11): 2621—2630. YU Hong-mei, XU Jian-dong, LIN Chuan-yong, et al. 2008. Study on the characteristics of Quaternary volcanic pyroclasts from Nanlongwan volcano, Longgang volcanic duster, Jilin Province[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24(11): 2621—2630(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
35	于红梅, 许建东, 吴建平, 等. 2013. 龙岗金龙顶子火山空降碎屑物数值模拟及概率性灾害评估[J]. 震灾防御技术, 8(1): 62—71. doi: DOI: 1011899/zzfy. 2013. 01. 007. YU Hong-mei, XU Jian-dong, WU Jian-ping, et al. 2013. Numerical simulation and probabilistic hazard assessment of tephra fallout at Jinlongdingzi volcano, Longgang volcanic field in Jilin Province[J]. Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention, 8(1): 62—71(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
36	张秉良, 白志达, 洪汉净, 等. 2005. 吉林龙岗火山碎屑分形研究[J]. 地震地质, 27(3): 462—469. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 2005. 03. 011. ZHANG Bing-liang, BAI Zhi-da, HONG Han-jing, et al. 2005. A fractal study on the pyroclasts from the Longgang volcano, Jilin Province[J]. Seismology and Geology, 27(3): 462—469(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
37	张志海, 郑建平, 马鸿文. 2006. 吉林汪清-辉南地幔透辉石微量元素及其记录的地幔熔融与交代作用[J]. 地质科技情报, 25(6): 9—16. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1000-7849. 2006. 06. 002. ZHANG Zhi-hai, ZHENG Jian-ping, MA Hong-wen. 2006. Trace elemental compositions of peridotitic diopsides and the record of partial melting and metasomatism in lithosphere beneath Wangqing and Huinan areas, Jilin Province[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 25(6): 9—16(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
38	赵波, 许建东, 潘波, 等. 2008. 吉林龙岗龙泉龙湾火山火口基浪堆积物粒度特征及搬运机制分析[J]. 岩石学报, 24(11): 2631—2637. ZHAO Bo, XU Jian-dong, PAN Bo, et al. 2008. Preliminary study on grain size distribution and transportation characteristics of the base-surge deposits near Longquanlongwan volcano crater, Jilin[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24(11): 2631—2637(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
39	赵波, 许建东, 于红梅. 2010. 长白山地区火山碎屑粒度特征研究[J]. 地震地质, 32(2): 233—243. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 201002. 006. ZHAO Bo, XU Jian-dong, YU Hong-mei. 2010. Grain-size characteristics of pyroclasts in Changbaishan mountain area[J]. Seismology and Geology, 32(2): 233—243(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
40	Kelfoun K, Druitt T H. 2005. Numerical modeling of the emplacement of Socompa rock avalanche, Chile[J]. Journal of Geophysical Resesrch, 110(B12). doi: DOI:10.1029/2005JB003758. [本文引用:1]
41	Kelfoun K, Druitt T, van Wyk de Vries B, et al. 2008. Topographic reflection of the Socompa debris avalanche, Chile[J]. Bulletin of Volcanology, 70(10): 1169—1187. [本文引用:1]
42	Kelfoun K. 2011. Suitability of simple rheological laws for the numerical simulation of dense pyroclastic flows and long-runout volcanic avalanches[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116(B8): B08209. doi: DOI:10.1029/2010JB007622. [本文引用:1]
43	Kilburn C R J. 2004. Fracturing as a quantitative indicator of lava flow dynamics[J]. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 132(2-3): 209—224. [本文引用:1]
44	Liu J Q, Chu G Q, Han J T, et al. 2009. Volcanic eruptions in the Longgang volcanic field, northeastern China, during the past 15, 000 years[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 34(5): 645—654. [本文引用:2]
45	Lockwood J P, Hazlett R W. 2010. Volcanoes: Global Perspectives[M]. John Wiley &Sons, Ltd. , Publication, West Sussex: 89—110. [本文引用:2]
46	Mastrolorenzo G, Pappalardo L, Troise C, et al. 2008. Probabilistic tephra hazard maps for the Neapolitan area: Quantitative volcanological study of Campi Flegrei eruptions[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(B7), doi: DOI:10.1029/2007JB004954. [本文引用:1]
47	Scarpa R, Tilling R I. 1996. Monitoring and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards[M]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg: 541—675. [本文引用:1]
48	Walker G P L. 1973. Explosive volcanic eruptions—A new classification scheme[J]. Geologische Rundschau, 62(2): 431—446. [本文引用:1]

2006

0.0

白志达, 徐德斌, 张秉良, 等. 2006. 龙岗火山群第四纪爆破式火山作用类型与期次研究[J]. 岩石学报, 22(6): 1473—1480.

BAI

Zhi-da

, XU

De-bin

, ZHANG

Bing-liang

, et al. 2006. Study on type and phase of Quaternary explosive volcanism in Longgang volcanic cluster[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 22(6): 1473—1480(in Chinese).

Longgang volcanic cluster is located in Huinan and Jingyu counties and belongs to the middle segment of the Longgang mountains range. Volcanic activities began in Neogene, and gained the prime of its life in Quarternary. Relative strong eruptions still occurred since Holocene. The features of depositional structure, components, micromorphology and grain size of pyroclastic materials show that the Quaternary explosive activities involve magmatic explosions, phreatomagmatic explosions and phreatic explosions. Magmatic explosions, phreatomagmatic explosions have the highest magnitude. Multi-cycle, multi-episode and multi-stages characterize the explosive activity of this cluster together. The Quaternary explosions can be divided into 9 stages according to the volcano-geological features. The hazard coverage of explosive volcanoes is great. The radius of middlehigh hazardous area resulted from a magmatic explosion is about 10km, while the radius involved in a phreatomagmatic explosion is about 4km.

龙岗火山群位于吉林省辉南和靖宇县境内的龙岗山脉中段。火山活动始于新近纪，第四纪更新世为鼎盛期，全新世以来仍有较强的喷发活动，是中国近代活动火山区之一。火山碎屑物的堆积构造、组成、显微形貌和粒度特征表明，第四纪爆破式火山作用包括岩浆爆发、射汽一岩浆爆发和射汽爆发三种类型，以岩浆和射汽-岩浆爆发最为发育。区内爆破式火山活动具有多旋回、多期次、多阶段喷发特点。据火山地质特征，可划分为9期，由老至新为：早更新世早期、晚期；中更新世三角龙湾期、旱龙湾期和金龙顶子早期；晚更新世金川东期；全新世大翁圈期、红期林场期和金龙顶子晚期。爆破式火山灾害的范围较大，岩浆爆发中高危区的半径约10km。射汽-岩浆爆发影响的半径约4km。

... 白志达等, 2006 ...

2005

0.0

储国强, 顾兆炎, 许冰, 等. 2005. 东北四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物纹层计年与¹³⁷Cs、 ²¹⁰Pb 测年[J]. 第四纪研究, 25(2): 202—207. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 1001-74102005. 02. 010.

CHU

Guo-qiang

, GU

Zhao-yan

, XU

Bing

, et al. 2005. Varvechronology and radiometric dating(¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb)from the Sihailongwan maar, northeastern China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 25(2): 202—207(in Chinese).

Sediments from maar lakes in the Longgang volcanic filed have been demonstrated to contain high-resolution nature archives for paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental research. In 1998, freezing cores were recovered using a freeze-coring system by scientists from our institute and Geo-science Center in Germany. A frozen core (SHL-F6) was sawed into sediment slabs, freezing-dried, and then impregnated with epoxy resin and manufactured as thin sections. Based on the study of thin sections from core SHL-F6 under microscope, varve couple appears as dark-coloured layer and light-coloured layer. The dark-coloured layer mainly consists of valves of diatoms and organic matter, and with less variation in thickness. The light-coloured layer consists of clastic and organic matter, and with large variation in thickness. The dark-coloured layer is an important mark to identify annually interface. Radiometric dating shows that the highest 137 Cs activity appears at 5.5cm depth of core SHL-F6, assumed to correlate to the 1963 maximum of emission due to the nuclear bomb testing. Base on varve counting, 35 couples were found in the upper part of the core (0～6cm). It well corresponds with the highest 137 Cs activity at 5.5cm. 137 Cs activities increase quickly from 2.56±0.09dpm/g at 7.5cm to 18.68±0.17dpm/g at 6.5cm, and may correlate to the 1954. The short-lived 226 Ra activity was measured from daughter nuclides 137 Cs and 214 Bi (295 keV, 352keV and 609keV). Unsupported 210 Pb activity exponentially attenuated as the increasing of the core depth. The abnormal variations of 210 Pb activity can be found in the profile. The relative high value of 210 Pb at the depth of 5.5cm may be also linked with the 1963 maximum due to the nuclear bomb testing for nuclear bomb testing producing both 137 Cs and 208 Pb and 210 Pb. The relative low value of 210 Pb and relative high value of 226 Ra at the depth of 4.5cm may due to human activity that induced high sediment input. 210 Pb (CRS) and 137 Cs dating result show a good agreement with the varve-chronology. Varved sediments in the Sihailongwan maar are annually laminated and high-resolution records for paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental research.

1. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029; 2. National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037

对东北四海龙湾玛珥湖SHLF6孔纹层沉积物的 137 Cs放射性测量表明: 137 Cs比活度的最大值出现在55cm处,对应于1963年世界原子弹试爆高峰期。纹层计年表明0～6cm共有35个纹层层偶。从75cm到65cm, 137 Cs比活度从256±009dpm/g急剧增加到1868±017dpm/g,可能65cm对应于1954年。通过测量 226 Ra子核 214 Pb和 214 Bi(能量为295keV,352keV和609keV)放射的光子数获得 226 Ra比活度数据,然后求得过剩 210 Pb比活度( 210 Pbuns)。 210 Pbuns比活度随深度增加而呈指数衰减,其异常波动可能与人类活动以及沉积速率变化有关,例如55cm处 210 Pb比活度较高,与 137 Cs的峰值对应,这可能与1963年前后人工核实验的高峰有关,因为核试验不仅产生 137 Cs,而且可以产生208Pb和 210 Pb;45cm处 210 Pb比活度较低,而 226 Ra较高,可能与人类活动加剧,导致沉积速率增加有关。根据 210 PbunsCRS模式,SHLF6孔0～19cm的平均沉积速率为20mg/cm 2 ·a,或约为011cm/a。 210 Pb测年数据与 137 Cs时标及纹层计年均有很好的一致性。四海龙湾玛珥湖发育的纹层为年纹层,可以建立高分辨率时间序列。

1999

0.0

樊棋诚, 刘若新, 魏海泉, 等. 1999. 龙岗金龙顶子近代活动火山的岩石学与地球化学[J]. 岩石学报, 15(4): 584—589.

FAN

Qi-cheng

, LIU

Ruo-xin

, WEI

Hai-quan

, et al. 1999. The petrology and geochemistry of Jinlongdingzi modern active volcano in Longgang area[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 15(4): 584—589(in Chinese).

... 岩石类型为单一的粗面玄武岩, 来自于地幔(樊祺诚等, 1999) ...

2002

0.0

樊祺诚, 隋建立, 刘若新, 等. 2002. 吉林龙岗第四纪火山活动分期[J]. 岩石学报, 18(4): 495—500. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1000-0569. 2002. 04. 008.

FAN

Qi-cheng

, SUI

Jian-li

, LIU

Ruo-xin

, et al. 2002. Periods of Quarternary volcanic activity in Longgang area, Jilin Province[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 18(4): 495—500(in Chinese).

在约1700km^2的龙岗火山区内分布100多个玄武质岩浆爆破成因的火山渣锥和射气岩浆成因的低平火山口－龙湾，最新喷发距今约1500－1600年。本文在火山地质研究基础上，测定了龙岗第四纪火山活动形成的熔岩台地、火山渣锥、低平火山口、火山碎屑席等不同火山地质体的31个火山岩K－Ar年龄和2个岩化木与与泥炭层的^14C年龄，厘定了龙岗第四纪3期火山活动的时间：小椅山期（早更新世：2．15－0．75Ma）、龙岗期（中－晚更新世：0．68－0．05Ma）和金龙顶子期（全新世：1600－1500a.BP）。

... 樊祺诚等, 2002 ...

2005

0.0

郭正府, 刘嘉麒, 樊祺诚, 等. 2005. 四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物中碱流质火山灰的来源及其意义[J]. 岩石学报, 21(1): 251—255. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1000-0569. 2005. 01. 025.

GUO

Zheng-fu

, LIU

Jia-qi

, FAN

Qi-cheng

, et al. 2005. Source of volcanic ash in the sediments of Sihailongwan maar lake, NE China, and its significance[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 21(1): 251—255(in Chinese).

2000

0.0

贺怀宇, 刘嘉麒, 马志邦. 2000. ²¹⁰Pb 年代学方法测定东北玛珥湖沉积速率[J]. 第四纪研究, 20(6): 571. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 1001-74102000. 06. 013.

Huai-yu

, LIU

Jia-qi

, MA

Zhi-bang.

2000. Accumulation rates based on ²¹⁰Pb dating of a maar lake, Northeast China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 20(6): 571(in Chinese).

2006

0.0

李智, 韩松, 邓亚平, 等. 2006. 吉林金龙顶子火山空降堆积物体积估算及其地质意义[J]. 地球科学与环境学报, 28(1): 28—31. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1672-6561. 2006. 01. 006.

Zhi

, HAN

Song

, DENG

Ya-ping

, et al. 2006. Calculation of fallout tephra volumes in Sihai phase of Jinlongdingzi volcano of Longgang volcanic swarm in Jilin Province[J]. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment, 28(1): 28—31(in Chinese).

用梯形法、对数坐标直线交叉法、厚度对数-面积平方根法对吉林龙岗金龙顶子火山四海期空降堆积物的体积进行了估算,结果分别为0.096 km3,0.138 km3,0.109 5 km3,与Los Alamos National Laboratory开发的火山喷发模拟软件模拟的结果(0.105 km3)相近.对比分析认为;梯形法存在的主要问题是忽略了最后一条等厚线与零点等厚线间的体积,从而低估了实际喷出量;对数直线交叉法虽然减少了厚度与面积间的非线性相关性,但获得的两条直线具有相当大的主观性;厚度对数-面积平方根法是在空降堆积物随着远离火山口呈指数性减薄的事实基础上提出的,是比较准确的体积估算方法.

... 李智等, 2006) ...

1990

0.0

刘尔义. 1990. 吉林省龙岗火山群地质构造特征研究[J]. 中国区域地质, (2): 157—165.

LIU

Er-yi.

1990. The structural characteristics of the Longgang volcano group in Jilin[J]. Regional Geology of China, (2): 157—165(in Chinese).

摘　要：

... 刘尔义, 1990 ...

1987

0.0

刘嘉麒. 1987. 中国东北地区新生代火山岩的年代学研究[J]. 岩石学报, 3(4): 21—31.

LIU

Jia-qi.

1987. Study on geochronology of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks in Northeast China[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 3(4): 21—31(in Chinese).

... 龙岗火山区从新近纪开始活动(刘嘉麒, 1987), 一直延续到全新世(刘祥等, 1997) ...

2000

0.0

刘嘉麒, Negendank J F

, 王文远, 等. 2000. 中国玛珥湖的时空分布与地质特征[J]. 第四纪研究, 20(1): 78—86. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 1001-74102000. 01. 013.

LIU

Jia-qi

, Negendank J F

, WANG

Wen-yuan

, et al. 2000. The distribution and geological characteristics of maar lakes in China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 20(1): 78—86(in Chinese).

Thispaperpresentsageneral report which first gives the distribution and geological characteristics of maar and maar lakes in China. The projects concerning maar lake research have been widely launched during the last decade, particularly within the framework of the EUROMAARS. Maars like a natural gauge recorded paleoclimate changes. The morphological features of maar are important conditions for development and preservation of high resolution archives of paleoenvironmental variations. The well defined and constant catchment basin ensures homogeneity of detritus input, and climate change, which may trigger changes in vegetation,sedimentation pathways with respect to erosion factors, aeolian input and the quality and quantity of organic material. There are many maars from tropical zone to the North Temperate Zone in China.Maar and maar lakes in China are mainly located in three regions: Leiqiong Volcanic Field, Northeast China Volcanic Field and Qinghai Xizang Plateau Volcanic Field. The known oldest maar is distributed in Shanwan area, which formed about 13Ma ago. Maars in Leiqiong Volcanic Field are located in Leizhou Peninsula and the north part of Hainan Province. Maar lakes such as Huguangyan and Shuangchiling maar lakes wereformed during Shimaoling epoch and Huguangyan epoch. These maar lakes are located in tropical area with intense monsoon and typhoon activities. Some researchers suggest that tropical forcing is a stronger influence on global changes. However, the continuous high resolution record is scarce in the tropical region in China. These maar lakes provide detailed information of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes at least during the past 400000 years. There are about 164 volcanic cones, craters and maars distributed in Northeast China Volcanic Field. Generally, maars are concentrated in Huinan county and Jingyu county, Jilin Province. The K Ar ages from the basal of maars are between 2.13Ma and 0.96Ma. But some maars may be younger than 0.96Ma from geomorphological opinion. Maars in Qinghai Xizang Plateau Volcanic Field are mainly distributedinMts.West Kunlun and Kekexili. According to interpretation of satellite photograph and aerophotograph, some maar lakes are perfectly preserved in this area. Qinghai Xizang Plateau is the highest and largest plateau in the world and not only affects Asian Monsoon and Westerlies, but also has an important effect to global climate. The archieves in maar lakes may help scientists to discuss the uplift of the plateau. MaarandmaarlakesinChinacoverdifferentgeological and environmental background.They provide the abundat information of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. The result from these maars will have great contribution to global changes.

自新生代以来 ,在亚洲东部大陆边缘的裂谷系和青藏高原内部及周边地区 ,火山活动频繁发生 ,形成大量火山和火山岩 ,在一些火山区还发育有大小不等、形态不一的玛珥湖 ,其中有的积水 ,有的干枯 ,它们集中分布于雷琼、东北、青藏高原等地区 ,跨越了热带、亚热带、温带和高寒地带。从中新世的山东山旺盆地 ,早更新世东北龙岗地区的龙湾 ,到雷琼地区中晚更新世的田洋、湖光岩等 ,几乎各个时代、各种类型的玛珥和玛珥湖都有 ,玛珥湖中的沉积物从几十米到一二百米厚度不等 ,记录了不同地区、不同时段气候环境演变的历史 ,对全球变化研究有着重要意义。

2013

0.0

刘俊清, 丁广, 张晨侠, 等. 2013. 吉林省龙岗火山群现今活动性研究[J]. 华北地震科学, 31(1): 31—33. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1003-1375. 2013. 01. 006.

LIU

Jun-qing

, DING

Guang

, ZHANG

Chen-xia

, et al. 2013. Study on present activity of Longgang volcano in Jilin Province[J]. North China Earthquake Sciences, 31(1): 31—33, 44(in Chinese).

2005

0.0

刘强, 刘嘉麒, 陈晓雨, 等. 2005. 18. 5kaB. P. 以来东北四海龙湾玛珥湖全岩有机碳同位素记录及其古气候环境意义[J]. 第四纪研究, 25(6): 711—721. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 1001-74102005. 06. 007.

LIU

Qiang

, LIU

Jia-qi

, CHEN

Xiao-yu

, et al. 2005. Stable carbon isotope record of bulk organic matter from the Sihailongwan maar lake, Northeast China during the past 18. 5ka[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 25(6): 711—721(in Chinese).

Sihailongwan Maar Lake is one of the eight Maar lakes in Longgang Volcanic Field, Northeast China. Three Sino-Germany cooperational drilling campaigns were conducted from August 1998 to July 2001, and three composite profiles of lake sediments have been constructed. Correlated with analytic results of water contents, TOC concentrations and TOC/TN ratios of composite profile Ⅱ, the stable carbon isotope record of bulk organic matter （δ 13 C TOC ） can be divided into three stages during the past 18.5ka: （1） the late stage of the Last Glacial （18.5～14.7kaB.P.）. The δ 13 C TOC values were less negative, within the range of -29.50‰～-26.18‰ and with the average of -28.10‰. （2） the last deglaciation （14.7～11.7kaB.P.）. The δ 13 C TOC values became much more negative, which changed from -33.92‰ to -28.40‰, with the average of -31.75‰. There generally appears a valley on the δ 13 C TOC curve, with the exception that during the period of a Younger Dryas-like cold event （12.7～11.7kaB.P.）, the δ 13 C TOC values reach a peak of -28.4‰. （3） the Holocene （11.7kaB.P.～present）. The δ 13 C TOC values remained relatively stable （-30.85‰～-27.37‰） around the average of -29.1‰.

结合含水量、TOC含量和TOC/TN比值变化曲线,18·5kaB·P·以来的四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物全岩有机碳同位素组成（δ 13 C TOC ）记录可划分为3个阶段:1)末次冰期晚期（18·5～14·7kaB·P·）,δ 13 C TOC 值偏正,变化范围为-29·50‰～-26·18‰,平均值约为-28·10‰;2)末次冰消期（14·7～11·7kaB·P·）,δ 13 C TOC 值显著偏负,变化范围为-33·92‰～-28·40‰,平均值约为-31·75‰,在δ 13 C TOC 值变化曲线上表现为一个低谷,但在类似YoungerDryas的冷干事件期间（12·7～11·7kaB·P·）,δ 13 C TOC 值再次显著偏正,最高可达-28·4‰;3)全新世以来（11·7kaB·P.至今）,δ 13 C TOC 值变化幅度不大（-30·85‰～-27·37‰）,基本上都在平均值-29·1‰左右。研究表明,大气CO 2 浓度变化是影响18·5kaB·P·以来四海龙湾玛珥湖δ 13 C TOC 值变化的主导因素。

2009

0.0

刘强, 魏海泉, 许建东, 等. 2009. 吉林龙岗四海火山碎屑物粒度分析与地质意义[J]. 地震地质, 31(1): 112—121. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 2009. 01. 010.

LIU

Qiang

, WEI

Hai-quan

, XU

Jian-dong

, et al. 2009. Grain-size characteristics of the Sihai tephra sheet and their geological implications[J]. Seismology and Geology, 31(1): 112—121(in Chinese).

... 刘强等, 2009 ...

2004

0.0

刘强, 游海涛, 刘嘉麒. 2004. 湖泊沉积物年纹层的研究方法及其意义[J]. 第四纪研究, 24(6): 683—694. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 1001-74102004. 06. 011.

LIU

Qiang

, YOU

Hai-tao

, LIU

Jia-qi.

2004. Methodology of studying on varved lake sediments and its significance[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 24(6): 683—694(in Chinese).

Varved lake sediments are one of the high-resolution geological archives on the continent. Based on the independent, inherent and continuous calendar varve chronology, high resolution paleoenvironmental information can be obtained at annual or even seasonal scale. The types of varve in lake sediments can be classified into three main types according to their formation process and components, i.e. clastic varve, biogenic varve (e.g. diatom-rich varve), and chemically induced varve (such as calcareous varve, ferrogenic varves, and evaporative varve) . The research methodology on varved sediments are: (1) surface core photography and X-ray radiography, (2) optical microscopy, (3) digital image analysis, and (4) scan electron microscope. The petrological large thin section, which becomes more and more important in obtaining detailed information from varve, attracts more attention. We evaluate two ways of embedding sediments (shock-freeze and freeze-dry technique and water-acetone-epoxy resin exchange technique) for thin sections. Among these methods and techniques, digital image analysis and scan electron microscope will play more important roles in obtaining varve chronology and high resolution paleoenvironmental records. To achieve a high quality varve chronology, the annual feature of one varve must be built firstly and demonstrated by internal and external evidences, and the possible error must be estimated and minished. The paleoenvironmental implications of varve studies represent at two ways: the first one is high precise varve chronology timescale, while the other is high resolution paleoclimate and paleoenvironment information from the nature of varve . Based on long and continuous varve chronology, the duration of abrupt climatic event during the Last Deglaciation can be counted; in addition, reconstructing atmospheric radiocarbon concentration, dating of tephra layers, building of regional paleomagnetic secular variation, and etc can be achieved by the method of high resolution varve chronology. The varve thickness data can be applied to search for cyclic patterns in lake sediments and to compare with known periodicities of solar activity. In addition, the history of climate event such as ENSO can be traced. Compared with Finland, Sweden,Germany,Swiss,Poland and North America, where much more lakes with varved sediments are found and more research results are reported, the varved lake sediments found in other parts of the world are infrequent. Because of great potentials in high resolution paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental reconstruction, the research of the varved lake sediments should be strengthened in future. Maar lakes, usually closed and deep, is suitable for the formation and preservation of varve. Much more efforts are paid to look for maar lakes with varved sediments in China. Here, we report the characteristics of varve found in the Sihailongwan maar lake in northeastern China.

文章总结了前人对湖泊沉积物年纹层类型的划分,并根据年纹层的形成过程和组分特征分为3个大类,即碎屑年纹层、生物成因年纹层(如硅藻年纹层等)和化学成因年纹层(如方解石年纹层、菱铁矿年纹层、黄铁矿年纹层、蒸发盐年纹层等)。介绍了目前应用于湖泊沉积物年纹层研究的主要方法和技术包括:1)新鲜沉积物表面照相、X射线照相技术;2)光学显微镜观察;3)数字化图像分析;4)扫描电子显微镜技术等。而岩相学大薄片是目前年纹层研究工作中应用非常广泛的材料,对目前制作大薄片比较普遍采用的快速冷冻-冷冻干燥和水-丙酮-环氧树脂交换这两种方法进行了介绍并比较了各自的优劣。湖泊沉积物年纹层研究的古环境意义主要体现在两个方面,一是提供了高精度的纹层年代学时间标尺,在诸如气候突变事件的时限、大气 14 C浓度变化、火山灰层定年、古地磁场长期变化主曲线重建等方面有重要意义;二是年纹层性质研究如年纹层厚度和年纹层微相变化本身所蕴藏的高分辨率古气候环境变化信息,在太阳活动周期、ENSO等气候事件的研究中也有重要意义。最后,文章简单介绍了我国东北龙岗火山区四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物中年纹层的特征并展望了其研究潜力。

0.0

... 刘若新, 2000 ...

1991

0.0

刘祥, 王锡魁. 1991. 大椅子山火山碎屑降落堆积物研究[J]. 长春地质学院学报, 21(4): 417—424.

LIU

Xiang

, WANG

Xi-kui.

1991. Study on fallout tephra deposits in Dayizishan[J]. Journal of Changchun University of Earth Science, 21(4): 417—424(in Chinese).

... 刘祥等, 1991, 1997 ...

1989

0.0

刘祥, 向天元, 王锡魁. 1989. 长白山地区新生代火山活动分期[J]. 吉林地质, (1): 30—41.

LIU

Xiang

, XIANG

Tian-yuan

, WANG

Xi-kui.

1989. Episodes of Cenozoic volcanism in the Changbai Mountains area[J]. Jilin Geology, (1): 30—41(in Chinese).

... 刘祥等, 1989 ...

1997

0.0

刘祥, 张成梁. 1997. 龙岗火山群四海火山渣层: 来自金龙顶子火山亚普林尼式火山爆发[J]. 吉林地质, 16(3): 1—8.

LIU

Xiang

, ZHANG

Cheng-liang.

1997. Sihai basaltic scoria deposits in the Longgang volcanic swarm belong to the sub-plinian eruption of Jinlongdingzi volcano[J]. Jilin Geology, 16(3): 1—8(in Chinese).

... 龙岗火山区从新近纪开始活动(刘嘉麒, 1987), 一直延续到全新世(刘祥等, 1997) ...

... 刘祥等, 1991, 1997 ...

... 金龙顶子火山是龙岗火山群全新世喷发规模最大的火山, 在1,500~1,700a前, 发生了亚普尼林式喷发, 形成了分布广泛的四海火山碎屑席(刘祥等, 1997 ...

... 根据金龙顶子火山成因、地貌形态及喷发产物特征等, 火山喷发类型为亚普尼林式(刘祥等, 1997), 火山机构由火山锥体、火山碎屑席和熔岩流3部分组成(图2) ...

... 金龙顶子火山是这一类型的典型代表, 是亚普尼林式喷发形成的(刘祥等, 1997) ...

1984

0.0

罗照华. 1984 a. 吉林辉南大椅山玄武岩中超镁铁岩包体的研究[J]. 地球科学-武汉地质学院学报, (1): 73—80.

LUO

Zhao-hua.

1984 a. Dayishan alkali basalt, Huinan County, Jilin Province and its origin[J]. Earth Science-Jonrnal of Wuhan College of Geology, (1): 73—80(in Chinese).

... 火山喷发产物主要为熔岩流、基浪堆积物、火山空降碎屑席、火山溅落堆积物以及所携带大量地幔橄榄岩的捕掳体(罗照华, 1984a ...

1984

0.0

罗照华. 1984 b. 吉林辉南大椅山碱性玄武岩及其成因[J]. 地球科学-武汉地质学院学报, (1): 81—86.

LUO

Zhao-hua.

1984 b. The study of ultramafic nodules in Dayishan basalt, Huinan County, Jilin Province[J]. Earth Science-Jonrnal of Wuhan College of Geology, (1): 81—86(in Chinese).

... 部分研究者开展了橄榄岩地球化学和其所代表的地幔动力学特征研究(罗照华, 1984b ...

1984

0.0

欧祥喜, 傅靖戈. 1984. 龙岗火山群的形成与构造的关系[J]. 吉林地质, (1): 76—81.

Xiang-xi

, FU

Jing-ge.

1984. Relationship between the formation of the Longgang volcano swarm and tectonics[J]. Jilin Geology, (1): 76—81(in Chinese).

... 龙岗火山群夹在敦化-密山断裂带和鸭绿江-图们江断裂带之间, 区内断裂发育, 主要有NE向、 NW向和近EW向3组(欧祥喜等, 1984) ...

2013

0.0

綦伟, 刘俊清, 李仲巍, 等. 2013. 龙岗火山喷发危险性初探[J]. 防灾减灾学报, 29(4): 70—73. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1674-8565. 2013. 04. 016.

Wei

, LIU

Jun-qing

, LI

Zhong-wei

, et al. 2013. Preliminary discussion on the risk of volcano eruption in Longgang area[J]. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Preduction, 29(4): 70—73(in Chinese).

1999

0.0

史兰斌, 林传勇, 韩秀伶, 等. 1999. 吉林龙冈火山群金龙顶子火山喷发物中幔源包体的基本特征及其地质意义[J]. 地质论评, 45(S): 308—318.

SHI

Lan-bin

, LIN

Chuan-yong

, HAN

Xiu-ling

, et al. 1999. Principal features of mantle xenoliths in Jinlongdingzi volcanics, Longgang volcano cluster, Jilin Province, and their geological implications[J]. Geological Review, 45(S): 308—318(in Chinese).

The Jinlongdingzi volcanic eruption occurred 1500 years before present. The mant le lherzolite xenoliths contained in the volc anic products are the ones found only in the latest volcanic products in China. These mantle xenoliths are characterized by the pervasive occurrence of pargasite. The textures and dislocation of sub structures of olivine of these xenoliths revealt hat they have been subjected to a certain degree of deformation under the upper mantle con dition. The equilibrium temperatures of these xenoliths are concentrated within the range of 800～950℃, and the equilibrium pressures within the range of 1.0～ 1. 5GPa. The upper mantle geotherm constructed on the basis of the equilibrium temp erature and pressure of these xenoliths is slightly lower than that from mantle xenolith s in the Neogene basalts, but is closer to that from Quaternary basalts. The differential stress o f these mantle xenoliths is estimated to be in the range of 30～45 MPa, while th e strain rate is from 10-19s��-1��～10��-15��s��-1��. The occurrence of pargasite reflects the participation of the upper mantle fluids and the metasomatism. It s eems that the basaltic magma from the Jinlongdingzi eruption directly came from th e top of upper mantle at depths of 35～50km.

龙冈火山群金龙顶子火山喷发发生在距今1500年前，其火山喷发物中所含的幔源橄榄岩包体是我国在最新火山喷发物中所发现的幔源包体。这些包体以普遍含有韭闪石为特征。包体的结构和位错构造反映这些包体在上地幔条件下经历过一定程度的变形作用。包体的平衡温度大多数集中在800～950℃之间，只有个别样品温度达到1050℃；平衡压力大多数集中在??1.0??～1.5 GPa之间。由包体平衡温度、压力得到的上地幔地温线稍低于中国东部由新第三纪包体得到的上地幔地温线，但接近第四纪包体得到的地温线。包体在上地幔条件下变形时的差异应力在30～44MPa，应变速率为10????-18??s????-110????-15??s????-1??。角闪石的出现反映上地幔流体的渗透及交代作用。金龙顶子火山发的玄武岩浆直接来自35～50km的上地幔顶部。

... 史兰斌等, 1999 ...

1999

0.0

隋建立, 樊祺诚, 曹杰. 1999. 龙岗火山喷发特征与火山岩化学初步研究[J]. 地质论评, 45(S): 319—324.

SUI

Jian-li

, FAN

Qi-cheng

, CAO

Jie.

1999. A preliminary study of eruption features and petrochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Longgang volcanoes[J]. Geological Review, 45(S): 319—324(in Chinese).

... 隋建立等, 1999 ...

2007

0.0

隋建立, 樊祺诚, 刘嘉麒. 2007. 吉林龙岗火山高纯镁橄榄石(Fo~98. 5)捕掳晶及其出溶结构的发现和意义[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 26(S): 26. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1007-2802. 200, 7. z1. 013.

SUI

Jian-li

, FAN

Qi-cheng

, LIU

Jia-qi.

2007. The discovery of high-purity olivine(Fo_{~98. 5})xenocrysts with exsolution structure in Longgang volcano, and its significance[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 26(S): 26(in Chinese).

龙岗火山(隋建立等,2007)位于我国吉林省东部,毗邻天池火山,是广义的长白山火山的一部分,其火山活动从晚第三纪持续到现代(樊祺诚等,2002),大约1600 a BP金龙顶子火山的喷发表明,龙岗火山是国内为数不多的活动火山之一.

... 隋建立, 2007 ...

1999

0.0

王彦生, 靳克. 1999. 吉林省新生代龙岗火山群期次划分及火山喷发类型特点[J]. 地质论评, 45(S): 332—338.

WANG

Yan-sheng

, JIN

Ke.

1999. Division and eruption types of the Cenozoic Longgang volcano cluster, Jilin Province[J]. Geological Review, 45(S): 332—338(in Chinese).

The Cenozoic volcanic activities of the volcano cluster in the Longgang ar ea of Jilin Provienc can be divided into 5 eruption stages, which are mentioned from old to young as ①Chuandishan stage, ②Xiaoyizishan stage, ③Dayizishan sta ge, ④Jinlongdingzi stage and ⑤Sihai stage. In addition, eruption types of these volcanoes were ascertained based on the study of volcanic petrographic facies of all stages.

吉林省龙岗地区龙岗火山群，新生代火山活动可划分为5个火山喷发期次，由老至新为：船底山期、小椅子山期、大椅子山期、金龙顶子期、四海期。根据对各期火山岩相的研究，确定了它们的火山喷发类型。

... 王彦生等, 1999 ...

1980

0.0

... 第四纪火山活动频繁, 具有多旋回、多期次和多阶段喷发特点(王雨钧等, 1980 ...

1999

0.0

魏海泉, 刘若新, 樊祺诚, 等. 1999. 龙岗火山群单成因火山作用[J]. 地质论评, 45(S): 325—331.

WEI

Hai-quan

, LIU

Ruo-xin

, FAN

Qi-cheng

, et al. 1999. Monogenetic volcanism in Longgang volcano clusters[J]. Geological Review, 45(S): 325—331(in Chinese).

长白山龙岗火山群内分布有100多座由玄武质岩渣锥、熔岩流、低平火山口等火山结构组成的新生代火山。单成因火山作用决定着龙岗火山区内火山结构与规模，这对指导当地减轻火山灾害工作也有一定意义。

... 魏海泉等, 1999 ...

... 2 火山碎屑席金龙顶子火山碎屑席(俗称四海火山灰)是金龙顶子火山爆破式喷发作用的产物(魏海泉等, 1999) ...

2005

0.0

徐德兵, 白志达, 张秉良, 等. 2005. 吉林龙岗火山群火山碎屑基浪堆积特征与成因机理[J]. 沉积学报, 23(1): 60—66. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1000-0550. 2005. 01. 008.

De-bing

, BAI

Zhi-da

, ZHANG

Bing-liang

, et al. 2005. Characteristic and genetic mechanism of pyroclastic base-surge deposits of volcanic swarm in Longgang area, Jilin Province[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 23(1): 60—66(in Chinese).

2003

0.0

徐义刚, 黄小龙, Thirlwall M

, 等. 2003. 吉林辉南“反应”成因方辉橄榄岩包体及其深部动力学意义[J]. 岩石学报, 19(1): 19—26. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1000-0569. 2003. 01. 003.

Yi-gang

, HUANG

Xiao-long

, Thirlwall

, et al. 2003. “Reactive” harzburgite xenoliths from Huinan, Jilin Province and their implications for deep dynamic processes[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 19(1): 19—26(in Chinese).

The harzburgites from Huinan are not residues of partial melting of large degree in the mantle, because they have anomalously high HREE abundance and peculiar secondarily recrystallized texture, when compared to the normal residual harzburgites. Instead, they likely resulted from melt-mantle reaction through clinopyroxene dissolution and olivine precipitation. The convex-upward REE pattern suggests that these samples were in equilibrium with melts with basaltic composition at high melt/rock ratio. The presence of melts/fluids enhanced the grain growth in peridotites, giving rise to the formation of secondarily recrystallized texture, typical of the Huinan harzburgites. The formation of the Huinan harzburgites was probably related to thermo-chemical erosion of the lithosphere mantle by upwelling asthenosphere. These "reactive" harzburgites were further affected by metasomatism involving carbonate or volatile-rich small volume silicate melts.

同正常的残余方辉橄榄岩相比，辉南方辉橄榄岩具有异常高的HREE组成和特殊的二次重结晶结构，因此，它们不是上地幔经大程度部分熔融后的残余，而是熔体－岩石反应的结果。倒U型REE分配模式暗示这些样品经历了与玄武质熔体相互作用的历史，并达到了平衡，大量熔（流）体的存在有利于地幔岩石矿物颗粒的增长，从而形成特征的二次重结晶结构。这种“反应”型方辉橄榄岩的形成可能与上涌软流图对岩石圈地幔的热－化学浸蚀有关。“反应型”方辉橄榄岩形成之后，又受到了类似于碳酸岩或富挥发份小体积熔体的交代，因此辉南地区上地幔经历了多期地幔交代作用。

... 徐义刚等, 2003 ...

2011

0.0

杨清福, 王建, Hattori K

, 等. 2011. 吉林南部辉南-靖宇地区岩石圈地幔氧化-还原状态及研究意义[J]. 岩石学报, 27(6): 1797—1809.

YANG

Qing-fu

, WANG

Jian

, Hattori K

, et al. 2011. Redox state of the lithospheric mantle beneath Huinan-Jingyu area, southern Jilin Province, China[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(6): 1797—1809(in Chinese).

The mantle xenoliths in the Quaternary basalts in Huinan-Jingyu area, southern Jilin Province, China, comprise mainly spinel-facies lherzolites and harzburgites. The equilibration temperatures for lherzolites and harzburgites are 770 similar to 1000 degrees C and 850 similar to 1025 degrees C, and the calculated f(o2) values are in the range of FMQ -0.70 to + 0.34 and FMQ -0.46 to + 0.05, respectively, which are similar to those for abyssal peridotites and asthenospheric mantle. The f(o2) values of peridotites, together with their bulk rock compositions (e. g., Mg-#, Al2O3, CaO, Ni, Co, Cr) and mineral compositions (e. g., Mg-# of olivine and pyroxene, Cr-# and Mg-# of spinel), suggest that the present-day lithospheric mantle beneath Longgang volcanic field represents an upwelling asthenospheric mantle formed in response to the imbalance and delamination of an old lithosphere caused by the collision between North China craton and Yangtze plate, accompanied by the multiple subductions of Pacific plate from the east and Mongolo-Okhotsk plate from the north since Late Mesozoic time. The newly formed mantle beneath the area has undergone a low degree of partial melting which led to the formation of the observed lithologies.

吉林省南部辉南-靖宇地区第四纪碱性玄武岩中的地幔包体主要为尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩。二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩的平衡温度分别为770~1000℃和850~1025℃,对应的氧逸度 ( f O 2 )值分别为FMQ -0.70至+0.34 (均值为FMQ -0.06) 和FMQ -0.46至+0.05 (均值为FMQ -0.15),它们与深海橄榄岩(abyssal peridotites)以及软流圈地幔的 f O 2 相似。橄榄岩的 f O 2 值,连同其全岩化学成分(如Mg # 、Al 2 O 3 、CaO、Ni、Co和Cr)和矿物化学成分(如橄榄石的Fo、尖晶石的Cr # 和Mg # ,以及辉石的Mg # )特征,表明辉南-靖宇地区龙岗火山群下面的岩石圈地幔很可能是在晚中生代以来,伴随着华北克拉通和扬子板块的碰撞以及来自东侧太平洋板块和北侧蒙古-额霍次克(Mongolo-Okhotsk)板块分别向西和向南的俯冲叠加,原来的古老岩石圈失衡、塌陷(拆沉？),取而代之的深部软流圈底辟、上涌,又经历了低度部分熔融的产物。

... 杨清福等, 2011) ...

2003

0.0

于福生, 袁万明, 韩松, 等. 2003. 吉林龙岗晚更新世玄武岩的铀系组分法年龄证据[J]. 高能物理与核物理, 27(11): 1039—1043. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 0254-3052. 2003. 11. 021.

Fu-sheng

, YUAN

Wan-ming

, HAN

Song

, et al. 2003. U-series component dating for late Pleistocene basalt of Longgang, Jilin Province[J]. High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics, 27(11): 1039—1043(in Chinese).

吉林龙岗火山是我国近代仍有喷发活动的火山区之一 ,在历史时期曾发生过多次喷发活动 ,确定每次喷发的具体时代对评价和预测火山灾害具有重要意义。在大椅子山和吊水湖两地采集的碱性玄武岩样品 ,被磁选分离后 ,通过铀系组分法测定 ,获得的年龄分别为距今 71± 9ka,10 6± 13

... 于福生等, 2003 ...

2004

0.0

于福生, 袁万明, 韩松, 等. 2004. 吉林大椅子山火山年代学、地球化学特征及其排气量的估算[J]. 地球学报, 25(2): 219—223. doi: DOI: 103321/j. issn: 1006-3021. 2004. 02. 024.

Fu-sheng

, YUAN

Wan-ming

, HAN

Song

, et al. 2004. Chronological and geochemical features and degassing evaluation of the Dayizishan volcano, Jilin Province[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 25(2): 219—223(in Chinese).

According to the analysis by U-series component method,Dayizishan volcano erupted at 71±9 ka B P in late Pleistocene. Petrochemical and geochemical features of the eruption products of all phases imply that they came from the same magma resource. Based on petrological methods and the degassing model devised by Thordarson in 1996,It is estimated from the measured chlorine and fluorine concentrations in the samples that the atmospheric loading of hydrochloric acid and that of hydrofluoric acid were 7.36 Mt and 5.21 Mt,respectively.

利用铀系组分法测得龙岗大椅子山火山喷发时间为距今71±9ka,属于晚更新世。各类喷发物的岩石化学、地球化学特征表明 ,它们形成于同一岩浆源。根据岩石学方法 ,结合Thordarson(1996)等人的排气模型 ,估算此次喷发向大气层输送的HCl、HF总量分别为7.36Mt和5.21Mt。

... 于福生等, 2004 ...

2008

0.0

于红梅, 许建东, 林传勇, 等. 2008. 吉林省龙岗火山群南龙湾第四纪火山碎屑颗粒特征研究[J]. 岩石学报, 24(11): 2621—2630.

Hong-mei

, XU

Jian-dong

, LIN

Chuan-yong

, et al. 2008. Study on the characteristics of Quaternary volcanic pyroclasts from Nanlongwan volcano, Longgang volcanic duster, Jilin Province[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24(11): 2621—2630(in Chinese).

爆炸性火山喷发形成的碎屑颗粒的粒度、分选性、表面结构和内部结构等特征与火山喷发的机制、岩浆与水作用的程度、搬运过程等有着重要的联系。本文以此为线索,研究了龙岗火山群南龙湾火山的一个剖面,以探讨其喷发类型和特征。在该剖面上采集了不同层位火山碎屑颗粒样品,然后进行显微形貌观测、粒度分析和扫描电镜形貌观测。显微镜下观测表明,射汽爆发、射汽岩浆爆发和岩浆爆发的碎屑颗粒具有不同的成分和形貌特征。粒度分析结果显示,粒度与喷发类型之间存在很好的对应关系,不同的爆发类型具有不同的分维值 D 范围。SEM 分析可以提供有关火山喷发特征对火山碎屑颗粒的影响。本文的研究结果表明,南龙湾火山喷发为爆炸式喷发,包括早期的射汽岩浆爆发,到岩浆爆发至晚期以射汽爆发为主的射汽岩浆爆发的不同阶段,该区火山喷发的不同时期,水参与喷发的程度不同。

2013

0.0

于红梅, 许建东, 吴建平, 等. 2013. 龙岗金龙顶子火山空降碎屑物数值模拟及概率性灾害评估[J]. 震灾防御技术, 8(1): 62—71. doi: DOI: 1011899/zzfy. 2013. 01. 007.

Hong-mei

, XU

Jian-dong

, WU

Jian-ping

, et al. 2013. Numerical simulation and probabilistic hazard assessment of tephra fallout at Jinlongdingzi volcano, Longgang volcanic field in Jilin Province[J]. Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention, 8(1): 62—71(in Chinese).

... 于红梅等, 2013) ...

2005

0.0

张秉良, 白志达, 洪汉净, 等. 2005. 吉林龙岗火山碎屑分形研究[J]. 地震地质, 27(3): 462—469. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 2005. 03. 011.

ZHANG

Bing-liang

, BAI

Zhi-da

, HONG

Han-jing

, et al. 2005. A fractal study on the pyroclasts from the Longgang volcano, Jilin Province[J]. Seismology and Geology, 27(3): 462—469(in Chinese).

The field investigation shows that the volcanism in Longgang,Jilin has three distinct eruption ways,i.e. phreatic eruption,phreatomagmatic eruption and magmatic eruption. The materials of phreatic eruption are rock fragments from basement or volcanic channel with a grain size less than 5mm and nearly isoaxisal shape. The products of phreatomagmatic eruption include basaltic pyroclasts and rock fragments of basement with greatly different grain sizes and isoaxial structure. The magmatic eruption generates blowhole-shaped pyroclasts which are of grain sizes 8～0.5mm,mostly nearly equi-axial structured and some being non-equiaxial. Based on the fractal theory,we analyze the fractal features of the grain size of pyroclasts from the Longgang volcanoes,Jilin Province. Our results show that the fractal dimension of the pyroclasts of phreatomagmatic eruption is smaller than that of the phreatic eruption,but greater than that of the magmatic eruption. The values of fractal dimension can be used as parameters to distinguish different types of volcanic eruption. For the Longgang volcanoes,the fractal dimension of pyroclasts at Jinglongdingzi on the upper profile over the water resisting layer is greater than 2,and those at Xiaojinglongdingzi on the lower profile is less than 2. Fractal dimension values can be regarded as an indicator to differentiate various eruptive sources and to classify stratum sequences associated with volcanoes. Our research demonstrates that the pyroclasts with fractal dimension less than 2 contain anisometric grains of various content,and their values of fractal dimension are negatively correlated with the grain content. This is the first time to study the fractal dimension of the grain sizes of pyroclasts for this area. It suggests a new approach to distinguishing eruptive types,strata sequence and eruption intensity of volcanoes in a quantitative manner.

用分形理论分析了吉林龙岗火山碎屑物粒度的分形结构特征。结果显示,射气喷发碎屑物分维值>射气岩浆喷发碎屑物分维值>岩浆喷发碎屑物分维值,分维值可作为区分火山不同喷发类型的定量参数。而对于龙岗岩浆喷发碎屑物,不同火山喷发的碎屑物其分维值也有差别,晚期喷发的金龙顶子火山碎屑分维值>2,早期喷发的小金龙顶子碎屑分维值>2,火山碎屑物分维值可作为区分不同喷发源和划分火山喷发地层序列的一种指标。研究表明,分维值<2的火山碎屑中有不同含量的非等轴颗粒,且分维值与非等轴颗粒的含量呈负相关。

... 张秉良等, 2005 ...

2006

0.0

张志海, 郑建平, 马鸿文. 2006. 吉林汪清-辉南地幔透辉石微量元素及其记录的地幔熔融与交代作用[J]. 地质科技情报, 25(6): 9—16. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 1000-7849. 2006. 06. 002.

ZHANG

Zhi-hai

, ZHENG

Jian-ping

, MA

Hong-wen.

2006. Trace elemental compositions of peridotitic diopsides and the record of partial melting and metasomatism in lithosphere beneath Wangqing and Huinan areas, Jilin Province[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 25(6): 9—16(in Chinese).

根据吉林汪清(WQ)中新世和辉南(HN)上新世玄武岩捕虏体橄榄岩透辉石的激光探针(LAM-ICPMS)微量元素分析结果,分析了华北北缘与兴蒙造山带结合部位陆下岩石圈地幔所经历的部分熔融作用和地幔交代作用.新生代时无论是靠近华北地块一侧的辉南,还是靠近兴蒙造山带一侧的汪清陆下岩石圈除少量难熔地幔残留外,主体上均表现为显生宙‘大洋型’的地幔特征,即经历了8％以下的部分熔融作用.这些地幔又记录着复杂的地幔交代作用过程,交代介质类似于含水的、含碳酸岩质的硅酸岩熔体.这样的地幔特征与中国东部其他地区新生代时的主体岩石圈相似,也有少量古老地幔残余,由此进一步说明中国东部中、新生代岩石圈减薄作用经历了软流圈地幔对古老岩石圈的侵蚀和最终的置换过程.

... 张志海等, 2006 ...

2008

0.0

赵波, 许建东, 潘波, 等. 2008. 吉林龙岗龙泉龙湾火山火口基浪堆积物粒度特征及搬运机制分析[J]. 岩石学报, 24(11): 2631—2637.

ZHAO

, XU

Jian-dong

, PAN

, et al. 2008. Preliminary study on grain size distribution and transportation characteristics of the base-surge deposits near Longquanlongwan volcano crater, Jilin[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24(11): 2631—2637(in Chinese).

2010

0.0

赵波, 许建东, 于红梅. 2010. 长白山地区火山碎屑粒度特征研究[J]. 地震地质, 32(2): 233—243. doi: DOI: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 201002. 006.

ZHAO

, XU

Jian-dong

, YU

Hong-mei.

2010. Grain-size characteristics of pyroclasts in Changbaishan mountain area[J]. Seismology and Geology, 32(2): 233—243(in Chinese).

The pyroclastic deposits from tephra fall,pyroclastic-flow,base-surge,and lahar are well developed in Changbaishan Mountain area where volcanic activity is active in the Holocene.These different pyroclastic deposits are difficult to distinguish from each other in the field because of their similar physical and geological appearance.Through field investigation of pyroclastic deposit sections in the study area,we systematically collected different pyroclastic deposit samples at different sites,and then calculated the grain size parameters and plotted out the probability cumulative curves of all samples in the laboratory.Our results indicate that the pyroclastic samples from different origins can be distinguished by characteristic grain-size diagrams,e.g.median diameter(Md Ф )versus sorting(σ Ф ),F1 versus F2 diagram.In terms of texture,most pyroclastic deposits show similar characters.However,with the increase of distance from the volcano crater,grain size decreases correspondingly.Finally,Laser Particle Size analyzer is utilized at first time to analyze the subpopulation of fine ash(≤62.5μm)of our samples.On the basis of the fine ash subpopulation histogram distribution and weight cumulative curves,we found that the fine ashes with grain-size from 0.02μm to 62.5μm in pyroclastic-flow deposits and pyroclastic-surge deposits are significantly different due to their different formation origin and different transportation processes.

长白山地区全新世火山活动活跃,发育了良好的火山空降、火山碎屑流、火山涌流和火山泥石流堆积物。这些堆积物交错堆积,野外区分较为困难。在火山碎屑地层剖面调查基础上,系统采集了各种类型的火山碎屑堆积物样品。在实验室通过粒度参数和概率累积曲线分析,对堆积物成因类型进行了判别,讨论了火山空降堆积物和火山碎屑流堆积物随着与火口距离变化的规律。首次对研究区内粒度范围为62.5～0.02μm的细火山灰进行了粒度分析,对火山碎屑流和火山碎屑涌流中细火山灰端元分布特征和地质意义进行了分析和讨论。

... 赵波等, 2010) ...

2005

0.0

... 与热流变运动学为基础的FLOWGO等模型相比, Volcflow在流体物理参数方面考虑少, 以DEM等地形数据为基础, 在确定流体流动路径方面与实际喷发有较好的吻合(Kelfoun et al ...

2008

0.0

... , 2005,2008,2011) ...

2011

0.0

2004

0.0

... 熔岩流的构造类型早期为结壳熔岩, 晚期为渣状熔岩, 表现出在时间与空间上由结壳熔岩向渣状熔岩转化的特征(Kilburn, 2004) ...

2009

0.0

... Liu et al ...

... 龙岗地区火山岩岩性主要为玄武岩(Liu et al ...

2010

0.0

... Lockwood et al ...

... s(Lockwood et al ...

2008

0.0

... 10~200kg/m²时, 对农作物会产生破坏性影响(Mastrolorenzo et al ...

1996

0.0

... 金龙顶子火山灾害分类是基于过去的火山喷发历史建立的, 理论上来说未来火山喷发灾害类型不能用确定性灾害来预见, 但对1座火山过去活动模式的了解有助于对其未来喷发行为的认识(Scarpa et al ...

1973

0.0

... 亚普尼林式喷发作为喷发强度介于斯通博利式和普尼林式之间的1种喷发类型, 就是Walker根据冰岛海克拉火山1970年玄武质爆发提出的(Walker, 1973 ...