Yinchuan Basin is a graben-like downfaulted Cenozoic era basin located on the west edge of Ordos Massif.Its activity is violent and deposition is very thick.Yinchuan City is located in the middle of Yinchuan Basin.The seismic petroleum exploration shows that a buried active fault lies in the east of Yinchuan City,named as the Yinchuan buried fault,which strikes NNE and dips west,with a total length of more than 80km.Because the seismic petroleum exploration did not gain any explained signals at the depth ranging from 0 to 400m,so whether the Yinchuan buried fault is active or not in the late Quaternary and its exact surface projective location hasn't been known yet.It has been a “worry” in the urban planning and development of Yinchuan for a long time.Under the financial support of the national and local governments,we launched the project entitled “The prospecting of active fault and earthquake risk assessment in Yinchuan City”.In order to facilitate the exploration,we selected Xinqushao village in the southeast suburb of Yinchuan City to be the site for the integrated test exploration of the Yinchuan buried fault before the exploration,based on the information obtained from the seismic petroleum exploration.Considering that the thick Quaternary sediment in Yinchuan reaches to 1609m,and that the depositional environment is the Yellow River flood plain and the lateral change of lithology is complex,we adopted in the test exploration the train of thoughts of “inferring an unknown fact from a known fact,and from deep to shallow and directly to the top”.The experimentation has been developed step by step according the working order of multilevel seismic exploration→composite geological profile drilling→trenching.Along the same measuring line at Xinqushao,first,we adopted the seismic reflection exploration of primary wave in three levels with the group interval of 10m→5m→1m to catch the master fault of the Yinchuan buried fault,and by tracing upward layer by layer in the order of the three exploration ranges,i.e.1400～400m→600～80m→150～20m,the position of the master fault at ±20m depth under the ground and its offset trace were primarily identified.And then,along the master fault and within the range of 100m at its both sides,9 boreholes of 20.5～100m were arranged for the composite geological profile drilling.The resulting information about the throws of the master fault was obtained,they are 20.34m,9.66m and 2.25m respectively at the depth of 43.75m,20.33m and 13.04m from the ground,and the buried depth of the upper offset point ≤8.34m.At the same time,using the intact core specimen from the fault plane of the borehole No.7,we calculated the dip angle of the fault as 71°at the depth of 55.27m and figured out the exact position of its extension to the earth's surface.Finally,a large-scale trial trench,which is 40 meters long,8～12 meters wide and 6 meters deep,was arranged across the master fault.The trenching revealed that the actual buried depth of the upper offset point of the master fault is 1.5m and there are seismic remains,such as offsets of 5 stages,sand liquefaction and surface rupture,etc.Among the 5 stages offsets,4 events occurred prior to 3170±80 a BP,belonging to the mid to late Holocene paleo-earthquakes.The age of the last event cannot be determined and it is inferred to be the result of the M 8.0 Yinchuan-Pingluo earthquake in 1737.In a word,through the comprehensive test exploration,we find that the Yinchuan buried fault is a Holocene active fault,which lays solid base for the next exploration.

以银川活动断层试验探测为例,介绍了第四纪巨厚沉积区隐伏断层多手段、多层次探测的步骤与方法.在对前人资料综合分析的基础上,选择银川市兴庆区新渠梢村为综合探测试验场.首先,分层次布施道间距10m、5m和1m的浅层人工地震勘探,由深至浅将银川隐伏断层主断层逐步控制在可以布施浅钻勘探的程度.然后,实施钻孔联合剖面探测,确定了断层的准确位置和倾角,获得了由钻探资料可分辨的断层上断点埋深8.3m的信息.最后,通过大型探槽开挖,查明了断层实际上断点埋深1.5m和5期古地震活动事件.结合地层年龄的初步测定,得出了银川隐伏断层主断层中-晚全新世活动的结论.

发生在城市范围内的直下型大地震可能产生巨大的灾害,包括高的振动破坏和强的断裂地表错动.因此,城市范围内的直下型活动断裂和隐伏活动断裂探测及地震危险性和危害性评价是十分重要的.立足于城市环境复杂、污染重、干扰强的特点,文中介绍了城市活动断裂探测的主要方法,包括地质地貌、地球化学和地球物理方面的多种探测方法.在地质地貌方法中,最新断裂活动面的断错地质地貌制图及针对断裂新活动和古地震研究的钻探和槽探具有特别重要的意义,年轻地质体和地貌面年龄测定是一项关键技术;地球化学探查,尤其是多种气体测项在隐伏断裂初步定位中起到先锋作用;在各种地球物理探测中,浅层地震勘探起着关键作用,而在探查活动断裂深部背景和孕震可能性时,各种深地震探测方法是十分重要的.在城市活动断裂探测这一新的工作中,必须更多地强调和更好地做到地质地貌、地球化学和地球物理探测的结合,做到多种探测手段和勘探方法的综合运用,这样才能做好断裂定位、断裂活动性判定及分析断裂孕震条件工作.

This paper introduced the basic principles of various seismic prospecting methods and working methods briefly according to the nationwide practices of seismic prospecting for active faults beneath big cities in recent years.Furthermore,it mainly analyzed the available range of different seismic prospecting methods,main achievements and solutions,and discussed the best combination of seismic exploration methods for detecting crustal structure and locating the faults used in the present stage,that is,to trace the faults which are at the depths of hundred meters underground using shallow seismic investigation,to detect the basement faults which are above basement(at depth of kilo～meters)using high resolution refraction sounding,and the deep crustal faults using combined seismic prospecting method of reflection seismic sounding and wide-angle reflection/refraction sounding,and furthermore,to adopt 3-D deep seismic sounding method to get 3-D velocity structure beneath city area.Thus,we can get information about fault attitude and distribution at different depths and a complete image of fault from shallow part to deep part using the combined seismic exploration method.Some application examples are presented in the article.

根据近年来在全国开展的大城市活断层地震探测实践,在简要介绍各种地震勘探方法的基本原理和工作方法的基础上,着重分析了不同地震勘探方法的适用范围、获得的主要成果和所解决的主要问题.讨论了现阶段用地震勘探获取地壳结构和对不同深度断层定位的最佳组合方法,即对于有沉积覆盖的隐伏数百米深度至地表的断层,可用浅层地震勘探对其进行追踪,基底(埋深数公里)以上断层可采用高分辨地震折射探测;对于地壳中、深断裂应用反射地震勘探和深地震宽角反射/折射联合探测方法;还可以进一步采用三维深地震测深方法获得城市下方的三维结构和构造信息.采用这样的组合探测方法能够较好地获得断层在不同深度的产状与展布以及由深至浅完整的分布图像,并给出了应用实例.

Yellow River Fault is the longest, deepest fault in the Yinchuan Basin, also is the eastern boundary of the basin. Because its north section is buried, its activity and slip rate remains unknown, which made a negative impact on understanding the evolution and seismic hazard of the Yinchuan Basin. In this study, a composite drilling section with a row of drillholes were laid out along the northern section of the Yellow River Fault based on the results of shallow seismic exploration near the Taole Town, where oil seismic exploration data are available. Fault activity and slip rate are obtained by measuring the age of samples of holes. The results show that the northern section of the Yellow River Fault is a late Pleistocene or Holocene Fault, its accumulative displacement is 0.96m since (28.16±0.12)ka BP, with an average slip rate of 0.04mm/a, which is significantly lower than the southern section. The activity intensity of the northern section of the Yellow River Fault is significantly lower than the southern section since Late Quaternary. In the Yinchuan Basin, the Helanshan eastern piedmont fault is the most active fault since late Quaternary, next is the Yellow River Fault, then, the Yinchuan buried fault and Luhuatai buried fault. Although the Yellow River Fault is the deepest and the longest fault, its maximum potential earthquake is magnitude 7, this seismogenic capability is weaker than the relatively shallower Helanshan eastern piedmont fault, on which occurred the Pingluo M8 earthquake in 1739 AD. Yinchuan Basin is the result of long-term activities of the four major faults, which shaped the special structure of the different parts of Yinchuan Basin. The Yellow River Fault controlled the evolution of the south part of Yinchuan Basin. The two-layer crustal stretching model can help us understand the structural deformation between the upper crust and the lower crust beneath Yinchuan Basin. Deformation of the upper crust is controlled by several brittle normal faults, while the deformation of the lower crust is controlled by two ductile shear zones. The shear sliding on Conrad discontinuity coordinates the extensional deformation of different mechanical properties between the upper and the lower crust. Yellow River Fault might have cut deeply into the Moho in Mesozoic, the tectonic activity in Yinchuan Basin began to migrate and was partitioned into several faults since the beginning of the Cenozoic, mainly in the Helanshan eastern piedmont fault. This may be the reason why the Yellow River Fault has lower seismogenic capability than the shallower Helanshan eastern piedmont fault.

黄河断裂是银川盆地内展布最长、切割最深的一条深大断裂，也是银川盆地的东边界。由于其北段呈隐伏状，因此，该段的活动性和滑动速率长期未知，影响了对盆地演化和地震危险性的认识。文中选择具有石油地震勘探基础的陶乐镇为研究场点，以人工浅层地震勘探结果为依据，在黄河断裂北段布设了一排钻孔联合剖面，并对标志层进行年代测试，获得了断裂的活动时代和滑动速率。结果表明，黄河断裂北段在晚更新世末期或全新世有过活动，在（28.16±0.12）ka BP 以来的累积位移为0.96m，晚第四纪以来的平均滑动速率为0.04mm/a，该值明显低于南段灵武断层（0.24mm/a）；尽管向下切割了莫霍面，黄河断裂晚第四纪活动强度和发震能力均要低于切割相对浅的贺兰山东麓断裂；黄河断裂可能在新生代之前已经强烈活动并深切莫霍面，新生代以来，银川盆地的构造活动迁移分解到以贺兰山东麓断裂为主的多条断裂之上，地壳双层伸展模型可解释银川盆地现今深浅部构造活动间的联系。

摘　要： 根据近些年勘探研究成果，结合部分已开发利用的地热资源情况，对南阳市地热资源的赋存规律和成因进行讨论。研究结果表明：南阳断陷盆地为“热盆”，南阳市位于“热盆”的边缘。地下热水主要赋存于第三系及以下的砂砾岩沉积层和大理岩裂隙中。成因是在沉积盆地型地热径流传导基础上，叠加以沿深大断裂带深部热水（汽）上升对流和放射性蜕变热的附加值而形成的。

The results obtained from geological and geophysical studies suggested that there are multiple buried active faults and Quaternary buried basin in Beijing plain. In order to investigate crustal shallow structures, geometry of buried faults, fault activity and the relationship of deep-shallow tectonics in Beijing area, an mid-deep seismic reflection profile with 60-fold and multiple shallow reflection profiles crossing the buried faults was completed in northwestern region of Beijing plain in 2006. The results show that the depth of crystalline basement is about 3～6 km along the profile. The seismic reflection section shows a set of strong reflected phases with good lateral continuity above the crystalline basement, which should be the sedimentary rock systems of Cenozoic，Mesozoic, Paleozoic era. Beneath the crystalline basement, there is a series of weak reflected events with poor continuity possibly representing the crystallized rock system with comparatively strong metamorphism or other non-layered rock systems. The faults revealed by mid-deep and shallow seismic reflection profile present consistent upper-lower relationship and have been significantly active since Quaternary, which play an important role in controlling the rift valley-horst like basin and ridge tectonics as well as the thicknesses of Cenozoic stratum in this region. The study results not only may further improve the understanding of the neotectonics activity in Beijing area, but also the used exploration method and technology could be used as references for surveying deep-shallow structures in other areas.

已有地质和地球物理研究结果表明，北京平原区存在有多条第四纪隐伏活动断裂和隐伏盆地.为了研究该区的地壳浅部结构、断裂的空间展布、断裂活动性以及深浅构造关系，2006年，在北京平原的西北部地区完成了1条60次覆盖的中深层地震反射剖面和跨断裂的浅层地震反射剖面.结果表明，沿剖面结晶基底埋深约为3～6 km在结晶基底以上，地震反射剖面揭示了一套连续性较好的强反射震相，应是新生代、中生代和古生代的沉积岩系；在结晶基底之下，为一系列横向连续性较差、能量较弱的短小反射事件，可能代表了变质程度较高的结晶变质岩系或不成层的其他岩体.中深层和浅层地震剖面揭示的断裂具有上下一致的对应关系和明显的第四纪活动，对本区地堑-地垒状盆岭构造和新生代地层厚度具有重要的控制作用.本项研究不仅可进一步提高对北京地区新构造活动的认识，而且研究中所采用的方法技术对其他地区的深浅构造探测研究也有借鉴意义

目的 研究秦岭一大别造山带内几条重要构造带的构造变形特征,以探讨其动力学过程.方法 通过该造山带中各构造带的几何学、运动学特征研究,分析板块构造体系向陆内构造体系转换和大陆动力学体系演化等地质过程.结果 ①洛栾构造带是二郎坪弧后盆地与华北板块南缘的陆内构造拼合带,形成于365 Ma±,挤压方向为240→60°;②商丹断裂带在260 Ma±形成,挤压方向为220→40°,以压扁作用为主,正花状构造,显示出板块碰撞带的构造特征;③襄广断裂带是扬子板块在220 Ma±,由185→5°方向与大别造山带斜向汇聚的结果;④殷马断裂带为一条右行平移的韧性剪切带;⑤武穴构造对接带是大别造山带南缘与扬子板块北缘的构造复合带,是在140 Ma±扬子板块总体由S→N挤压所致;⑥宜鲁构造带是东秦岭造山带北界,为S→N逆冲的叠瓦状推覆构造,上地壳缩短率为52%;⑦郯庐断裂带是秦岭一大别造山带东端的一条多期活动的剪切带.结论 秦岭一大别造山带经历了不同构造体制转换、板块构造系统发展、板块构造体系向陆内构造体系转换以及大陆动力学体系发展演化等地质过程;显示出古生代以来逆时针"转动挤压"到"三面围限"的动力学过程.

地震灾害是影响城市发展进程的一种自然灾害,南阳历史上发生过6.5级地震,2000年4月29日曾发生4.7级地震,造成了严重的损失,如何发现城市存在的地震危险,并找出震害防御的薄弱环节,是做好研究区防御工作必不可少的一项任务。 本文结合中国地震局“十五”重点项目“我国若干城市震害预测与防御对策研究”项目“南阳市区震害预测与防御对策研究”课题的研究成果,通过对南阳市中心城区地震地质灾害和各类建筑物、生命线工程进行调查,运用不同方法对研究区砂土液化、软土震陷等地震地质灾害进行了分析,并对研究区建筑物和供水、供气等生命线工程地震易损性进行了评估,在此基础上,开展了研究区地震地质灾害小区划,找出了研究区震害防御薄弱环节,提出了相应的防御对策及建议。 首先,对研究区地震地质背景进行了分析,总结了研究区地质发展历程和地震活动情况,对研究区范围内历史破坏性地震的时、空分布特征及对市区的影响,以及近期地震活动的时、空分布特征,区域范围内地震构造及其第四纪活动性进行了分析。 其次,分析了研究区各类建筑物共1305项,合计722万平方米的调查资料,按重要建筑物、高层建筑物、样本建筑物进行了抗震结构的分析,并对供水、供气、供电等生命线工程资料进行了分析。 再次,对研究区可以利用的61个工程场地的钻孔资料,运用初判、详判等技术手段,对研究区砂土液化、软土震陷等地震地质灾害进行了计算分析,做出研究区的地震地质研究小区划。 对研究区的建筑物和生命性工程,运用结构易损性分析的确定性方法和PUSH-OVER分析法,进行了震害易损性计算,得出了研究区建筑物单体和群体在不同烈度下的震害预测结果和供水、供气、供电、交通、通讯五个系统的震害预测结果,包括结点的结构物和连线的易损性分析,以及系统功能失效预测。 最后,针对研究区的实际情况,提出了在防震减灾土地利用规划中划分抗震有利区、抗震不利区和抗震危险区三类场地,并对今后研究区城市改造、供水、供电管网改造等工作提出了建议。

南襄盆地泌阳、南阳凹陷目前已进入高成熟勘探开发阶段,其后续资源接替和油田开发生产面临的形势日益严峻,急需对盆地进行整体评价,开辟新的勘探领域。本文利用南襄盆地现有的重力、航磁、大地电磁测深、地震、露头、钻井及化验分析等资料,紧密结合生产实际需要,以现代石油地质理论为指导,以整体、动态、综合分析为原则,从区域构造背景分析出发研究南襄盆地的成盆环境,应用地震解释技术和构造解析技术研究盆地的构造和沉积格架,把握盆地的总体面貌；应用沉降史、平衡剖面等盆地分析技术研究盆地中新生代的构造演化史,并对南襄盆地成盆机制进行了探讨；以己...

利用盆地沉降史、石油构造分析等技术和理论,从南阳凹陷构造、沉积演化及其时空配置关系研究入手,分析南阳凹陷构造形成机制、断裂作用活动期次、断裂系统展布特征,沉积演化特征及沉积、构造时空配置关系。 　　 充分利用油气成藏理论,分析南阳凹陷魏岗、张店、东庄三个油田的油藏特征,油气成藏作用过程的各要素时空配置关系及成藏控制因素,探讨油气运移、聚集机理,总结油气成藏模式,预测各类油藏地质特征、分布富集规律。 　　 分析了油气运移较集中的路径为输导层的油气运移输导脊,南阳凹陷主要有两种类型的输导脊,即鼻状构造-岩性输导脊和背斜-岩... 展开 利用盆地沉降史、石油构造分析等技术和理论,从南阳凹陷构造、沉积演化及其时空配置关系研究入手,分析南阳凹陷构造形成机制、断裂作用活动期次、断裂系统展布特征,沉积演化特征及沉积、构造时空配置关系。 　　 充分利用油气成藏理论,分析南阳凹陷魏岗、张店、东庄三个油田的油藏特征,油气成藏作用过程的各要素时空配置关系及成藏控制因素,探讨油气运移、聚集机理,总结油气成藏模式,预测各类油藏地质特征、分布富集规律。 　 　 分析了油气运移较集中的路径为输导层的油气运移输导脊,南阳凹陷主要有两种类型的输导脊,即鼻状构造-岩性输导脊和背斜-岩性输导脊。鼻状-岩性输导脊主 要位于魏岗-北马庄地区和张店地区,而背斜-岩性输导脊主要位于东庄凹陷内。输导脊具有明显的继承性,输导脊控制了南阳凹陷油气的运移与聚集,沿输导脊的 方向指示了油气运移较集中的指向和路径。 　　 分析解剖了不同构造区带油气藏的类型、控制因素及分布规律。南阳凹陷油气藏类型,平面上,主要分布在烃源岩成熟区内和边缘；纵向上,主要分布于核二段和核 三1段,为自生自储式。其控制因素主要受构造单元的控制(即北部斜坡带、中央凹陷带和南部断超带),也受岩性组合、生储盖配置方式的控制。这三个构造带的 不同部位分布着不同的油藏类型,北部斜坡内带主要分布有断鼻、断块及断层-岩性油藏；中央凹陷带主要分布有断鼻、断块及断层-岩性油藏；而南部断超带则主 要分布有背斜、断背斜和砂岩上倾尖灭油藏。 　　 系统总结了南阳凹陷油气成藏规律,建立了魏岗、张店、东庄三个成藏组合体模型。魏岗成藏模型以垂、侧向运移兼有,中央断层控制油气成熟度及富集程度的断鼻 断块成藏模型,即断层对成藏的垂向有沟通作用；张店成藏模型以侧向运移为主,断层遮挡的断鼻油藏成藏模型,即断层对成藏的垂向连通作用较小；东庄油田以垂 向运移为主,为断层切割的断背斜油藏成藏模型。 　　 围绕南阳凹陷成藏规律研究这个主题,进一步完善了南阳凹陷构造形成机制,建立了南阳凹陷油气运聚模式；分区带对勘探目标进行了评价和描述,为南阳凹陷下一步的勘探指明了方向。 　　 收起

南口-孙河断裂是北京市区隐伏的正倾滑活动断裂,其地震危险性备受关注.将槽探研究活动断层古地震的经验引入到钻探工作中,提出了通过土芯识别断层崖崩积层的模式,并采用三重管取芯技术在南口-孙河断裂带附近采集了连续的原状土芯.通过断坎前崩积层识别、地层累计位移限定与下降盘地层增厚现象分析等方法,初步建立了断裂带距今60ka以来由13次地表位错事件组成的古地震序列.根据复发间隔的差异,将地震活动历史分为3个时段.距今60~40ka之间发生了3次地震,复发间隔为10ka左右.40~25ka之间发生了6次地震,复发间隔多为2.5ka左右.25ka以来发生了4次地震,复发间隔变化较大,其中最近3次地震的复发间隔为5ka左右.复发间隔小的时期也是断层滑动速率大的时期.单次事件的同震位移为0.8~2.2m,均值为1.4m,矩震级相当于6.7~7.1级.研究认为通过钻探技术研究正断层的古地震事件是可行的,但要获得完整的古地震序列,需要足够密集的钻孔和连续的原状土芯.