冲积扇河流阶地演化对走滑断裂断错位移的限定

引用本文

许斌斌, 张冬丽, 张培震, 郑文俊, 毕海芸, 田晴映, 张逸鹏, 熊建国, 李志刚. 冲积扇河流阶地演化对走滑断裂断错位移的限定[J]. 地震地质, 2019,41(3): 587-602.
XU Bin-bin, ZHANG Dong-li, ZHANG Pei-zhen, ZHENG Wen-jun, BI Hai-yun, TIAN Qing-ying, ZHANG Yi-peng, XIONG Jian-guo, LI Zhi-gang. SLIP OFFSET ALONG STRIKE-SLIP FAULT DETERMINED FROM STREAM TERRACES FORMATION[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019,41(3): 587-602. 复制到剪切板

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2019.03.004
Permissions

《地震地质》编辑部所有

冲积扇河流阶地演化对走滑断裂断错位移的限定

许斌斌¹⁾, 张冬丽^1),^*, 张培震¹⁾, 郑文俊¹⁾, 毕海芸²⁾, 田晴映¹⁾, 张逸鹏¹⁾, 熊建国²⁾, 李志刚¹⁾

1)中山大学地球科学与工程学院, 广东省地球动力作用与地质灾害重点实验室, 广州 510275

2)中国地震局地质研究所, 地震动力学国家重点实验室, 北京 100029

*通讯作者: 张冬丽, 女, 1974年生, 副教授, 主要从事工程地震、地震灾害机理与近场强地震动数值模拟等研究, 电话:020-84111351, E-mail:zhangdongli@mail.sysu.edu.cn。

〔作者简介〕许斌斌, 男, 1994生, 2017年于中山大学地球科学与工程学院获地球信息科学与技术专业学士学位, 主要从事构造地貌、活动构造方面的研究, 电话: 15622113353, E-mail: xubb3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn。

收稿日期: 2018-07-24

基金项目: 第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0901)、国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC1500101)和国家自然科学基金(41590861,41774049,41602224,41674051)共同资助

摘要

滑动速率是活动断裂定量研究的重要参数, 是指在一段时间内断裂两盘相对运动的平均速度, 是断裂带上应变能累积速率的重要表现, 常被用于评价断裂的地震危险性。区域河流地貌特征及水系演化会受到构造活动的显著影响, 因此分析河流地貌演化是研究构造变化特征的重要方法, 也是限定断裂滑动速率较为可靠的方法。在总结河流地貌演化过程模式的基础上, 考虑地形地貌因素的影响, 建立了河流阶地位错模式和位错量的测量方法, 并以阿尔金断裂东端断裂近垂直穿过的高岩沟为例, 建立了其河流阶地的演化过程及其与断裂位错的关系, 得到了不同阶地因断裂活动形成的位错量。结合前人的阶地测年结果, 估算得到了阿尔金断裂在该段的水平滑动速率为(1.80±0.51)mm/a。

关键词: 河流层状地貌; 走滑断裂; 断错位移; 地形效应; 阿尔金断裂

中图分类号:P315.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:0253-4967(2019)03-0587-16

SLIP OFFSET ALONG STRIKE-SLIP FAULT DETERMINED FROM STREAM TERRACES FORMATION

XU Bin-bin¹⁾, ZHANG Dong-li¹⁾, ZHANG Pei-zhen¹⁾, ZHENG Wen-jun¹⁾, BI Hai-yun²⁾, TIAN Qing-ying¹⁾, ZHANG Yi-peng¹⁾, XIONG Jian-guo²⁾, LI Zhi-gang¹⁾

1)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China

2)State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China

Abstract

Slip rate is one of the most important parameters in quantitative research of active faults. It is an average rate of fault dislocation during a particular period, which can reflect the strain energy accumulation rate of a fault. Thus it is often directly used in the evaluation of seismic hazard. Tectonic activities significantly influence regional geomorphic characteristics. Therefore, river evolution characteristics can be used to study tectonic activities characteristics, which is a relatively reliable method to determine slip rate of fault. Based on the study of the river geomorphology evolution process model and considering the influence of topographic and geomorphic factors, this paper established the river terrace dislocation model and put forward that the accurate measurement of the displacement caused by the fault should focus on the erosion of the terrace caused by river migration under the influence of topography. Through the analysis of the different cases in detail, it was found that the evolution of rivers is often affected by the topography, and rivers tend to migrate to the lower side of the terrain and erode the terraces on this side. However, terraces on the higher side of the terrain can usually be preserved, and the displacement caused by faulting can be accumulated relatively completely. Though it is reliable to calculate the slip rate of faults through the terrace dislocation on this side, a detailed analysis should be carried out in the field in order to select the appropriate terraces to measure the displacement under the comprehensive effects of topography, landform and other factors, if the terraces on both sides of the river are preserved. In order to obtain the results more objectively, we used Monte Carlo method to estimate the fault displacement and displacement error range. We used the linear equation to fit the position of terrace scarps and faults, and then calculate the terrace displacement. After 100, 000 times of simulation, the fault displacement and its error range could be obtained with 95%confidence interval. We selected the Gaoyan River in the eastern Altyn Tagh Fault as the research object, and used the unmanned air vehicle aerial photography technology to obtain the high-resolution DEM of this area. Based on the terrace evolution model proposed in this paper, we analyzed the terrace evolution with the detailed interpretation of the topography and landform of the DEM, and inferred that the right bank of the river was higher than the left bank, which led to the continuous erosion of the river to the left bank, while the terraces on the right bank were preserved. In addition, four stages of fault displacements and their error ranges were obtained by Monte Carlo method. By integrating the dating results of previous researches in this area, we got the fault slip rate of(1.80±0.51)mm/a. After comparing this result with the slip rates of each section of Altyn Tagh Fault studied by predecessors, it was found that the slip rate obtained in this paper is in line with the variation trend of the slip rate summarized by predecessors, namely, the slip rate gradually decreases from west to east, from 10~12mm/a in the middle section to about 2mm/a at the end.

Keyword: offset stream terraces; strike-slip fault; slip offset; topographic effect; Altyn Tagh Fault

文章图片

0 引言

自20世纪70年代至今, 活动构造研究已从定性描述逐步发展到定量化研究阶段(邓起东等, 2004)。断裂运动的长期平均滑动速率体现了断裂带上应变能累积的速率, 常被用于评价地震危险性等(Molnar, 1978; Anderson, 1979; Peng et al., 2012)。此外, 平均滑动速率也是研究地壳变形的重要依据。以青藏高原为例, 不同研究者在各自得到的不同断裂滑动速率的基础上, 提出了不同的变形模式(Molnar et al., 1975; England et al., 1986, 1997; Peltzer et al., 1988; Tapponnier et al., 2001; van der Woerd et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2004; 张培震等, 2008; Gold et al., 2009; 郑文俊等, 2009, 2016; Hetzel, 2013; Zheng et al., 2013a, b, c)。因此, 定量研究断裂滑动速率有着重要的地质意义。

目前, 断裂全新世滑动速率主要利用地貌面的总位移量除以其累积时间来限定(Allen, 1962; Huang, 1993; Maruyama et al., 2000, 2002; Yan et al., 2015)。洪积扇、河流阶地面上细小冲沟的位错通常是断裂近期活动的标志, 可作为未来发震的可能性、强度等相关研究的有力依据(Weldon et al., 1985; Huang, 1993; 张培震等, 2008; Li et al., 2009)。大的走滑位错往往记录着多次重复发生的走滑断裂水平错动, 因此详细研究河流阶地的演化过程, 准确获取地貌面的位错量, 并结合河流阶地中的时间信息, 则有可能限定较长时期内断裂的平均滑动速率(Zhang et al., 1995; Maruyama et al., 2000, 2002; 张培震等, 2008; Li et al., 2009; 任治坤等, 2014)。此外, 在河流演化过程中, 由于受断裂活动影响, 河流经常有袭夺和重组现象, 乃至出现断头沟或断尾沟(Costa et al., 1982; 张培震等, 2008)。通过拼接复原被错断的水系和地貌, 得到不同时期内的位错量, 可估算得到断裂的长期平均滑动速率(Allen et al., 1984; Zhang et al., 1995; Replumaz et al., 2001; Maruyama et al., 2002; Frankel et al., 2007; Klinger et al., 2011)。本文通过分析河流阶地及冲沟演化对走滑断裂活动的响应, 同时考虑地形因素的影响, 建立走滑断裂滑动速率的获取方法, 并将此方法运用于阿尔金断裂东端通过的高岩沟, 获取该断裂全新世以来的滑动速率。

1 河流阶地的成因与演化概述

河流下切侵蚀, 原先的河谷底部(河漫滩或河床)超出一般洪水位以上, 呈阶梯状分布在河谷谷坡上, 这种地貌称为河流阶地(杨景春等, 2012)。河流发育到一定阶段, 河床侧蚀迂回, 展宽河谷, 河流暂时接近相对平衡状态, 这时进入河流的冲积物和河流搬运的冲积物近似相等。当进入河流的冲积物多于河流搬运的冲积物, 即河流以侧蚀作用和堆积作用为主时, 则会在河床上形成河漫滩和冲积层; 当进入河流的冲积物少于河流搬运的冲积物, 河流加速侵蚀, 河漫滩就会因为下切转化为河流阶地而被废弃。国内外诸多学者将河流下切形成阶地归因于构造运动、气候变化和地方性侵蚀基准面的下降等, 构造运动会增大河道比降, 促使河流加速下切, 河漫滩就有可能被废弃形成阶地(Rockwell et al., 1988; England et al., 1990; Burbank et al., 1996; Hetzel et al., 2002; 李有利等, 2012); 气候变化主要通过降雨等方式影响河流水量, 使得河流的水动力增强, 河流加速下切, 以此影响河流的地貌演化(Whipple et al., 2000; Pan et al., 2003, 2007, 2009; 李有利等, 2012; Hu et al., 2015); 地方性侵蚀基准面的下降可由构造运动和气候变化共同作用导致, 也可通过增大河道比降, 使得河流加速下切形成阶地(Chappell, 1983; 李有利等, 2012; 田晴映等, 2017)。

国内外诸多学者的研究表明, 河流阶地的形成演化往往会受到地壳变形的影响, 不同的构造活动方式会导致不同的阶地变形(Burnett et al., 1983; Antoine et al., 2000; Maddy et al., 2000; 郑文涛等, 2000; 杨景春等, 2012)。在同一时期内, 地壳大面积均匀上升的地区, 河流普遍下切侵蚀, 在河流的整个流域内都将形成阶地: 如果某地区地壳上升幅度大、速度快, 而另一地区上升幅度小、速度慢, 那么前一地区的阶地高度比后一地区大; 如果不同地段的构造运动方向不一致, 上升地区将会形成侵蚀或基座阶地, 下降地区形成埋藏阶地; 如果河流的某一段受褶皱构造抬升影响, 那么阶地将在这一段呈上拱状, 反映出褶皱变形的形态, 而且阶地的级数也可能增加; 如果活动断裂横断河谷, 阶地在穿过断裂时会被错断, 如果断裂有水平或垂向上的运动, 阶地面则可能在水平或垂向上表现出不连续的特征(胡小飞, 2010; 吕红华等, 2010; 李有利等, 2012; 刘兴旺等, 2013; Pan et al., 2013; 李涛等, 2014; 张天琪等, 2014; 田晴映等, 2017)。

2 河流阶地的演化对走滑断裂活动的地貌响应

国内外诸多学者通过分析河流阶地对走滑断裂的响应, 计算得到了较为准确的断裂滑动速率, 认为河流阶地的演化与走滑断裂之间有很好的响应(van der Woerd et al., 2002; 徐锡伟等, 2003; Cowgill, 2007; Zhang et al., 2007; 张培震等, 2008)。目前, 学者们主要通过重建地形地貌, 分析其演化过程的方式来计算断裂滑动速率(Lensen, 1968; Cowgill, 2007; 李海兵等, 2008; 张培震等, 2008), 但是在地貌重建过程中存在不确定性, 最后可能导致滑动速率相差甚远(Zhang et al., 2007; 张培震等, 2008)。很多学者已经注意到这一问题, 并着重分析河流的演化过程以建立不同的计算模式, 根据不同河流的演化过程, 利用不同的地貌重建模式进行计算。其中, Cowgill(2007)、 Zhang等(2007)和李海兵等(2008)对这些演化模式进行了总结, 提出了高阶地再建模式和低阶地再建模式, 并可通过高、低阶地进行控制得到可靠的滑动速率范围。

针对基座阶地, Zhang等(2007)提出了一种河流演化模式, 也是目前利用河流阶地研究断裂滑动速率较为可靠的方法: 山前河流被活动断裂错断, 在继续下切形成阶地前, 断裂下游盘被断裂错入河道的一侧阶地会受到河流侵蚀, 另一侧阶地被断裂错离河道, 受到地貌保护而免遭侵蚀, 断裂位移在错离河道一侧的阶地陡坎上进行积累。但是, 结合野外调查发现, 河流被断裂错断后演化结果不尽相同, 这是由于出山口的冲洪积扇形态由出山口向外辐射, 中间高、两边低, 发育在洪积扇两侧的河流被断裂错断后, 受地形控制发生迁移而进行侧蚀, 将演化得到不同的阶地样式(图1)。因此, 本文在Zhang等(2007)提出的河流演化模式基础之上加入对地形的考虑, 进一步分析河流阶地对走滑断裂的响应。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 1 冲洪积扇的基本形态及阶地发育Fig. 1 The basic form and terrace evolution of alluvial fan.

图1a展示了冲洪积扇的基本形态, 假定左、右扇体各发育有1条河流, 在这2条河流的下切和堆积作用的影响下, 形成T₃, 如图1b所示。此后这2条河流受到同一断裂左旋错动的影响, 表现出不同的演化过程:

(1)以左扇体为例(图1b左侧), 被错离河道一侧的阶地(左岸阶地)高于被错入河道一侧的阶地(右岸阶地)。 T₃被断裂错断, 导致阶地出现位错d₃(图2a), 受到右岸低、左岸高的地形影响, 河流向右岸迁移, 右岸阶地遭受侧蚀, 导致下游盘的右岸阶地陡坎逐渐后退(图2b)。河流发生进一步的下切和堆积作用, 新的阶地T₂开始形成, 断裂继续活动导致T₂出现位错d₂, T₃积累位错为d₃+d₂(图2c)。在断裂持续活动下, 下级阶地重复T₃和T₂的演化过程, 河流左岸的阶地陡坎会不断积累断裂的左旋走滑位移, 而右岸阶地遭受侧蚀。这一分析得到的河流演化结果与Zhang等(2007)提出的理想的河流演化模式结果一致。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 2 错离河道的一侧高于错入河道的一侧的阶地演化(据Zhang et al., 2007修改)Fig. 2 The terrace evolution while the offset side is higher than the other(adapted after Zhang et al., 2007).

(2)以右扇体为例(图1b右侧), 被错入河道一侧的阶地(右岸阶地)高于被错离河道一侧的阶地(左岸阶地)。 T₃被断裂错断, 导致阶地出现位错d₃(图3a)。河流右岸地形高于左岸, 河流逐渐向左岸迁移, 河流的左岸阶地遭受侧蚀, 使得左岸阶地陡坎不断后退(图3b)。河流发生进一步的下切和堆积作用, 新的阶地T₂开始形成, 断裂继续活动导致T₂出现位错d₂, T₃积累位错为d₃+d₂(图3c)。在断裂持续的左旋错动下, 下级阶地重复T₃和T₂的演化过程, 河流左岸阶地陡坎因受到河流侵蚀而不断后退, 右岸阶地陡坎则不断积累断裂的左旋走滑位移。这一分析得到的河流演化结果与Zhang等(2007)提出的理想的河流演化模式结果不同。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 3 错入河道的一侧高于错离河道的一侧的阶地演化Fig. 3 The terrace evolution while the offset side is lower than the other.

因此, 准确测量阶地因断裂错动产生的位错量, 需要重点考虑河流在地形影响下对阶地的侵蚀情况。通过上面的分析可见, 地形较高一侧的阶地通常能够被保存下来, 并较为完整地积累断裂位移量, 通过该侧的阶地位错量计算断裂的滑动速率较为可靠。对于河流两侧阶地均保留的情况, 则需要在野外进行详细的分析, 综合地形、地貌等因素的影响, 选取合适的一侧阶地进行测量。

3 考虑地形因子的阶地位错测量和误差计算

对地貌位错的准确测量是计算断裂滑动速率和研究断裂活动性的重要条件。对于阶地位错的测量, 通常选取断裂两盘对应的阶地前缘作为线性标志(Sieh et al., 1984; Weldon et al., 1985; Mé riaux et al., 2004; 张培震等, 2008)。为了获得阶地前缘的位错量, 即断裂的水平位错量, 通常利用研究区的正射影像(或DEM影像)进行详细的地貌解译, 得到各阶地前缘的位置与断裂的走向, 用以计算断裂的各种活动参数(Mé riaux et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2007; 张培震等, 2008; 毕海芸等, 2017)。利用图 4所示的模式图对断裂的水平位错量进行计算, 具体方法如下: 首先假设阶地在被错断之前, 阶地前缘是连续平直的, 然后通过断裂两盘的阶地前缘和断裂的平面坐标在水平面上进行线性拟合得到相应的线性公式(图4b):

上游盘阶地前缘:

$y = k_{u} \cdot x + b_{u} (1)$

下游盘阶地前缘:

$y = k_{d} \cdot x + b_{d} (2)$

断裂:

$y = k_{f} \cdot x + b_{f} (3)$

此时, 根据阶地前缘和断裂的交点计算水平位错量为

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 4 阶地位错测量原理图 a 理想阶地位错模型, 以左旋走滑为例; b 图a模型的俯视图Fig. 4 Principle diagram of terrace dislocation measurement.

在误差分析过程中, 常用的方法是利用测量方程推导出误差传递方程, 再通过不确定度的合成公式获得间接测量值的标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。因此在有些情况下, 研究误差的特性需要借助模拟统计的方式进行计算。本文使用蒙特· 卡洛(Monte Carlo)模拟进行误差计算。这种模拟误差的方法是根据各自变量的概率分布进行随机抽样, 计算因变量, 通过多次重复抽样计算获得统计样本的分布, 利用样本的概率分布得出包括置信区间在内的各统计量。这种误差计算方法可以同时考虑计算中所有自变量的误差。由于变量k_u、 b_u、 k_d、 b_d与阶地前缘的分布有关, 可分析和统计断裂两盘的阶地陡坎形态, 进而进行线性拟合得到其阶地前缘的分布。如图4b所示, 上游盘的阶地陡坎较陡, 下游盘阶地陡坎较缓, 可以统计得到不同的分布; 由于变量k_f、 b_f的取值分布与断裂的形态和位置相关, 可以对断裂的形态和位置进行统计计算得到这2个变量的分布。在计算断裂滑动速率时, 每次模拟抽样计算100 000次, 取95%置信区间。

4 阿尔金断裂东端高岩沟

阿尔金活动断裂带是青藏高原北部边界的大型左旋走滑断裂带, 也是欧亚板块板内活动断裂中左旋走滑最显著的断裂带(Molnar et al., 1975; 丁国瑜, 1995; Wittlinger et al., 1998; Tapponnier et al., 2001; Cowgill, 2007; 徐锡伟等, 2007; Zhang et al., 2007; Zheng et al., 2013c)。该断裂西起西藏北部的郭扎错附近, 东至甘肃玉门的宽滩山一带, 在卫星影像上清晰可见, 由一系列断裂段组成, 全长1 500km, 总体呈NEE向(N60° ~70° E)展布。在断裂北侧可以清晰地看到昌马洪积扇上的河流演化呈现逐渐向东侧发育的趋势, 表现为单侧发育的现象, 这是前文提及的洪积扇中间高、两边低的地形形态所导致的。可以看出, 洪积扇的地形形态对河流的演化有着显著的影响。本文选取阿尔金断裂东端疏勒河以东22km左右的高岩沟为例(图5), 该河流的发育因受到地形的影响, 其演化结果与Zhang等(2007)提出的被错离河道一侧阶地会被保留的特征不一致, 这是由于该地区的地形右高左低, 河流逐渐向左侧迁移, 左侧的阶地不断遭受侵蚀而未能保留。因此, 需要结合本文阐述的河流阶地演化对断裂位错的响应和位错测量方法进行研究。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 5 阿尔金断裂东段区域构造图图中断裂资料来自文献(Zheng et al., 2013c); 影像资料来自https: ∥glovis.usgs.gov/Fig. 5 Regional tectonic map of eastern Altyn Tagh Fault.

本文利用近年来新兴的无人机摄影测量方法对研究区进行测量(陈桂华等, 2006; 刘华国等, 2011; 毕海芸等, 2017; Bi et al., 2018), 得到了研究区的数字高程模型(DEM)(图6a), 并进行仔细的地貌解译(图6b), 垂直河道作剖面A-A', 如图6c所示, 河流的右岸明显高于左岸, 与图 3所示的模型一致。由于在断层上盘和下盘, 河道的左岸均遭受了明显的侧蚀, 河流右岸高于左岸导致了河道的迁移, 使得河流右岸(即被错入河道的一岸)的阶地T₂— T₅得以保留, 在断裂持续的左旋错动影响下, 在河流的右岸积累了相应的断裂位移; 而在河流的左岸(即错离河道的一岸)仅有最高级阶地T₅保留, 其他阶地均完全被侵蚀, 未积累断裂位移。通过分析该河流的演化历史, 进行简单的阶地恢复(图6d— g), 在河流的右岸测量得到了各级阶地积累的断裂位移(表1)。为准确测量断裂的位错并估计误差, 对断裂的形态和位置进行了统计(图7a, b), 利用式(5)和各自变量参数的分布形态对各阶地的位错量和误差进行了蒙特· 卡洛模拟计算, 计算结果取95%的置信区间。经计算, 得到T₂— T₅的阶地位错量分别为: (3.45± 1.75)m、 (6.15± 1.34)m、 (8.14± 1.63)m和(22.60± 5.96)m(图7c— f)。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图 6 高岩沟地貌解译及阶地演化过程复原图 a 高岩沟区域高精度DEM; b 高岩沟区域地貌解译; c 图a中A— A‘剖面线; d T₂阶地复原及位错测量; e T₃阶地复原及位错测量; f T₄阶地复原及位错测量; g T₅阶地复原及位错测量Fig. 6 Geomorphologic interpretation and terrace evolution reconstruction of Gaoyan River.

表1 各阶地位错量的测量值及蒙特· 卡洛(MC)模拟值、测年结果和滑动速率计算结果 Table1 Terraces dislocation measurement values, Monte Carlo simulation values, dating results and slip rate

Figure Option
View Download New Window

图 7 断裂相关变量分布统计、各阶地位错分布结果及断裂滑动速率计算
a k_f值的统计分布特征; b b_f值的统计分布特征, 以坐标[332 290, 4 432 370]为坐标原点, 以减小误差; c T₂值的统计分布特征; d T₃值的统计分布特征; e T₄值的统计分布特征; f T₅值的统计分布特征; g 断层滑动速率计算结果Fig. 7 Fault variables distribution, terraces dislocation distribution and fault slip rate.

由于难以定量确定流水对阶地陡坎冲刷侵蚀的程度, 不同研究者对阶地陡坎累计位错的起始时间持有不同的观点(van der Woerd et al., 2002; Cowgill, 2007; Zhang et al., 2007; 张培震等, 2008), 李海兵等(2008)根据河流阶地的演化及其对走滑断裂错动的响应过程分析讨论了这一问题。本研究对该地区进行了详细的野外调查, 利用相邻的阶地陡坎除以上级阶地的废弃年龄得到断裂的滑动速率。参考张宁(2016)在该地区利用宇宙成因核素方法获得的阶地面年龄(图6a, 表1), 计算得到该地区的阿尔金断裂滑动速率为(1.80± 0.51)mm/a(图7g)。将这一结果与前人得到的阿尔金断裂各段的滑动速率进行对比后发现, 本文得到的滑动速率符合前人总结的滑动速率的变化趋势, 即自西向东的速率逐渐减小, 由中段的10~12mm/a迅速下降至端部的2mm/a左右(Zhang et al., 2007; Zheng et al., 2013c)。

5 结论

本文通过分析河流阶地对断裂走滑位移的响应, 充分考虑地形地貌因素的影响, 讨论不同地形情况下河流阶地对走滑断裂位错的响应结果, 认为利用地形较高一侧的阶地积累的位错量计算断裂滑动速率较为可靠, 并提出了利用蒙特· 卡洛方法计算阶地位错量并估计误差的方法, 可以更为准确有效地给出阶地位错的范围。本文以阿尔金断裂东端高岩沟为研究实例, 通过野外踏勘, 认为应采用陡坎上级阶地的废弃年龄限定开始积累位移的年代, 并结合模拟计算得到的各阶地位错量, 得到该地区阿尔金断裂平均滑动速率为(1.80± 0.51)mm/a。

致谢论文写作过程得到中山大学地球科学与工程学院李涛博士和王洋博士的帮助; 数据计算处理方法得到了中山大学地球科学与工程学院张博譞博士的帮助。在此一并表示感谢!

参考文献

文献列表

[1]	毕海芸, 郑文俊, 曾江源, 等. 2017. SfM摄影测量方法在活动构造定量研究中的应用[J]. 地震地质, 39(4): 656-674. doi: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 2017. 04. 003. BI Hai-yun, ZHENG Wen-jun, ZENG Jiang-yuan, et al. 2017. Application of SfM photogrammetry method to the quantitative study of active tectonics[J]. Seismology and Geology, 39(4): 656-674(in Chinese). [本文引用:2]
[2]	陈桂华, 徐锡伟, 闻学泽, 等. 2006. 数字航空摄影测量学方法在活动构造中的应用[J]. 地球科学(中国地质大学学报), 31(3): 405-410. CHEN Gui-hua, XU Xi-wei, WEN Xue-ze, et al. 2006. Application of digital aerophotogrammetry in active tectonics[J]. Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosciences), 31(3): 405-410(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[3]	邓起东, 陈立春, 冉勇康. 2004. 活动构造定量研究与应用[J]. 地学前缘, 11(4): 383-392. DENG Qi-dong, CHEN Li-chun, RAN Yong-kang. 2004. Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 11(4): 383-392(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[4]	丁国瑜. 1995. 阿尔金活断层的古地震与分段[J]. 第四纪研究, 15(2): 97-106. DING Guo-yu. 1995. Paleoearthquakes along the Altun active fault and its segmentation[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 15(2): 97-106(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[5]	胡小飞. 2010. 祁连山北部侵蚀速率的时空分布与构造抬升变形研究 [D]. 兰州: 兰州大学. HU Xiao-fei. 2010. Researches on temporal and spatial distributions of erosion rates and tectonic deformation in the northern Qilian Shan [D]. Lanzhou University, Lanzhou(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[6]	李海兵, van der Woerd J, 孙知明, 等. 2008. 阿尔金断裂带康西瓦段晚第四纪以来的左旋滑移速率及其大地震复发周期的探讨[J]. 第四纪研究, 28(2): 197-213. LI Hai-bing, van der Woerd J, SUN Zhi-ming, et al. 2008. Late Quaternary left-slip rate and large earthquake recurrence time along the Kangxiwar(Orkarakax)segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault, northern Tibet[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 28(2): 197-213(in Chinese). [本文引用:3]
[7]	李涛, 陈杰. 2014. 利用河流阶地限定活动逆断层相关褶皱晚第四纪变形机制和速率: 方法与认识[J]. 地震地质, 36(2): 478-488. doi: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 2014. 02. 016. LI Tao, CHEN Jie. 2014. Using deformed fluvial terraces to constrain growth mechanism and rates of thrust related fold: Methods and recognition[J]. Seismology and Geology, 36(2): 478-488(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[8]	李有利, 司苏沛, 吕胜华, 等. 2012. 构造运动和气候变化对天山北麓奎屯河阶地发育的影响作用[J]. 第四纪研究, 32(5): 880-890. LI You-li, SI Su-pei, LÜ Sheng-hua, et al. 2012. Tectonic and climatic controls on the development of the Kuitun River terraces in the northern piedmont of Tianshan Mountains[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 32(5): 880-890(in Chinese). [本文引用:4]
[9]	刘华国, 冉勇康, 李安, 等. 2011. 基于P5像对与GeoEye-1影像的近地表地层产状的提取[J]. 地震地质, 33(4): 951-962. doi: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 2011. 04. 018. LIU Hua-guo, RAN Yong-kang, LI An, et al. 2011. Attitude extraction of shallow stratum based on P5 stereo images and GeoEye-1 image[J]. Seismology and Geology, 33(4): 951-962(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[10]	刘兴旺, 袁道阳, 潘保田, 等. 2013. 由黄河阶地变形反映的兰州盆地活动构造特征[J]. 兰州大学学报(自然科学版), 49(4): 459-464. LIU Xing-wang, YUAN Dao-yang, PAN Bao-tian, et al. 2013. Active tectonic features in Lanzhou Basin reflected by Yellow River terrace deformation[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences), 49(4): 459-464(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[11]	吕红华, 李有利. 2010. 天山北麓活动背斜带的变形特征[J]. 第四纪研究, 30(5): 1003-1011. LÜ Hong-hua, LI You-li. 2010. Tectonic deformation of active fault related fold belts in the north piedmont of the central Tianshan Mountains, NW China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 30(5): 1003-1011(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[12]	任治坤, 张竹琪, 陈涛, 等. 2014. 侧向侵蚀相关的走滑断裂滑动速率计算新方法[J]. 地震地质, 36(4): 1020-1028. doi: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 2014. 04. 007. REN Zhi-kun, ZHANG Zhu-qi, CHEN Tao, et al. 2014. A new method for determining slip rates of strike-slip fault associated with lateral erosion of accumulated offset[J]. Seismology and Geology, 36(4): 1020-1028(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[13]	田晴映, 郑文俊, 张冬丽, 等. 2017. 构造活动和气候变化对河流阶地发育的影响: 以祁连山北缘洪水坝河和马营河为例[J]. 地震地质, 39(6): 1283-1296. doi: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 2017. 06. 013. TIAN Qing-ying, ZHENG Wen-jun, ZHANG Dong-li, et al. 2017. Influence of tectonics and climate on the evolution of fluvial terraces: A case study of the Hongshuiba and Maying Rivers in the northern margin of the Qilian Mountains[J]. Seismology and Geology, 39(6): 1283-1296(in Chinese). [本文引用:2]
[14]	徐锡伟, Tapponnier P, van der Woerd J, 等. 2003. 阿尔金断裂带晚第四纪左旋走滑速率及其构造运动转换模式讨论[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 33(10): 967-974. XU Xi-wei, Tapponnier P, van der Woerd J, et al. 2003. Late Quaternary sinistral slip rate along the Altyn Tagh Fault and its structural transformation model[J]. Science in China(Ser D), 33(10): 967-974(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[15]	徐锡伟, 于贵华, 陈桂华, 等. 2007. 青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析[J]. 地震地质, 29(2): 201-217. XU Xi-wei, YU Gui-hua, CHEN Gui-hua, et al. 2007. Near-surface character of permanent geologic deformation across the mega-strike-slip faults in the northern Tibetan plateau[J]. Seismology and Geology, 29(2): 201-217(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[16]	杨景春, 李有利. 2012. 地貌学原理 [M]. 第3版. 北京: 北京大学出版社. YANG Jing-chun, LI You-li. 2012. Principle of Geomorphology [M]. 3rd Edition. Peking University Press, Beijing(in Chinese). [本文引用:2]
[17]	张宁. 2016. 阿尔金断裂东端部的几何结构与运动特征 [D]. 北京: 中国地震局地质研究所. ZHANG Ning. 2016. Geometry and kinematics of the eastern end of the Altyn Tagh Fault [D]. Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[18]	张培震, 李传友, 毛凤英. 2008. 河流阶地演化与走滑断裂滑动速率[J]. 地震地质, 30(1): 44-57. ZHANG Pei-zhen, LI Chuan-you, MAO Feng-ying. 2008. Strath terrace formation and strike-slip faulting[J]. Seismology and Geology, 30(1): 44-57(in Chinese). [本文引用:10]
[19]	张天琪, 吕红华, 赵俊香, 等. 2014. 河流阶地演化与构造抬升速率: 以天山北麓晚第四纪河流作用为例[J]. 第四纪研究, 34(2): 281-291. ZHANG Tian-qi, LÜ Hong-hua, ZHAO Jun-xiang, et al. 2014. Fluvial terrace formation and tectonic uplift rate: A case study of late Quaternary fluvial process in the north piedmont of the Tianshan, northwestern China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 34(2): 281-291(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[20]	郑文俊, 袁道阳, 张培震, 等. 2016. 青藏高原东北缘活动构造几何图像、运动转换与高原扩展[J]. 第四纪研究, 36(4): 775-788. ZHENG Wen-jun, YUAN Dao-yang, ZHANG Pei-zhen, et al. 2016. Tectonic geometry and kinematic dissipation of the active faults in the northeastern Tibetan plateau and their implications for understand ing northeastward growth of the plateau[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 36(4): 775-788(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[21]	郑文俊, 张培震, 袁道阳, 等. 2009. GPS观测及断裂晚第四纪滑动速率所反映的青藏高原北部变形[J]. 地球物理学报, 52(10): 2491-2508. ZHENG Wen-jun, ZHANG Pei-zhen, YUAN Dao-yang, et al. 2009. Deformation on the northern of the Tibetan plateau from GPS measurement and geologic rates of Late Quaternary along the major fault[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 52(10): 2491-2508(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[22]	郑文涛, 杨景春, 段锋军. 2000. 武威盆地晚更新世河流阶地变形与新构造活动[J]. 地震地质, 22(3): 318-328. ZHENG Wen-tao, YANG Jing-chun, DUAN Feng-jun. 2000. A atudy on the relation between deformation of river terraces and neotectonic activity for the Wuwei Basin[J]. Seismology and Geology, 22(3): 318-328(in Chinese). [本文引用:1]
[23]	Allen C R. 1962. Circum-Pacific faulting in the Philippines-Taiwan region[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 67(12): 4795-4812. [本文引用:1]
[24]	Allen C R, Gillespie A R, Han Y, et al. 1984. Red River and associated faults, Yunnan Province, China: Quaternary geology, slip rates, and seismic hazard[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95(6): 686-700. [本文引用:1]
[25]	Anderson J G. 1979. Estimating the seismicity from geological structure for seismic-risk studies[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 69(1): 135-158. [本文引用:1]
[26]	Antoine P, Lautridou J P, Laurent M. 2000. Long-term fluvial archives in NW France: Response of the Seine and Somme rivers to tectonic movements, climatic variations and sea-level changes[J]. Geomorphology, 33(3-4): 183-207. [本文引用:1]
[27]	Bi H, Zheng W, Ge W, et al. 2018. Constraining the distribution of vertical slip on the South Heli Shan Fault(northeastern Tibet)from high-resolution topographic data[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123(3): 2484-2501. [本文引用:1]
[28]	Burbank D W, Leland J, Fielding E, et al. 1996. Bedrock incision, rock uplift and threshold hillslopes in the northwestern Himalayas[J]. Nature, 379(6565): 505-510. [本文引用:1]
[29]	Burnett A W, Schumm S A. 1983. Alluvial-river response to neotectonic deformation in Louisiana and Mississippi[J]. Science, 222(4619): 49-50. [本文引用:1]
[30]	Chappell J. 1983. A revised sea-level record for the last 300, 000 years from Papua New Guinea[J]. Search, 14(3): 99-101. [本文引用:1]
[31]	Costa J E, Baker V R. 1982. Surficial geology: Building with the earth[J]. American Scientist, (1): 80-81. [本文引用:1]
[32]	Cowgill E. 2007. Impact of riser reconstructions on estimation of secular variation in rates of strike-slip faulting: Revisiting the Cherchen River site along the Altyn Tagh Fault, NW China[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 254(3-4): 239-255. [本文引用:5]
[33]	England P, Houseman G. 1986. Finite strain calculations of continental deformation: 2. Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 91(B3): 3664-3676. [本文引用:1]
[34]	England P, Molnar P. 1990. Surface uplift, uplift of rocks, and exhumation of rocks[J]. Geology, 18(12): 1173-1177. [本文引用:1]
[35]	England P, Molnar P. 1997. Active deformation of Asia: From kinematics to dynamics[J]. Science, 278(5338): 647-650. [本文引用:1]
[36]	Frankel K L, Dolan J F, Finkel R C, et al. 2007. Spatial variations in slip rate along the Death Valley-Fish Lake Valley fault system determined from LiDAR topographic data and cosmogenic¹⁰Be geochronology[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(18): 219-230. [本文引用:1]
[37]	Gold R D, Cowgill E, Arrowsmith J R, et al. 2009. Riser diachroneity, lateral erosion, and uncertainty in rates of strike-slip faulting: A case study from Tuzidun along the Altyn Tagh Fault, NW China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 114(B4): B04401. [本文引用:1]
[38]	Hetzel R. 2013. Active faulting, mountain growth, and erosion at the margins of the Tibetan plateau constrained by in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides[J]. Tectonophysics, 582(1): 1-24. [本文引用:1]
[39]	Hetzel R, Niedermann S, Tao M, et al. 2002. Low slip rates and long-term preservation of geomorphic features in Central Asia[J]. Nature, 417(6887): 428-432. [本文引用:1]
[40]	Hu X, Pan B, Kirby E, et al. 2015. Rates and kinematics of active shortening along the eastern Qilian Shan, China, inferred from deformed fluvial terraces[J]. Tectonics, 34(12): 2478-2493. [本文引用:1]
[41]	Huang W. 1993. Morphologic patterns of stream channels on the active Yishi Fault, southern Shand ong Province, eastern China: Implications for repeated great earthquakes in the Holocene[J]. Tectonophysics, 219(4): 283-304. [本文引用:2]
[42]	Klinger Y, Etchebes M, Tapponnier P, et al. 2011. Characteristic slip for five great earthquakes along the Fuyun Fault in China[J]. Nature Geoscience, 4(6): 389-392. [本文引用:1]
[43]	Lensen G J. 1968. Analysis of progressive fault displacement during downcutting at the branch river terraces, South Island , New Zealand [J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 79(5): 545-555. [本文引用:1]
[44]	Li C, Zhang P Z, Yin J, et al. 2009. Late Quaternary left-lateral slip rate of the Haiyuan Fault, northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J]. Tectonics, 28: TC5010 [本文引用:2]
[45]	Maddy D, Bridgland D R, Green C P. 2000. Crustal uplift in southern England : Evidence from the river terrace records[J]. Geomorphology, 33(3): 167-181. [本文引用:1]
[46]	Maruyama T, Lin A. 2000. Tectonic history of the Rokko active fault zone(southwest Japan)as inferred from cumulative offsets of stream channels and basement rocks[J]. Tectonophysics, 323(3-4): 197-216. [本文引用:2]
[47]	Maruyama T, Lin A. 2002. Active strike-slip faulting history inferred from offsets of topographic features and basement rocks: A case study of the Arima Takatsuki tectonic line, southwest Japan[J]. Tectonophysics, 344(1): 81-101. [本文引用:3]
[48]	Mériaux A S, Ryerson F J, Tapponnier P, et al. 2004. Rapid slip along the central Altyn Tagh Fault: Morphochronologic evidence from Cherchen He and Sulamu Tagh[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 109(B6): B06401. [本文引用:2]
[49]	Molnar P. 1978. Earthquake recurrence intervals and plate tectonics[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 69(1): 115-133. [本文引用:1]
[50]	Molnar P, Tapponnier P. 1975. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: Effects of a continental collision: Features of recent continental tectonics in Asia can be interpreted as results of the India-Eurasia collision[J]. Science, 189(4201): 419-426. [本文引用:2]
[51]	Pan B, Burbank D, Wang Y, et al. 2003. A 900 k. y. record of strath terrace formation during glacial-interglacial transitions in northwest China[J]. Geology, 31(11): 957-960. [本文引用:1]
[52]	Pan B, Gao H, Wu G, et al. 2007. Dating of erosion surface and terraces in the eastern Qilian Shan, northwest China[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Land forms, 32(1): 143-154. [本文引用:1]
[53]	Pan B, Hu X, Gao H, et al. 2013. Late Quaternary river incision rates and rock uplift pattern of the eastern Qilian Shan Mountain, China[J]. Geomorphology, 184(430): 84-97. [本文引用:1]
[54]	Pan B, Su H, Hu Z, et al. 2009. Evaluating the role of climate and tectonics during non-steady incision of the Yellow River: Evidence from a 1. 24Ma terrace record near Lanzhou, China[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28(27): 3281-3290. [本文引用:1]
[55]	Peltzer G, Tapponnier P. 1988. Formation and evolution of strike-slip faults, rifts, and basins during the India-Asia collision: An experimental approach[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 93(B12): 15085-15117. [本文引用:1]
[56]	Peng Y J, Lu Y J, Xu J, et al. 2012. Seismic risk zoning in Bohai and its inspiration to engineering earthquake resistance[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 27(1): 18-28. [本文引用:1]
[57]	Replumaz A, Lacassin R, Tapponnier P, et al. 2001. Large river offsets and Plio-Quaternary dextral slip rate on the Red River Fault(Yunnan, China)[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106(B1): 819-836. [本文引用:1]
[58]	Rockwell T K, Keller E A, Dembroff G R. 1988. Quaternary rate of folding of the Ventura Avenue anticline, western Transverse Ranges, southern California[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100(6): 850-858. [本文引用:1]
[59]	Sieh K E, Jahns R H. 1984. Holocene activity of the San Andreas Fault at Wallace Creek, California[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95(8): 883-896. [本文引用:1]
[60]	Tapponnier P, Xu Z Q, Roger F, et al. 2001. Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau[J]. Science, 294(5547): 1671-1677. [本文引用:2]
[61]	van der Woerd J, Tapponnier P, Ryerson F, et al. 2002. Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central 600km of the Kunlun Fault(Tibet), from ²⁶Al, ¹⁰Be, and ¹⁴C dating of riser offsets, and climatic origin of the regional morphology[J]. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 148(3): 356-388. [本文引用:3]
[62]	Weldon R J, Sieh K E. 1985. Holocene rate of slip and tentative recurrence interval for large earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault, Cajon Pass, southern California[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 96(6): 793-812. [本文引用:2]
[63]	Whipple K X, Hancock G S, Anderson R S. 2000. River incision into bedrock: Mechanics and relative efficacy of plucking, abrasion, and cavitation[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112(3): 490-503. [本文引用:1]
[64]	Wittlinger G, Tapponnier P, Poupinet G, et al. 1998. Tomographic evidence for localized lithospheric shear along the Altyn Tagh Fault[J]. Science, 282(5386): 74-76. [本文引用:1]
[65]	Yan B, Lin A. 2015. Systematic deflection and offset of the Yangtze River drainage system along the strike-slip Ganzi-Yushu-Xianshuihe fault zone, Tibetan plateau[J]. Journal of Geodynamics, 87: 13-25. [本文引用:1]
[66]	Zhang P Z, Molnar P, Xu X. 2007. Late Quaternary and present-day rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault, northern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J]. Tectonics, 26: TC5010 [本文引用:12]
[67]	Zhang P Z, Shen Z, Wang M, et al. 2004. Continuous deformation of the Tibetan plateau from global positioning system data[J]. Geology, 32(9): 809-812. [本文引用:1]
[68]	Zhang Y Q, Vergely P, Mercier J. 1995. Active faulting in and along the Qinling Range(China)inferred from SPOT imagery analysis and extrusion tectonics of South China[J]. Tectonophysics, 243(1): 69-95. [本文引用:2]
[69]	Zheng W J, Zhang H P, Zhang P Z, et al. 2013a. Late Quaternary slip rates of the thrust faults in western Hexi Corridor(northern Qilian Shan, China)and their implications for northeastward growth of the Tibetan plateau[J]. Geosphere, 9(2): 342-354. [本文引用:1]
[70]	Zheng W J, Zhang P Z, He W G, et al. 2013b. Transformation of displacement between strike-slip and crustal shortening in the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau: Evidence from decadal GPS measurements and late Quaternary slip rates on faults[J]. Tectonophysics, 584(1): 267-280. [本文引用:1]
[71]	Zheng W, Zhang P, Ge W, et al. 2013c. Late Quaternary slip rate of the South Heli Shan Fault(northern Hexi Corridor, NW China)and its implications for northeastward growth of the Tibetan plateau[J]. Tectonics, 32(2): 271-293. [本文引用:3]

2017

0.0

... 毕海芸等, 2017) ...

... 毕海芸等, 2017 ...

2006

0.0

... 本文利用近年来新兴的无人机摄影测量方法对研究区进行测量(陈桂华等, 2006 ...

2004

0.0

... 0 引言自20世纪70年代至今, 活动构造研究已从定性描述逐步发展到定量化研究阶段(邓起东等, 2004) ...

1995

0.0

丁国瑜. 1995. 阿尔金活断层的古地震与分段[J]. 第四纪研究, 15(2): 97-106.

DING

Guo-yu

. 1995. Paleoearthquakes along the Altun active fault and its segmentation[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 15(2): 97-106(in Chinese).

The Altun active fault is a large strike-slip fault with manifest dislocations.The newly activities of the fault are mainly along a principal sliding plane. This principal sliding plane extends from Xorkol on west, through Kuyak, Mandalike,Qingshuiquan, Akatutage, Horkor, Annanba, Aksay and Subei eastward to Kuantanshan, the whole length being about 1600km. Along this principal sliding plane, a series of surface ruptures, deformations and paleoearthquake traces can be found.The existence of numerous paleoearthquake traces proved that the Altun fault has been a very active fault in Holocene. The most active segments were KuyakAqiang, Tula-Huangtuquan, and Uzunxiaol-Aksay.

Center for Analysis and. Prediction. State Seilmological Bureau

活断层的破裂过程往往是通过多个独立破裂段落的组合而进行的。活断层的分段就是对断层上各个稳定的独立破裂单元的识别。这是深入认识断层的活动习性特征和进行潜在地震危险性评估的重要途径。古地震资料是识别破裂单元最直接的依据。本文在根据障碍构造对阿尔金活断层进行几何结构分段的基础上，结合古地震资料的分析进行了破裂分段的识别，划分了11个破裂段。在约20000年来各个段落活动时段、强度、古地震复发间隔都有所不同。总趋势是由西向东逐渐减弱。在约4500-2000aB.P.存在一个各个段落都比较活跃的阶段。这与沿青藏高原边缘的一些活动带上揭露出的情况很相似，看来这是与整个高原的构造活动在这个时段曾有所加强有关。

... 丁国瑜, 1995 ...

2010

0.0

... 如果活动断裂横断河谷, 阶地在穿过断裂时会被错断, 如果断裂有水平或垂向上的运动, 阶地面则可能在水平或垂向上表现出不连续的特征(胡小飞, 2010 ...

2008

0.0

李海兵, van der Woerd

, 孙知明, 等. 2008. 阿尔金断裂带康西瓦段晚第四纪以来的左旋滑移速率及其大地震复发周期的探讨[J]. 第四纪研究, 28(2): 197-213.

Hai-bing

, van der Woerd

, SUN

Zhi-ming

, et al. 2008. Late Quaternary left-slip rate and large earthquake recurrence time along the Kangxiwar(Orkarakax)segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault, northern Tibet[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 28(2): 197-213(in Chinese).

We describe the Late Quaternary deformation in the Sanshiliyingfang area of the Karakax（or Kangxiwar）segment of western Altyn Tagh fault,on the basis of highresolution Ikonos satellite images analysis,complemented with field survey and quantitative measurements.In the downstream area of the Taersayigilega River to the east of Sanshiliyingfang,the fault cuts a set of 8 well developed alluvial fans and inset terraces,from which the main levels（T0 to T5）are distributed at the regional scale throughout the Karakax valley.The upper T4～T5 levels belong to the penultimate climatic optimum（120～140ka 10 Be age）,the intermediate T3 levels to the last glacial period,and T2 levels to the post-glacial period（15～10ka 10 Be age）,the youngest T1 and T0 levels spanning the Late Holocene to present（7～0ka 10 Be age）.Left-lateral offsets of six distinct terrace risers and of rill channels incised in the adjacent fan have values of 251±4m,250±5m,198±4m,22±2m,12±1m and ca.6m.The offset of surface T2 abandoned at about 10.9±0.2ka（ 10 Be age）ranges from 22m to 200m,and constrains the slip-rate to be between 2mm/a and 18mm/a.In addition the upper T4 surface total cumulative offset may reach 500m,implying a left-slip rate of about 4～5mm/a.The latest surface left-lateral horizontal offset caused by the most recent large seismic event is ca.6m.The co-seismic surface ruptures reach a length of about 100km along the Karakax segment,implying the occurrence of a magnitude Mw 7.4 earthquake.The offsets of ca.12m may be the cumulative offsets of the latest two earthquakes in the last 975～1020A.D.（AMS 14C age）,with a characteristic slip of ca.6m and a recurrence time of 370～500 years for large magnitude earthquake.These results suggest that the western branch of the Altyn Tagh fault is the largest left-lateral strike-slip fault at the rim of Northern Tibet,that accommodates a large part of strain due to the India-Eurasia collision and induces the eastward movement of material from Western Tibet.

1. Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of the Ministry of Land and Resources, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037; 2. Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg UMR CNRS/ULP 7516, Strasbourg 67084; 3. Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081; 4. Department of Geography, University of Newcastle, U K; 5. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris 75252; 6. IGPP, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA| 7. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083

在高分辨率Ikonos卫星影像（1m分辨率）分析基础上,结合野外考察和定量测量,详细研究了阿尔金断裂带西段康西瓦段三十里营房地区晚第四纪以来的变形特征,在三十里营房东侧塔尔萨依吉勒尕河下游地区,断裂切割了一系列发育完好的冲积扇和阶地。6级不同阶地陡坎和邻近冲积扇面上冲沟的左旋位错量分别为251±4m,250±5m,198±4m,22±2m,12±1m和约6m。T2表面的放弃年龄约10.9±0.2ka（10Be）所限定的位错量22 2 00m,得到左旋滑移速率为2 1 8mm/a;而T4阶地的最大累积位错可能达500m,暗示的左旋滑移速率约4 5 mm/a。最近一次大地震造成的最新地貌左旋水平位错量约6m,该地震同震地表破裂带沿喀拉喀什河谷延伸长达100km,估算为Mw7.4地震,约12m的位错量可能是公元975 1 020年（AMS14C）以来最近两次大地震的累积同震地表位错,约6m的特征滑移量暗示该地段发生类似约Mw7.4地震的复发周期约370 5 00 a。这些结果表明,在青藏高原北缘,阿尔金断裂带西段为大型的左旋走滑断裂,它吸收了印度/欧亚大陆碰撞产生的较大部分应变,并使高原西部物质向东运移。

... 李海兵等, 2008 ...

... 其中, Cowgill(2007)、 Zhang等(2007)和李海兵等(2008)对这些演化模式进行了总结, 提出了高阶地再建模式和低阶地再建模式, 并可通过高、低阶地进行控制得到可靠的滑动速率范围 ...

... 张培震等, 2008), 李海兵等(2008)根据河流阶地的演化及其对走滑断裂错动的响应过程分析讨论了这一问题 ...

2014

0.0

李涛, 陈杰. 2014. 利用河流阶地限定活动逆断层相关褶皱晚第四纪变形机制和速率: 方法与认识[J]. 地震地质, 36(2): 478-488. doi: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 2014. 02. 016.

Tao

, CHEN

Jie

. 2014. Using deformed fluvial terraces to constrain growth mechanism and rates of thrust related fold: Methods and recognition[J]. Seismology and Geology, 36(2): 478-488(in Chinese).

The foreland basin of contractional orogen commonly occurs in thrust related fold. Quantitative constraint on fold's growing process is important to understand the spatial and temporal evolution of orogens, and for seismic hazard assessment and hydrocarbon resource prospect evaluation. Fluvial terrace, as a kind of widely distributed, easy dating and passively deformed geomorphic marker, is more and more applied to defining the growth mechanism and rates of active folds. Combining deformed fluvial terrace with pre-growth and growth strata, we can acquire the total shortening and the initiation age, and retrieve the whole evolving history of a fold.Based on geometry and kinematical characteristics, thrust related fold can be classified into fault bend fold, fault propagation fold and detachment fold. As occurred on the tip of a fault, the fault propagation fold and detachment fold are generally named fault tip fold. According to different stress situation, folding deformation includes no shear, simple shear and pure shear, and displays as two end-member models: kink band migration and limb rotation. In different models, the fluvial terrace shows different deformation characteristics, which can be used to distinguish the models.We summarized and discussed how to use deformed terraces to constrain the shortening rates and uplift rates of the sinusoidal and chevron flexural-slip fold, classical fault bend fold, as well as pure shear fault tip fold, and briefly introduced the conception of fold scarp. However, the natural fold is usually formed by combination of different mechanisms, which is much more complicated than the models mentioned. Therefore, the future study should be concentrated on modeling the fold produced by different mechanisms, rather than only one mechanism. In addition, we mentioned three different types of fold scarps: fold scarp occurring in classical fault bend fold and fold scarp formed by kink band migration and limb rotation in detachment fold.

State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China

发育在褶皱区的河流阶地作为一种发育广泛、易于定年的被动变形的地貌标志物，已越来越多地被应用到活动逆断层相关褶皱晚第四纪变形的研究中；结合前生长地层和生长地层，可限定褶皱缩短总量和变形起始时间等参数，恢复从开始生长至晚第四纪以来完整的生长演化历史。文中对正弦曲线状和尖棱状弯滑褶皱模型、经典断弯褶皱模型和纯剪切断顶褶皱模型进行了总结和讨论。这些模型的提出为限定褶皱变形提供了很好的方法，但不能完全概括自然界中的褶皱模型，这就需要更多的野外地质、数值模拟和实验模拟工作。

... 李涛等, 2014 ...

2012

0.0

李有利, 司苏沛, 吕胜华, 等. 2012. 构造运动和气候变化对天山北麓奎屯河阶地发育的影响作用[J]. 第四纪研究, 32(5): 880-890.

You-li

, SI

Su-pei

, LÜ

Sheng-hua

, et al. 2012. Tectonic and climatic controls on the development of the Kuitun River terraces in the northern piedmont of Tianshan Mountains[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 32(5): 880-890(in Chinese).

The Kuitun River down-cut about 300m and left several river terraces in the northern piedmont of Tianshan Mountains.Based on remote sensing image interpretation and field measurement,the terraces were mapped and a longitudinal profile of river terraces was obtained.According to planar and longitudinal characteristics,the river terraces were divided into five groups. 10 Be dating indicated the T4 was deposited in MIS 2,and down-cut around 13kaB.P.The age of the T3,estimated to be 10.6kaB.P.with average down-cutting rate,is coincident with the Younger Dryas cold event.The T2 terrace,with 14 C age of 3100±40kaB.P.,was probable to be correlated with the cooler climate in Sub-Boreal period. In the area of Dushanzi anticline,the uplift between T4 and T3 was 12m with an uplift rate of 5mm/a,the uplift of T3 related to river profile was 13m with an average rate of 1.2mm/a,indicating that the uplift rates of Dushanzi anticline were greater at earlier stage and became smaller at later stage after the ending of the Last Glacial Stage.The Dushanzi fault has vertically dislocated T2 by 3.7m with a rate of 1.09~1.14mm/a,similar to the rate of anticline uplift,showing the anticline uplift mainly originated from the movements of Dushanzi fault rather than the arching of Dushanzi anticline.The development of three terraces of T5 suggested southward expansion of Dushanzi anticline,making the boundary between aggradation and degradation migrated southward.On the west bank of Kuntun River,5 pinnate terrace risers which developed on the surface of T4 showed five aggradation and degradation boundary migration events,which were possible to be influenced by uplift of Dushanzi anticline in the north,but were more likely to be the effect of tectonic uplift of Tuositai anticline in the southwest.There were four northward migration events of meander channels in the south limb of Dushanzi anticline since T3 formed.They had good correlation with Holocene paleo-earthquakes that happened along Dushanzi Thrust in time,indicating that the coseismic uplift of the Dushanzi anticline,with uplift center on the east bank of the Kuitun River,caused four river deflections and four migration events.

College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871

奎屯河出天山后,强烈下切形成深达300m的河谷,在河谷两侧发育多级河流阶地。在遥感解译和野外测量的基础上,获得了河流阶地平面分布图和阶地位相图。根据奎屯河阶地的平面特征与剖面特征,将河流阶地由新到老分为T1,T2,T3,T4和T5等5组。前人用 10 Be测年数据认为T4阶地堆积于深海氧同位素(MIS)第2阶段,奎屯河强烈下切开始于MIS 2后期,形成于距今1.3万年; 本文 14 C年龄数据说明T2阶地形成于 3100±40kaB.P.,其发育与亚北方期的偏凉气候有关; 根据河流平均下切速率估算T3阶地形成于10.6kaB.P.,其发育可能与新仙女木冷期有关。因此,认为阶地发育明显受控于气候变化。在独山子背斜区,T4阶地相对于T3阶地的抬升量为12m,隆起速率为5mm/a,T3阶地以来的拱曲抬升量为13m,隆起速率为1.2mm/a,反映末次冰期以后,独山子背斜隆起速率早期较大,晚期明显变小。独山子断层将T2阶地垂直错断3.7m,断层垂直活动速率为1.09~1.14mm/a,与同时段背斜隆起的速率相近,说明该时段隆起量主要由独山子断层垂直活动所引起,背斜拱曲变形有限。奎屯河T5阶地的3个小阶地反映独山子背斜向南扩展,造成抬升下切与下降淤积区的界线随时间向南侧迁移。奎屯河西岸T4阶地面上的羽状阶地陡坎反映在T4阶地发育期间,发生5次上游下切与下游堆积区的界线向下游迁移事件,这可能受独山子背斜间歇性隆起的影响,更可能是西南侧托斯台背斜抬升影响的结果。独山子背斜南翼在T3阶地形成以后发生4次曲流向北迁移的事件,在时间上与独山子断层全新世古地震时间相关,说明受独山子背斜隆起中心在奎屯河东岸的影响,奎屯河发生向西转弯,独山子断层多次活动,伴随背斜的隆起,引发河流4次弯曲和曲流向背斜轴部的4次迁移事件。

... 李有利等, 2012) ...

... 李有利等, 2012 ...

2011

0.0

刘华国, 冉勇康, 李安, 等. 2011. 基于P5像对与GeoEye-1影像的近地表地层产状的提取[J]. 地震地质, 33(4): 951-962. doi: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 2011. 04. 018.

LIU

Hua-guo

, RAN

Yong-kang

, LI

, et al. 2011. Attitude extraction of shallow stratum based on P5 stereo images and GeoEye-1 image[J]. Seismology and Geology, 33(4): 951-962(in Chinese).

In this paper,P5 stereo images and GeoEye-1 image are firstly processed and analysed in order to extract digital elevation model(DEM)and divide stratum.The perpendicular root mean square of extracted DEM is within 5meters in residual elevation report using methods of check point and visual inspection.According to the stratigraphic classification,measure points which are located at boundary or inner stratum are chosen at regions with better triangular facet of rock and stable attitude,and then the attitude of stratum is extracted using three-dimensional data of the measure points through programming in MATLAB environment based on three-point method or multiple-point fitting method.Based on field survey,the measurement residual of dip angles is within 6 degrees,and 85% are less than 4 degrees.And the root mean square of the angles is less than 3 degree.At the same time,seasons of residual generation are concluded,including geological structure,topography,accuracy of DEM,matching degree of DEM and images,the location of chosen point and so on.It is suggested that the method of stratigraphic attitude extraction using P5 stereo images and GeoEye-1 image is less restricted by worse natural conditions.Not only can the method restrict the profile of shallow tectonics,but also can cover the shortage of attitude of stratum and have great significance for reducing uncertainty of Kalpin thrust tectonic deformation research.It provides a new way for quantitative research of structural geology,and also provides references for similar regions.

1. National Center for Active Fault Studies, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China; 2. China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing 100029, China

通过对P5立体像对、GeoEye-1影像的处理与分析,分别进行了数字高程模型的提取和地层的划分,用检查点法和目视检查法对提取的数字高程模型的误差评估结果显示,误差在5m以内,满足产状提取的要求。根据地层划分结果,在不同时代的地层边界处和同时代地层内部选择岩层三角面发育较好、产状相对稳定的区域,选取用于地层产状提取的点,并获取其三维坐标,然后在MATLAB环境下根据三点法或多点拟合法原理及公式编程提取地层产状。野外验证结果表明,提取的产状倾角误差均在6°以内,其中85% 的误差在4°以内,中误差在3°以内,均在定量研究可接受的范围之内,并分析和总结了误差产生的主要原因。研究结果表明,利用P5立体像对与GeoEye-1影像提取近地表地层产状的方法,有效地约束了浅层构造的形态,减少了构造分析的不确定性,对柯坪的构造变形研究具有重要意义。

... 刘华国等, 2011 ...

2013

0.0

... 刘兴旺等, 2013 ...

2010

0.0

吕红华, 李有利. 2010. 天山北麓活动背斜带的变形特征[J]. 第四纪研究, 30(5): 1003-1011.

LÜ

Hong-hua

, LI

You-li

. 2010. Tectonic deformation of active fault related fold belts in the north piedmont of the central Tianshan Mountains, NW China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 30(5): 1003-1011(in Chinese).

In the north piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains,there are three sub-parallel reverse fault-controlled fold belts. They are products of Late Cenozoic tectonic deformation. In fold belt I,the Tuositai anticline is a typical structure we studied. It has risen since the Miocene,although it sprouted in the Late Mesozoic. In fold belt II,we studied the Tugulu anticline. It began deforming in about.6.0Ma,accompanied with syntectonic deposition. and then experienced two times of obvious deformation,respectively in 5.2Ma and 3.5Ma. In fold belt Ⅲ,the Dushanzi anticline was studied. It should began deforming after about 2.6Ma because Neogene-Pleistocene strata were folded. That the Middle Pleistocene strata unconformably overlie the Lower Pleistocene Xiyu conglomerate indicates that its significant deformation should be in Early to Middle Pleistocene. The deformation sequence of these Late Cenozoic anticlines shows that tectonic deformation has progressively migrated northward. At the same time,a significant crustal shortening occurred in the north piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains. It was estimated that the total magnitude of shortening there should range from 8km to 15km.

①State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092; ②Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871

天山中段北麓发育有3排受逆断裂控制的背斜带,对这些构造带的研究有助于认识天山及其前陆盆地晚新生代构造变形的机理。基于地层变形分析,并结合前人的研究成果,从整体上探讨了这3排构造带的变形时间与基本模式。分析表明,天山北麓第Ⅰ排构造带的托斯台背斜自中新世褶皱作用明显; 第Ⅱ排构造带吐谷鲁背斜于约6.0Ma开始生长,伴随发育同构造沉积即生长地层; 第Ⅲ排构造带独山子背斜发育时间应晚于约2.6Ma。这一变形时间序列揭示天山北麓3排逆断裂-褶皱带的构造变形具有向前陆盆地逐步扩展的特征,并伴随产生幅度不等的地壳缩短。天山北麓约8~15km的地壳缩短总量表明,晚新生代以来构造驱动沿约130km宽的山麓带是相对均一的。

... 吕红华等, 2010 ...

2014

0.0

任治坤, 张竹琪, 陈涛, 等. 2014. 侧向侵蚀相关的走滑断裂滑动速率计算新方法[J]. 地震地质, 36(4): 1020-1028. doi: 103969/j. issn. 0253-4967. 2014. 04. 007.

REN

Zhi-kun

, ZHANG

Zhu-qi

, CHEN

Tao

, et al. 2014. A new method for determining slip rates of strike-slip fault associated with lateral erosion of accumulated offset[J]. Seismology and Geology, 36(4): 1020-1028(in Chinese).

Fault slip rate is one of the most important subjects in active tectonics research, which reveals the activity and seismic potential of a fault. Due to the improvement of dating precision with the development of dating methods, Holocene geological markers, even the young markers of thousands or hundreds years old, are widely used in fault slip rate calculation. Usually, in strike-slip fault slip rate calculation, there are two types of uncertainties. The first is correspondence of the offset and accumulation time; the second is the lateral erosion of the accumulated offset. In this paper, we suggest that the effect of lateral erosion of the accumulated offset should be removed. We also propose a new method for determining slip rate of strike-slip fault—the differential method. According to analyses of river terrace evolution and displacements accumulation, terrace heights (relative height above river), corresponding ages and measured offsets on the terraces are correlated to each other. We could use the terrace height, corresponding ages and the measured offsets to calculate the offsets that could be used to obtain the fault slip rate. Usually, the heights, ages and offsets of at least three terrace levels are needed in this method. If the terrace height is graded in order, the lateral erosion to each terrace is almost the same. Consequently, direct difference of offset and corresponding ages of the terraces could be used to calculate the fault slip rate. This kind of differential method could avoid the uncertainties from the lateral erosion in fault slip rate determination. By applying the differential method, we got the revised slip rates of 4.7～8.8mm/a on the Altyn Tagh and Kunlun Faults. These low slip rates could fit previous geodetic and geological fault slip rates, shortening rates as well as the millennial recurrence intervals of strong earthquakes along the major segments of these faults.

1. State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China; 2. National Earthquake Infrastructure Service, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China

断层滑动速率是活动构造研究中的重要内容, 是反映断裂活动性和地震危险性的重要参数之一.随着测年技术不断发展和测年精度大幅度提高, 全新世甚至千年尺度和百年尺度的年轻地质体的位错也越来越多地被用于断层滑动速率计算.用走滑断裂带上地质体实测年龄计算滑动速率, 会受到2种因素影响:1)累积位移时间是否与所测地质体年代相符合;2)地质体位移形成过程中会受到侵蚀.在利用全新世地质体计算断层滑动速率时, 应将侧向侵蚀的影响剔除.因此, 文中提出1种计算走滑断层滑动速率的新方法——差值法.走滑断层上河流阶地演化与断层位错分析表明, 在阶地拔河高度存在较大差异的情况下, 可以利用阶地拔河高度与年龄按比例进行计算.此方法在一定程度上提高了所计算滑动速率的精度, 但是需要至少有3级不同阶地的拔河高度、年龄以及位错信息.若阶地拔河高度近似呈等差排列, 即各级阶地上侧向侵蚀量近似相等的情况下, 利用高-低阶地累积位错量之差与对应阶地年龄差来计算滑动速率, 可以在一定程度上减少上述2种因素对滑动速率的影响.应用差值法计算得到阿尔金与昆仑断裂的滑动速率为4.7～8.8mm/a, 与前人获得的地质学滑动速率、测地学滑动速率、缩短速率以及强震复发周期结果一致.

... 任治坤等, 2014) ...

2017

0.0

... 田晴映等, 2017) ...

2003

0.0

... 徐锡伟等, 2003 ...

2007

0.0

徐锡伟, 于贵华, 陈桂华, 等. 2007. 青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析[J]. 地震地质, 29(2): 201-217.

Xi-wei

, YU

Gui-hua

, CHEN

Gui-hua

, et al. 2007. Near-surface character of permanent geologic deformation across the mega-strike-slip faults in the northern Tibetan plateau[J]. Seismology and Geology, 29(2): 201-217(in Chinese).

The Altyn Tagh,Kunlun and Haiyuan Faults are three major left-lateral strike-slip faults with high geologic and GPS-derived horizontal slip rates as well as frequent surface-rupturing earthquakes in the northern Tibetan Plateau.There exist local structures,such as pull-apart basins in stepovers and sag ponds,where fine-grained and/or organic interfaulting sediments have been continuously filled and co-seismic faulting traces have been well preserved in those sediments.Trenching across the strike-slip faults and those local structures,stratum-logging of the trench walls and structural-stratigraphic examination can uncover basic features of the permanent and cumulative geologic deformation zone of a strike-slip fault that has experienced several surface-rupturing earthquake cycles.The geologic section of the Banguoba trench 9km east of Old A'kesai Town across the recent traces of the Altyn Tagh Fault records 7 paleoearthquake events with a co-seismic left-lateral slip of 7±1m for the latest event and its cumulative geologic deformation zone is only 8m in width.The geologic section of the western Old A'kesai trench across a pull-apart basin of the Altyn Tagh Fault records at least 4 paleoearthquake events and its permanent and cumulative geologic deformation zone is only 13m in width.The geologic section of the Xidatan trench across the Kunlun Fault reveals 5 paleoearthquake events and their cumulative geologic deformation zones are 12～13m in width.The Maqin trench across a pull-apart of the Kunlun Fault also reveals 5 paleo-earthquake events and most of the structural deformation,about 15m wide,is concentrated in the pull-apart,while the widest structural deformation,including the associated distortion nearby the boundary fault of the pull-apart,is less than 35m.Two trenches excavated across the southern and northern boundary faults of the Songshan pull-apart basin along the Maomaoshan-Laohuashan segment of the Haiyuan Fault show up 6 paleoevents and their permanent geologic deformation zones are less than 10m wide for single boundary fault.Of course,as a extensional jog,the pull-apart basin over a hundred meters wide will experience severe tensional and transtensional surface ruptures during an earthquake,and the pull-apart basin itself may be taken as one part of the permanent geologic deformation zone.Thus,the repeatedly faulting of the Altyn Tagh,Kunlun,and Haiyuan Faults during the past several surface-rupturing earthquake cycles is localized along their strike and the width of their permanent geologic deformation zone for a single strike-slip fault is over 10 meters,but less than 30 meters in general.

1. Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China; 2. Institut de Physique du Globe, 75005 Paris, France; 3. Institute of Tibet Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China

阿尔金断裂带、东昆仑断裂带和海原断裂带是青藏高原北部的大型左旋走滑断裂带,具有相对高的地质和GPS滑动速率,地表破裂型地震频发。在阿尔金断裂带阿克塞老城西和半果巴、东昆仑断裂带西大滩和玛沁、海原断裂带松山等地点的探槽地质剖面揭露了这些走滑断裂带累积地质变形带的基本特征。阿尔金断裂带半果巴探槽和阿克塞老城西探槽、东昆仑断裂带西大滩探槽和玛沁探槽揭露出的地质变形带宽度约12m左右;海原断裂带松山拉分盆地边界单条走滑断层地质变形带宽度不足10m,考虑到地震期间拉分盆地可能会出现较严重的变形,则拉分盆地本身也应作为强变形带处理。由此可见,经历过多个地震地表破裂循环的东昆仑断裂带、海原断裂带和阿尔金断裂带其地质变形带的宽度是有限的,具有变形局部化特征。单条走滑断层的地质变形带宽度一般为10余米,比较保守地估计应<30m,走滑断层斜列阶区的地质变形带宽度取决于阶区本身的宽度。

... 徐锡伟等, 2007 ...

2012

0.0

... 1 河流阶地的成因与演化概述河流下切侵蚀, 原先的河谷底部(河漫滩或河床)超出一般洪水位以上, 呈阶梯状分布在河谷谷坡上, 这种地貌称为河流阶地(杨景春等, 2012) ...

... 杨景春等, 2012) ...

2016

0.0

... 参考张宁(2016)在该地区利用宇宙成因核素方法获得的阶地面年龄(图6a, 表1), 计算得到该地区的阿尔金断裂滑动速率为(1 ...

2008

0.0

张培震, 李传友, 毛凤英. 2008. 河流阶地演化与走滑断裂滑动速率[J]. 地震地质, 30(1): 44-57.

ZHANG

Pei-zhen

, LI

Chuan-you

, MAO

Feng-ying

. 2008. Strath terrace formation and strike-slip faulting[J]. Seismology and Geology, 30(1): 44-57(in Chinese).

Slip rates along major active faults are important components of quantitative studies of active tectonics. Slip rates can be directly used to seismic potential evaluation of active faults and seismic safety assessments of major engineering. In principle,dividing total displacement by its initial time yields slip rate along the fault. But,accurate determination of slip rate along a particular fault is not a simple task in practices for which the rates may deviate as much as 3 times among different researches and different methods. We argue that offset terrace risers that are protected by topography upstream of them are more closely dated by the age of the upper terrace than by that of the lower terrace. In some cases,valleys upstream of the fault have been incised into bedrock,and few if any terrace risers can be seen within the valleys. Such streams debouch onto alluviated floodplains or fans that become incised,presumably during climate changes,to create terrace risers. The terrace risers are then displaced so that they lie downslope from bedrock ridges on the upstream side of the fault,and thus the risers become protected from further incision. In such cases,dates of upper terraces should more closely approximate the ages of the risers than those of lower terraces. As noted above,whether the age of the upper or of the lower terrace more closely approximates the age of the riser will depend upon how the stream flowing over the flood plain that becomes the lower terrace alters the riser,and therefore at least in part on whether the offset riser moves into the path of the active stream or becomes shielded from it. Of cause,the age of the riser should be neither greater than the age of the upper terrace nor smaller than the age of the lower terrace. In an ideal situation,the ages of both would be sufficiently similar that they would place nearly equal upper and lower bounds on the slip rate. In many regions,however,the ages of the two terraces are so different that the bounds that they place on the slip rate are too large to be useful. We propose three methods to determine slip rate based on offsets of terrace risers. The first is to use both upper and lower terraces to constrain the maximum and minimum age of the offset of the riser. The second is to use the abandonment age of upper terrace as the initial age of the offset on the side of stream moving away from the river course. The third is to use the inception of sedimentary deposition on the lower strath terrace as the initial age of terrace riser offset. We use these methods to study slip rates along the Haiyuan Fault and the Altun Fault. The results show consistency of slip rates among different time scales,and are also consistent with other independent studies.

State Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China

断裂滑动速率是活动构造定量研究的最重要参数之一,不仅可以直接应用于活动构造的地震危险性预测和工程场地的地震安全性评价,还为地球动力学研究提供不可缺少的重要信息。原理上,断裂滑动速率可以用总位移量除以其累积时间而获得,但准确地确定断裂滑动速率并不是一件容易的事情,不同方法和研究者测定的同一条断裂的滑动速率可以相差3倍。文中通过对河流基座阶地演化及其对走滑断裂错动响应过程的分析发现,当一条山前河流切入河漫滩使其废弃形成阶地后,断裂的走滑位移使得河流两侧的阶地陡坎都遭到错动,其中一侧的下游阶地陡坎被错入河道而遭到河流的侵蚀,另一侧的下游阶地陡坎被错离河道,受到河流上游右侧地貌的保护而免遭侵蚀。因此,被错离河道一侧的阶地陡坎的位移在上阶地形成时就开始积累,阶地面的暴露年龄相当于位移累积的起始年代。另外,被错离河道一侧的阶地陡坎在下阶地停止侧蚀(可能同时开始接受沉积)时就开始累积位移,下阶地的初始沉积年代也代表阶地陡坎位移开始累积的时间。当然,如果能够获得被位移阶地陡坎的上下阶地年龄,就更能够把滑动速率限定在可靠的范围之内。在上述分析的基础上,提出3种利用河流阶地确定走滑断裂滑动速率的方法:第一是利用上下阶地年龄限定;第二是利用上阶地废弃年代限定错离河道一侧陡坎位移的起始年龄;第三是利用下阶地初始沉积年龄限定错离河道一侧陡坎位移的起始年龄。文中还将这些方法应用于研究海原断裂和阿尔金断裂的全新世滑动速率,获得的滑动速率与百万年尺度的长期平均滑动速率、百年尺度的近期滑动速率和10年尺度的现今滑动速率一致,也与其它地质、地貌学方法独立获得的结果一致。

... 张培震等, 2008 ...

... 张培震等, 2008) ...

... 张培震等, 2008), 但是在地貌重建过程中存在不确定性, 最后可能导致滑动速率相差甚远(Zhang et al ...

... 张培震等, 2008) ...

... 张培震等, 2008 ...

... 张培震等, 2008), 李海兵等(2008)根据河流阶地的演化及其对走滑断裂错动的响应过程分析讨论了这一问题 ...

2014

0.0

张天琪, 吕红华, 赵俊香, 等. 2014. 河流阶地演化与构造抬升速率: 以天山北麓晚第四纪河流作用为例[J]. 第四纪研究, 34(2): 281-291.

ZHANG

Tian-qi

, LÜ

Hong-hua

, ZHAO

Jun-xiang

, et al. 2014. Fluvial terrace formation and tectonic uplift rate: A case study of late Quaternary fluvial process in the north piedmont of the Tianshan, northwestern China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 34(2): 281-291(in Chinese).

Tectonic geomorphology focuses on tectonic and surface processes and their effects on landform evolution, which is generally evaluated by the rate of tectonic activation. It is common to use the data on fluvial terrace(the surface height above the riverbed of a terrace and its formation age)to constrain the rate of river incision and further the rate of tectonic uplift. It is well known that both climate change and tectonic uplift can drive river incision to form the terrace sequence. Given the complexity of terrace formation, the results based on this method are likely incorrect. In the mountain front characterized by thrusting and folding, fluvial terraces preserved within an anticline are generally deformed as a result of fold growth. Beyond this structure, this terrace sequence is seldom affected by folding. Thus, the folded terrace within the anticline can be used to characterize the history of tectonic deformation of this structure and estimate the magnitude and rate of tectonic uplift. As one of the largest and most active mountain ranges in Asia, the Tian Shan exhibits rapid rates of deformation due to north-south convergence driven by the India-Asia collision system during the Cenozoic times. As a consequence, three successive roughly east-west-trending zones of fault-controlled folds have developed in the north piedmont of the Tian Shan, which are Belt Ⅰ(Nan'anjihai-Nanmanas-Qigu-Changji-Kalazha Anticlines), Belt Ⅱ (Huoerguos-Manas-Tugulu Anticlines) and Belt Ⅲ (Dushanzi-Hala'ande-Anjihai Anticlines), respectively. Subsequently, transverse rivers incise into these anticlines and display well-developed alluvial fans and fluvial terrace sequences. By studying these units, we can better understand the mechanism of river incision and the pattern of tectonic deformation during Late Quaternary in this region. Here, we apply this approach to estimate the uplift rates of the anticlines of the three thrust- and-fold belts in the north piedmont of the Tian Shan based on these river terrace sequences of several main rivers(the Ürümqi River, Taxi River, Jingou River, Manas River, Anjihai River and Kuitun River), and further analyze the temporal-spatial feature of Late Quaternary tectonic activation in the north piedmont of the Tian Shan Mountains. Our results indicate that the uplift rate of Tugulu anticline in Belt Ⅱ since 13ka is 3.52mm/a, Huoerguos anticline is 4.8mm/a, higher than that of Dushanzi anticline (1.2~1.9mm/a) in Belt Ⅲ and the east Manas anticline (<2mm/a) during the same period. These estimates on rates of tectonic uplift for the anticlines are regarded as indicative of a progressively weakening tectonic activation from the proximal to distal thrust- and-fold belt in the present study area, which is consistent with the pattern of crust shortening of these anticlines. For the single anticline of these belts, the similar temporal trend of tectonic activation can also likely be inferred from the uplift rates. In Belt Ⅱ, the uplift rate of Tugulu anticline since 31ka is 4.16mm/a, then decreasing to 3.52mm/a since 13ka, the same to Manas anticline (from 1.57mm/a to 1.18mm/a) during this period(14~5ka). The uplift rates of Dushanzi anticline from 13ka to 11ka in Belt Ⅲ indicate a similar decreasing trend (1.9~1.2mm/a).

① Department of Geography, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241; ② The Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100085

构造地貌学重点关注构造和地表过程对于地形地貌演化的差异化作用，构造活动速率则是评估这种影响的一个重要指标。利用河流阶地数据计算河流下切速率从而约束构造抬升速率是常用的方法，但由于阶地成因复杂，这一方法具有不确定性。对于山前河流地貌序列，基于背斜段与未变形段的阶地拔河高度差以及阶地面形成年龄，计算得到的河流下切速率可在一定程度上消除气候等因素的影响，因此可用于估算背斜自阶地形成以来的平均抬升速率。基于该方法，本文通过研究天山北麓乌鲁木齐河、塔西河、玛纳斯河、金钩河、安集海河及奎屯河等河流在背斜段发育的主要阶地，分析了背斜抬升速率及其时空特征。天山北麓发育3排逆断裂-背斜带，结果表明位于第Ⅱ排逆断裂-背斜带的吐谷鲁背斜自约13ka以来的抬升速率为3.52mm/a，同时期霍尔果斯背斜构造抬升速率为4.8mm/a，玛纳斯背斜东端的抬升速率相对较小，为<2mm/a；第Ⅲ排构造带中的独山子背斜全新世抬升速率仅为1.2~1.9mm/a。这可能表明，自山前向盆地方向晚第四纪背斜抬升速率大致呈减小趋势，与背斜地壳缩短量的空间分布规律基本一致。更多的阶地年龄数据有助于更好地揭示天山北麓晚第四纪背斜构造活动特征。

... 张天琪等, 2014 ...

2016

0.0

郑文俊, 袁道阳, 张培震, 等. 2016. 青藏高原东北缘活动构造几何图像、运动转换与高原扩展[J]. 第四纪研究, 36(4): 775-788.

ZHENG

Wen-jun

, YUAN

Dao-yang

, ZHANG

Pei-zhen

, et al. 2016. Tectonic geometry and kinematic dissipation of the active faults in the northeastern Tibetan plateau and their implications for understand ing northeastward growth of the plateau[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 36(4): 775-788(in Chinese).

Available studies suggested that the northeastern Tibetan Plateau is the growing and expanding frontier following the India-Eurasia collision. Cenozoic deformation due to the continuous India-Eurasia collision has been the driver for the landscape evolution of the NE Tibetan Plateau. During recent decades, both the international and domestic efforts on large-scale active fault mapping collected plenty of basic information and data to understand the deformation pattern. Numerous results from studies related to active faults and folds, Cenozoic basin sediments and geodesy observations help our new insights into the geological history of this growing plateau. The Late Quaternary geometry and kinematics of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau are characterized by three groups of active faults of different strikes: the EW-NEE trending left-lateral strike-slip faults, NWW striking thrust faults and NNW trending right-lateral strike-slip faults. Among of them, the dominated left-lateral strike-slip faults are major structures in transferring deformation in this region; the thrusts are mainly developed at the tips of the strike-slip faults, absorbing and dissipating the lateral strike slip rate along the boundary strike-slip fault; the right-lateral strike-slip faults developed in southern Qilian Shan mainly accommodated the relative motion between active blocks. These three groups of active faults indicate the outward and growth process of the Tibetan Plateau. The Qilian-Haiyuan Fault and Altyn-Tagh Fault both contribute to the adjustment and transformation of the strain, and indicate a continuous deformation pattern of the NE Tibetan Plateau. Deformation near the ends of these two faults were being absorbed by the thrust and shortening within the Qilian Shan and Liupan Shan, respectively. In the northeastern margin, the Tibetan Plateau was observed to be progressively growing following the uplift of the Qilian Shan from south to north. The deformation has extended into the southern margin of the Gobi Alashan block across the Hexi Corridor in Late Cenozoic. In the northeastern margin, the Sanguankou-Niushoushan Fault zone located to the northeast of the Haiyuan Fault, is the youngest boundary between the Tibetan Plateau and the Ordos block, indicating that the deformation has extended from the Haiyuan Fault to the further northeastern direction progressively.

1. State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029; 2. Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Lanzhou 730000; 3. School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275; 4. Earthquake Administration of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750001

基于近十几年以来青藏高原东北缘活动构造运动特征调查与定量研究结果，在总结区域活动构造运动特征基础上，指出青藏高原东北缘发育有近东西-北东东向的大型左旋走滑断裂带（祁连-海原断裂、阿尔金断裂等）、北西西向的逆冲断裂带（祁连山内部及边缘断裂、河西走廊内部及边缘断裂和六盘山断裂等）和北北西向的右旋走滑断裂带（主要是鄂拉山断裂与拉脊山断裂）3组不同方向以及不同运动性质的活动断裂，它们共同控制着青藏高原东北缘的活动构造几何图像和运动转换；其中，大型左旋走滑断裂在区域构造运动转换过程中起着控制性作用，逆冲断裂一般发育在大型走滑断裂的端部，起着调节和吸收大型走滑断裂端部水平滑动的作用，而祁连山南部右旋走滑断裂主要是对不同块体差异运动过程进行调节。结合区域新构造变形的研究结果，认为青藏高原东北缘不同方向和性质活动构造的发育、形成、生长以及扩展过程，控制着高原东北缘构造变形和演化的历史；高原东北缘由南向北逐渐扩展，逐步形成了青藏高原东北缘的现今构造格架，而高原东北缘新活动边界在新生代晚期已越过河西走廊到达阿拉善地块南缘，同时在东北缘弧形构造带的位置也已形成了以三关口-牛首山断裂带为主的高原隆升和向外扩展的新边界。

... 郑文俊等, 2009, 2016 ...

2009

0.0

郑文俊, 张培震, 袁道阳, 等. 2009. GPS观测及断裂晚第四纪滑动速率所反映的青藏高原北部变形[J]. 地球物理学报, 52(10): 2491-2508.

ZHENG

Wen-jun

, ZHANG

Pei-zhen

, YUAN

Dao-yang

, et al. 2009. Deformation on the northern of the Tibetan plateau from GPS measurement and geologic rates of Late Quaternary along the major fault[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 52(10): 2491-2508(in Chinese).

GPS measurements and late Quaternary fault slip rates reveal the kinematic pattern of outward growth of the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Base on the geologic data and GPS velocity slip rates of major boundary faults are less than 10 mm/a including the Altyn-Tagh fault and Haiyuan- Qilianshan fault. The distributions of slip rates along the two major faults show constant slip rate along their middle portion and decrease toward their ends. For example, the left-lateral slip rates on the central segment of Altyn-Tagh Fault appear to be in the range of 8～12 mm/a, but decreases eastward to only 1～2 mm/a near 97°E. On the Haiyuan-Qilianshan fault, slip rates are 1～2 mm/a in its western segment, and increase to 4～5 mm/a in its eastern and middle segments, and then decrease to 1～3 mm/a near its eastern end near the Liupan Shan. This kind of slip distribution suggests that almost all motion along a strike-slip fault is accommodated by crustal shortening or convergence near the ends of the strike-slip fault. The crustal shortening across the Qilian Shan absorbs strike-slip along the Altyn Tagh fault. The convergence in Liupan Shan accommodates left-lateral slip along the Qilian-Haiyuan fault. Our studies show that tectonic deformation occurred mainly within the northern Tibetan Plateau, and that the rule of strike slip faulting has been reconciling differences of crustal shortening or crustal thickening rather than extruding crustal blocks out of the plateau interior.

1 State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China 2 Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Lanzhou 730000, China

断裂晚第四纪滑动速率及现今GPS观测揭示了青藏高原向北扩展与高原边缘隆升的运动特征.主要断裂晚第四纪滑动速率及跨断裂GPS应变速率的结果表明，青藏高原北部边缘的断裂以低滑动速率（＜10 mm/a）为主，特别是两条边界断裂：阿尔金断裂和海原—祁连山断裂.两条主要边界断裂上的滑动速率分布显示了断裂间滑动速率转换及调整特征.阿尔金断裂自95°E以西的8～12 mm/a稳定滑动速率，向东逐渐降低到最东端的约1～2 mm/a，而海原断裂自哈拉湖一带开始发育后滑动速率为1～2 mm/a，到祁连一带（101°E以东）增大到相对稳定的4～5 mm/a，直到过海原后转向六盘山一带，滑动速率降低到1～3 mm/a，甚至更低.滑动速率的变化及分布特征显示，阿尔金断裂滑动主要是通过祁连山内部隆起及两侧新生代盆地变形引起的缩短来吸收的，海原—祁连山断裂的低滑动速率及沿断裂运动学特征表明断裂尾端的陇西盆地变形及六盘山的隆起是断裂左旋走滑速率的主要吸收方式.这一变形特征表明，青藏高原北部边缘的变形模式是一种分布式的连续变形，变形发生自高原内部，边界断裂的走滑被高原内部变形所吸收.

... 郑文俊等, 2009, 2016 ...

2000

0.0

郑文涛, 杨景春, 段锋军. 2000. 武威盆地晚更新世河流阶地变形与新构造活动[J]. 地震地质, 22(3): 318-328.

ZHENG

Wen-tao

, YANG

Jing-chun

, DUAN

Feng-jun

. 2000. A atudy on the relation between deformation of river terraces and neotectonic activity for the Wuwei Basin[J]. Seismology and Geology, 22(3): 318-328(in Chinese).

We have studied the relation between the deformation of river terraces and neotectonics activity based on the data of measurement and dating ages of seven fluvial terraces in the Wuwei basin. The deformation characteristics of river terraces reflect the manner of neotectonic activity. The dislocation status of river terraces shows active times, active extents and active intensity of active fault, and the characteristic with migration variations of the most active area in different times. The three Quaternary faults developed since the late Pleistocene epoch in the Wuwei basin and have five periods of activity at least. The active intensity is different for these faults,among which the piedmont fracture activity is the most intensive, and its movement does not stop till present. The activity was stronger about the time 60 ka B.P. in the west and since the time 20 ka B P. in the east.

1. Department of Geology, Beijing University, Beijing 100871; 2. Department of Geography, Beijing University, Beijing 100871

根据武威盆地7条河流的阶地测量资料和测年数据探讨了河流阶地变形与新构造活动的关系。河流阶地的变形特征反映出新构造活动的方式,断层活动以逆冲为主,河流阶地的错断状况表明活动断层活动的次数,盆地西部活动至少有7次,东部活动至少有5次;同时可表明断层活动的幅度与强度,以及不同时期活动强烈区具有迁移变化的特点。武威盆地晚更新世以来发育的第四纪断层主要有3条,各条断裂活动次数、强度不尽相同,以山前断裂活动最为强烈,至今活动仍未停息。60ka前后西部活动强烈,20ka以来东强西弱。

... 郑文涛等, 2000 ...

1962

0.0

... 目前, 断裂全新世滑动速率主要利用地貌面的总位移量除以其累积时间来限定(Allen, 1962 ...

1984

0.0

... 通过拼接复原被错断的水系和地貌, 得到不同时期内的位错量, 可估算得到断裂的长期平均滑动速率(Allen et al ...

1979

0.0

... Anderson, 1979 ...

2000

0.0

... Antoine et al ...

2018

0.0

... Bi et al ...

1996

0.0

... Burbank et al ...

1983

0.0

... 国内外诸多学者的研究表明, 河流阶地的形成演化往往会受到地壳变形的影响, 不同的构造活动方式会导致不同的阶地变形(Burnett et al ...

1983

0.0

... 地方性侵蚀基准面的下降可由构造运动和气候变化共同作用导致, 也可通过增大河道比降, 使得河流加速下切形成阶地(Chappell, 1983 ...

1982

0.0

... 此外, 在河流演化过程中, 由于受断裂活动影响, 河流经常有袭夺和重组现象, 乃至出现断头沟或断尾沟(Costa et al ...

2007

0.0

... Cowgill, 2007 ...

1986

0.0

... England et al ...

1990

0.0

... England et al ...

1997

0.0

... , 1986, 1997 ...

2007

0.0

... Frankel et al ...

2009

0.0

... Gold et al ...

2013

0.0

... Hetzel, 2013 ...

2002

0.0

... Hetzel et al ...

2015

0.0

... Hu et al ...

1993

0.0

... Huang, 1993 ...

2011

0.0

... Klinger et al ...

1968

0.0

... 目前, 学者们主要通过重建地形地貌, 分析其演化过程的方式来计算断裂滑动速率(Lensen, 1968 ...

2009

0.0

... Li et al ...

2000

0.0

... Maddy et al ...

2000

0.0

... Maruyama et al ...

2002

0.0

... , 2000, 2002 ...

... Maruyama et al ...

2004

0.0

... M#cod#x000e9 ...

... 为了获得阶地前缘的位错量, 即断裂的水平位错量, 通常利用研究区的正射影像(或DEM影像)进行详细的地貌解译, 得到各阶地前缘的位置与断裂的走向, 用以计算断裂的各种活动参数(M#cod#x000e9 ...

1978

0.0

... 断裂运动的长期平均滑动速率体现了断裂带上应变能累积的速率, 常被用于评价地震危险性等(Molnar, 1978 ...

1975

0.0

... 以青藏高原为例, 不同研究者在各自得到的不同断裂滑动速率的基础上, 提出了不同的变形模式(Molnar et al ...

... 4 阿尔金断裂东端高岩沟阿尔金活动断裂带是青藏高原北部边界的大型左旋走滑断裂带, 也是欧亚板块板内活动断裂中左旋走滑最显著的断裂带(Molnar et al ...

2003

0.0

... Pan et al ...

2007

0.0

... , 2003, 2007, 2009 ...

2013

0.0

... Pan et al ...

2009

0.0

1988

0.0

... Peltzer et al ...

2012

0.0

... Peng et al ...

2001

0.0

... Replumaz et al ...

1988

0.0

... 国内外诸多学者将河流下切形成阶地归因于构造运动、气候变化和地方性侵蚀基准面的下降等, 构造运动会增大河道比降, 促使河流加速下切, 河漫滩就有可能被废弃形成阶地(Rockwell et al ...

1984

0.0

... 对于阶地位错的测量, 通常选取断裂两盘对应的阶地前缘作为线性标志(Sieh et al ...

2001

0.0

... Tapponnier et al ...

2002

0.0

... van der Woerd et al ...

... 2 河流阶地的演化对走滑断裂活动的地貌响应国内外诸多学者通过分析河流阶地对走滑断裂的响应, 计算得到了较为准确的断裂滑动速率, 认为河流阶地的演化与走滑断裂之间有很好的响应(van der Woerd et al ...

... 由于难以定量确定流水对阶地陡坎冲刷侵蚀的程度, 不同研究者对阶地陡坎累计位错的起始时间持有不同的观点(van der Woerd et al ...

1985

0.0

... 洪积扇、河流阶地面上细小冲沟的位错通常是断裂近期活动的标志, 可作为未来发震的可能性、强度等相关研究的有力依据(Weldon et al ...

... Weldon et al ...

2000

0.0

... 气候变化主要通过降雨等方式影响河流水量, 使得河流的水动力增强, 河流加速下切, 以此影响河流的地貌演化(Whipple et al ...

1998

0.0

... Wittlinger et al ...

2015

0.0

... Yan et al ...

2007

0.0

... Zhang et al ...

... 张培震等, 2008), 但是在地貌重建过程中存在不确定性, 最后可能导致滑动速率相差甚远(Zhang et al ...

... 针对基座阶地, Zhang等(2007)提出了一种河流演化模式, 也是目前利用河流阶地研究断裂滑动速率较为可靠的方法: 山前河流被活动断裂错断, 在继续下切形成阶地前, 断裂下游盘被断裂错入河道的一侧阶地会受到河流侵蚀, 另一侧阶地被断裂错离河道, 受到地貌保护而免遭侵蚀, 断裂位移在错离河道一侧的阶地陡坎上进行积累 ...

... 因此, 本文在Zhang等(2007)提出的河流演化模式基础之上加入对地形的考虑, 进一步分析河流阶地对走滑断裂的响应 ...

... 这一分析得到的河流演化结果与Zhang等(2007)提出的理想的河流演化模式结果一致 ...

... 这一分析得到的河流演化结果与Zhang等(2007)提出的理想的河流演化模式结果不同 ...

... Zhang et al ...

... 本文选取阿尔金断裂东端疏勒河以东22km左右的高岩沟为例(图5), 该河流的发育因受到地形的影响, 其演化结果与Zhang等(2007)提出的被错离河道一侧阶地会被保留的特征不一致, 这是由于该地区的地形右高左低, 河流逐渐向左侧迁移, 左侧的阶地不断遭受侵蚀而未能保留 ...

... Zhang et al ...

... 将这一结果与前人得到的阿尔金断裂各段的滑动速率进行对比后发现, 本文得到的滑动速率符合前人总结的滑动速率的变化趋势, 即自西向东的速率逐渐减小, 由中段的10~12mm/a迅速下降至端部的2mm/a左右(Zhang et al ...

2004

0.0

... Zhang et al ...

1995

0.0

... 大的走滑位错往往记录着多次重复发生的走滑断裂水平错动, 因此详细研究河流阶地的演化过程, 准确获取地貌面的位错量, 并结合河流阶地中的时间信息, 则有可能限定较长时期内断裂的平均滑动速率(Zhang et al ...

... Zhang et al ...

2013

0.0

... Zheng et al ...

2013

0.0

... , 2013a, b, c) ...

2013

0.0

... , 2013a, b, c) ...

... Zheng et al ...