QUANTITATIVE ANALYSES OF GEOMORPHOLOGIC FEATURES IN RESPONSE TO LATE QUATERNARY TECTONIC ACTI-VITIES ALONG THE MAQIN-MAQU SEGMENT, EAST KUNLUN FAULT ZONE

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.06.005

Abstract

Abstract:

The Maqin-Maqu segment(MMS)of the East Kunlun fault zone(EKLF)is located in the seismic gap with a high seismic risk. Study on the geometric characteristics and late Quaternary differential tectonic activity of MMS is critical for carrying out the seismic risk assessment of the cities and towns with relatively high population like the Maqin and Maqu County in the eastern part of EKLF. Previous studies indicated that the late Quaternary left-lateral slip rate along MMS shows an eastward gradient decreasing. However, the geodynamic mechanism to explain this gradient decreasing of slip rate remains controversial. Therefore, accurately identifying the geometric and kinematic characteristics of the major fault zone of MMS and its branch faults can provide important clues for understanding the tectonic transformation mechanism and its seismic risk assessment along the eastern part of EKLF. The geomorphic index can quantitatively describe the geomorphologic characteristics, and effectively extract the active tectonic deformation from surface landscapes. The hypsometric integral index(HI)can well reveal the spatial distribution of the regional tectonic activity intensity by calculating the current three-dimensional volume residual rate of drainage basins. The stream-length gradient index(SL)can effectively reflect the regional tectonic deformation by identifying the geomorphic anomalies of river longitudinal profiles. And the topographic relief(TR)can directly evaluate the geomorphologic erosion in response to the regional tectonic activity. These geomorphic indices have been widely used to differentiate active tectonic deformation regionally.
In this study, the geological and geomorphic interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing images are employed to determine the spatial distribution and geometrical features of the major fault zone and branch faults of MMS. The 30m AW3D30 data is used to extract systematically 69 drainage basins along the MMS and adjacent area by GIS spatial analysis technology. Our results indicate that the HI indices along the major fault zone of MMS are much higher in the western segment(0.77~0.89)than in the eastern one(0.15~0.36), and its branch faults like the Awancang Fault(AWCF)and Gahai Fault(GHF)have similar variations. Along the major fault zone of MMS, the TR indices of the Maqin-Oulasuma fault intersection area reach about 400m, and the erosion amounts decrease eastward gradually(middle: 150~180m, east: 50~72m). The TR indices along AWCF also show a trend of decreasing from west(280~350m)to east(18~65m), and the eastern segment(25~100m)of GHF account for~10%~40% of the middle part(~250m). In addition, the distributions of the Hack profile and SLK index vary spatially. In the western segments, rivers with up-convex Hack profiles and higher SLK abnormal values suggest that they are strongly affected by tectonic activity. Thus, the above-mentioned variations of geomorphic index values along MMS show a continuous eastward decreasing, which is displaying a similar trend as the late Quaternary long-term slip rate gradients along MMS. It demonstrates that quantitative geomorphologic analysis is of great indicative function on decoding geomorphologic responses to active deformation processes. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of geomorphic index values and field geomorphologic investigations reveal that the major fault zone of MMS and its branch faults can be divided into 3 segments, and their activities also show an eastward decreasing. The HI and TR indicate that the turning point of tectonic activity intensity of MMS is near the township of Oulasuma. Therefore, we infer that the slip rate gradient decreasing along MMS might be caused by tectonic transformation and strain distribution of the major fault of MMS together with AWCF and GHF, which are composing a typical horsetail-shaped fault system and play a key role on tectono-geomorphic growth in the eastern part of EKLF.

Key words: hypsometric integral, topographic relief, stream-length gradient index, tectonic activity intensity, eastern part of East Kunlun fault zone

摘要：

位于东昆仑断裂带东段的玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带由数条规模不等、羽状斜列的次级断裂组成, 其晚第四纪滑动速率自西向东呈现梯度式降低的原因仍存在较大争议。精确查明玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带及其分支断裂的几何学和运动学特征, 可为探讨东昆仑断裂带东段的构造转换机制、评价地震危险性提供重要线索。地貌指数定量分析是活动构造研究中的重要方法之一。其中, 面积-高程积分(HI)和河流坡降指数(SL)可有效揭示区域构造变形信息, 而地势起伏度(TR)能直观地反映区域构造活动的侵蚀响应程度。文中利用30m精度的AW3D30数据系统地定量提取玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带及其周边整个流域的TR指数、流域盆地的HI指数及主要河流的Hack剖面、 SL指数及归一化坡降指数(SLK), 通过构造地貌与河道形态揭示区域构造活动的地貌响应特征, 探讨不同构造段落的活动强度。研究结果表明, 沿玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带的HI指数、 Hack剖面、 SLK指数及TR指数等值呈自西向东连续下降的变化特征, 其中, HI值自西部的0.77~0.89向E下降至0.15~0.36, TR所反映的地表侵蚀量从欧拉秀玛乡西侧的400m向E降至玛曲县东侧的(61±11)m, 而Hack剖面的上凸程度与其SLK异常显著性则具有西高东低的分布特征, 这与沿主断裂带晚第四纪滑动速率自西向东梯度递减的趋势基本一致, 表明地貌指数值变化与断裂活动强度密切相关; 地貌指数的空间分布差异性揭示了玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带及分支断裂(阿万仓断裂和尕海断裂)的晚第四纪构造活动性具有西段最强, 中段、东段逐渐减弱的显著分段特征。结合野外构造地貌调查和验证认为, 玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带的晚第四纪活动性从玛沁-欧拉秀玛一带的断裂交会区开始向E逐渐减弱。因此, 推断东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段晚第四纪左旋走滑速率向E降低的现象与其主断裂带及阿万仓断裂、尕海断裂等分支断裂构成的马尾状断裂系统密切相关, 分支断裂通过左旋走滑与逆冲变形共同吸收和调节了东昆仑断裂带东段向E扩展过程中的部分运动分量, 对东昆仑断裂带东段的构造转换与变形分解起到了关键作用。

关键词: 面积-高程积分, 地势起伏度, 河流坡降指数, 构造活动强度, 东昆仑断裂带东段

CLC Number:

P315.2

LI Zhao, FU Bi-hong. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSES OF GEOMORPHOLOGIC FEATURES IN RESPONSE TO LATE QUATERNARY TECTONIC ACTI-VITIES ALONG THE MAQIN-MAQU SEGMENT, EAST KUNLUN FAULT ZONE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1421-1447.

李昭, 付碧宏. 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段晚第四纪构造活动特征的地貌响应定量研究[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(6): 1421-1447.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig. 1 Map showing major active faults developed along the Maqin-Maqu segment of the East Kunlun fault zone (modified from DENG Qi-dong, 2002 and Fu et al., 2011).

Fig. 2 Geologic map of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

Fig. 3 River system grading and drainage basins distribution map along the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

Fig. 4 Conceptual diagram of Hack profiles(modified from Chen et al., 2003).

Fig. 5 Relationship between statistics units and topographic relief(30m).

Fig. 6 HI map of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

Table1 The river geomorphic parameters of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone

断裂带名称	分段	河流编号	河长/km	均衡坡降指数K	K_mean
玛沁—玛曲段主断裂带	玛沁—欧拉秀玛段(西段)	R₁	109.05	97.43	95.30
		R₂	69.00	99.90
		R₃	59.70	82.66
		R₄	37.95	101.19
	欧拉秀玛—贡玛段(中段)	R₅	36.30	82.67	77.47
		R₆	40.20	89.67
		R₇	22.95	71.06
		R₈	26.25	66.49
	玛曲段(东段)	R₉	29.85	60.95	32.67
		R₁₀	42.75	30.57
		R₁₁	14.70	6.50
阿万仓断裂	阿布达拉段(北西段)	R₄	37.95	101.19	74.15
		R₁₂	46.80	73.94
		R₁₃	21.00	47.33
	交宗杂玛尔—沃特段(中段)	R₁₄	41.55	60.86	62.62
		R₁₅	66.45	75.83
		R₁₆	39.00	51.19
	沃特—采日玛段(南东段)	R₁₇	29.40	41.52	33.22
		R₁₈	24.45	42.98
		R₁₉	43.50	15.17
尕海断裂	多松段(西段)	R₂₀	37.60	40.25	40.25
	哈拉塘—哈让曲段(中段)	R₂₁	74.10	65.45	55.47
		R₂₂	13.35	54.11
		R₂₃	19.95	46.86
	尕海段(东段)	R₂₄	91.80	50.83	50.83

Fig. 7 Hack profile and SLK index along the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

Fig. 8 Topographic relief map of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

Fig. 9 Correlation analysis between geomorphic index(HI, SLK) and basin area of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

Fig. 10 Correlation analysis between HI and lithology of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

Fig. 11 Correlation analysis between SLK and lithology of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

Fig. 12 Tectono-geomorpgic characteristics along the Maqin-Maqu segment.

Fig. 13 Tectono-geomorphic characteristics along the Awancang Fault.

Fig. 14 Tectono-geomorphic characteristics along the Gahai Fault.

Fig. 15 Three-dimensional tectonic deformation model showing the eastward slip rate gradients along the East Kunlun fault zone.

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