INVESTIGATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF (U-TH)/HE DATING MINERALS

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2025.06.20240050

SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (6): 1495-1525.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2025.06.20240050

• Review • Previous Articles Next Articles

INVESTIGATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF (U-TH)/HE DATING MINERALS

YANG Li¹^,²⁾(), YANG Jing¹⁾^,^*(), ZHANG Bin³⁾, YUAN Wan-ming²⁾, LI Xiao⁴⁾, YE Zhang-huang⁵⁾

¹⁾ Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Geological Safety, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
²⁾ China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
³⁾ Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
⁴⁾ Shandong Gold Geology and Mineral Exploration Co. Ltd, Shandong, Yantai 261400, China
⁵⁾ Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330038, China

Received:2024-04-16 Revised:2024-08-04 Online:2025-12-20 Published:2025-12-31
Contact: YANG Jing

(U-Th)/He定年矿物适宜性探讨

杨莉¹^,²⁾(), 杨静¹⁾^,^*(), 张斌³⁾, 袁万明²⁾, 李肖⁴⁾, 叶张煌⁵⁾

¹⁾ 中国地质科学院地质力学研究所, 自然资源部活动构造与地质安全重点实验室, 北京 100081
²⁾ 中国地质大学(北京), 北京 100083
³⁾ 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 北京 100029
⁴⁾ 山东黄金地质矿产勘查有限公司, 烟台 261400
⁵⁾ 江西科技师范大学, 南昌 330038;

通讯作者: 杨静
作者简介:
杨莉, 女, 1987年生, 2023年于中国地质大学(北京)获矿物学、岩石学、矿床学专业博士学位, 主要从事(U-Th)/He和裂变径迹方法研究、低温热年代学矿床学应用研究, E-mail: yangli0211luck@126.com。
基金资助:
国家自然基金(42241161); 国家自然基金(42072242); 国家自然基金(41873063); 中国博士后科学基金(2021M703196); 2021年中国地质大学(北京)研究生创新项目(YB2021YC021)

Abstract

Abstract:

(U-Th)/He dating is characterized by a low closure temperature(approximately 70℃) and exceptional sensitivity to low-temperature thermal events, allowing for the reconstruction of detailed thermal histories in geological bodies below 300℃. This method has significant potential for constraining the timing of ore deposit formation, documenting uplift and erosion, investigating mountain denudation processes, deciphering deep-time thermal histories, pinpointing the timing of metamorphic deformation, and tracing thermal-tectonic processes in continental rifts and passive margins. Careful consideration of mineral internal structure, closure temperature,⁴He diffusion and retention behavior, and radiation damage mechanisms is critical for accurate data interpretation. In addition to commonly used apatite and zircon, the method has been expanded to include minerals such as titanite, xenotime, rutile, and garnet, which are suitable for investigating ancient metamorphic thermal events(up to 3 950Ma), including the emplacement age of kimberlites and the burial-exhumation histories of cratons. Moreover, (U-Th)/He dating applied to monazite, garnet, and olivine presents promising solutions for dating young volcanic rocks(as recent as 2.0ka), offering new geological insights. Minerals such as hematite, magnetite, and fluorite allow for the direct dating of ore deposits. Studies on goethite offer new methods for determining the timing and rates of precipitation and weathering in extremely young geological events(~0.4 Million Years), which aids in continental surface reconstruction. The inclusion of minerals such as calcite, conodonts, and crinoids enriches the toolkit for studying sedimentary basin evolution, while investigations of meteorites offer unique perspectives on planetary formation and evolution. Accessory minerals such as spinel, perovskite, and epidote highlight their potential applications in future geochronological studies.
In (U-Th)/He geochronology, different minerals demonstrate distinct advantages and limitations. Apatite (U-Th)/He ages are affected by radiation damage and α-particle ejection effects. Age precision can be enhanced through α-particle capture model corrections, multi-elemental analyses, and selection of unaltered grains. The ⁴He diffusion behavior in titanite is strongly influenced by crystal size, with radiation damage as a key factor. Monazite, enriched in cerium and lanthanum, exhibits high resistance to radiation damage, though its ⁴He diffusion is significantly affected by thorium content and lattice defects. Xenotime exhibits anisotropic ⁴He diffusion; high U-Th-induced radiation damage alters diffusion behavior, thereby increasing age uncertainty. Conodonts can constrain the thermal evolution of sedimentary rocks; however, their U-Th content, REE concentrations, and microstructural features influence the reliability of their ages. Zircon, rich in uranium and thorium, displays low ⁴He diffusivity, which is modulated by grain size, morphology, and accumulated radiation damage. An ideal zircon grain is a tetragonal prism with a 2︰1 length-to-width ratio and a size ranging from 75 to 150μm. Selecting transparent grains with minimal internal cracks or inclusions and evaluating them using multiple analytical techniques can improve age precision. The garnet (U-Th)/He method is particularly effective in determining the emplacement ages of kimberlite bodies and constraining the timing of volcanic eruptions. Olivine contains relatively low concentrations of uranium and thorium, yet it exhibits stable ⁴He diffusion properties. However, challenges persist, including reduced age precision resulting from low U-Th content, complexities in correcting for initial ⁴He, and the implantation effects of ⁴He from surrounding basaltic matrices. Rutile's susceptibility to radiation damage and its anisotropic ⁴He diffusion behavior can significantly affect dating accuracy. Nonetheless, rutile remains a promising chronometer for unraveling the thermal histories of metamorphic and igneous terrains. Hematite, characterized by multiple diffusion domains, can effectively retain its initial ⁴He, making it applicable for studying fault slip histories and the timing of hydrothermal fluid circulation. Major limitations include high-temperature ⁴He release, grain size reduction from fault slip, and surface alteration effects. Low U-Th content, intrinsic crystal defects, and hydration behavior further reduce ⁴He retention in hematite, resulting in closure temperatures as low as 25-60℃. Magnetite (U-Th)/He geochronology faces issues including sluggish ⁴He diffusion, variable sample purity, and the risk of uranium loss during high-temperature extraction. Calcite, despite being abundant and chemically stable, is limited in (U-Th)/He dating by its low ⁴He retention, low closure temperatures(40-80℃), and inherently low helium concentrations. Excess ⁴He within inclusions and complex multi-domain diffusion behavior contribute to significant variability in age results. Crinoids are capable of resolving thermal histories within the 60-110℃ range. Fluctuations influence the spatial and temporal distribution of crinoids in sea level and oceanic geochemistry. Despite technical challenges-such as low equivalent uranium content and poorly constrained ⁴He diffusion-crinoid (U-Th)/He geochronology holds considerable promise for paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate studies when optimized analytical protocols, improved diffusion models, and targeted fossil specimens are employed. Fluorite (U-Th)/He dating offers unique advantages, especially in the absence of traditional chronometers, making it an indispensable tool for dating low-to high-temperature hydrothermal systems. Although its closure temperature and ⁴He diffusion behavior remain poorly constrained, fluorite (U-Th)/He dating provides unmatched potential for deciphering ore deposit ages and associated thermal evolution. Phosphate minerals in meteorites enable the determination of formation and evolutionary stages via (U-Th)/He geochronology. Although meteorite (U-Th)/He dating is constrained by sample rarity, acquisition difficulties, and complex thermal evolution, studying He diffusion in extraterrestrial materials expands the method's applicability and accuracy. Additionally, accessory minerals such as spinel, perovskite, and titanite exhibit potential for (U-Th)/He dating of crustal processes, orogenic dynamics, and deep-earth environments. Epidote, widely distributed in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, is a promising mineral for tracking rapid cooling episodes and reconstructing paleoclimate conditions.
To effectively apply the (U-Th)/He technique and yield robust age determinations, it is crucial to understand the effects of grain size, compositional zoning, internal lattice damage, uranium mobility, inclusions, mineral purity, and closure temperature. This review outlines the characteristics and application scopes of diverse (U-Th)/He minerals, identifies potential sources of data divergence, and proposes corresponding mitigation strategies. The goal is to assist researchers in accurately interpreting (U-Th)/He ages and their geochronological significance, thereby promoting the refinement and broader application of the method.

Key words: (U-Th)/He, ⁴He diffusion, minerals

摘要：

磷灰石和锆石的(U-Th)/He定年方法得益于成熟的⁴He扩散模型及对低温事件的高度敏感性, 成为揭示成矿时代、隆升剥露、地貌演化、沉积盆地热历史及深时热年代学等关键地质事件的关键技术。该方法已扩展到榍石、磷钇矿、金红石及石榴石等多种矿物, 适用于较老变质热事件(3 950Ma)的研究, 例如金伯利岩侵入时代的厘定和克拉通埋藏与剥露历史的重建。此外, 独居石、石榴石和橄榄石的(U-Th)/He定年方法有望解决年轻火山岩(2.0ka)的定年问题, 并提供新的认识; 将其利用于赤铁矿、磁铁矿及萤石等矿物, 使得矿床直接定年成为可能。针对针铁矿的研究为了解极年轻地质事件(0.4Ma)的降水和风化时间与速率提供了新的方法, 从而为大陆地表重建贡献了重要信息。方解石、牙形石和海百合等矿物的应用丰富了沉积盆地演化研究的工具箱, 而对陨石的研究为理解行星形成和演化提供了独特视角。尖晶石、钙钛矿、绿帘石等矿物凸显出其在未来地质年代学研究中的潜力。研究者若想成功应用(U-Th)/He方法并获取高质量的年龄数据, 需要深入理解不同矿物的晶粒尺寸、环带成分效应、内部晶格损伤、铀丢失效应、包裹体、矿物纯度及封闭温度等因素。文中概述了不同(U-Th)/He定年矿物的特征及应用领域, 汇总归纳了数据偏离的可能因素, 并指出相应的解决措施, 旨在帮助研究者正确理解(U-Th)/He年龄及其时间标尺的内涵, 从而进一步促进(U-Th)/He方法的发展。

关键词: (U-Th)/He, ⁴He扩散, 矿物

YANG Li, YANG Jing, ZHANG Bin, YUAN Wan-ming, LI Xiao, YE Zhang-huang. INVESTIGATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF (U-TH)/HE DATING MINERALS[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(6): 1495-1525.

杨莉, 杨静, 张斌, 袁万明, 李肖, 叶张煌. (U-Th)/He定年矿物适宜性探讨[J]. 地震地质, 2025, 47(6): 1495-1525.

Figures/Tables 8

Table1 Advantages and disadvantages of dating different minerals (U-Th)/He

矿物	优势	面临问题	解决方案
磷酸盐矿物				磷灰石	1)铀和钍含量适中; 2)易获取。	1)辐射损伤积累或可致封闭温度值增加; 2)多数磷灰石F, Cl含量差异大,影响⁴He的扩散行为; 3)磷灰石中的 $147$ Sm贡献数量可观; 4)易受矿物包裹体干扰; 5)成分环带造成的校正偏差问题; 6)风化和蚀变过程可能导致铀和钍的损失。
独居石	1)高铀(2wt%)和钍(15wt%)含量; 2)抗辐射损伤能力强; 3)适用于传统及激光微探针技术; 4)能精确测定微晶体年代。	1)⁴He扩散受晶格成对取代效应、稀土元素含量影响; 2)封闭温度受化学成分和粒径大小影响显著; 3)标准独居石存在复杂化学分区; 4)成分和辐射损伤对年龄准确度影响较大。	1)选择成分相似的独居石颗粒进行实验; 2)通过阶段升温方法测试无包裹体独居石碎片的⁴He扩散系数; 3)合理测量或估算每个样本的⁴He扩散属性; 4)结合不平衡铀系定年法,提高定年精度。
磷钇矿	1)高铀和钍含量,极低的普通铅含量; 2)⁴He扩散各向异性,有助于理解扩散机理; 3)高浓度⁴He适合激光显微探针(U-Th)/He和U-Pb双定年技术。	1)高铀和钍导致⁴He快速积累和辐射损伤;加速⁴He扩散并导致微裂缝; 2)矿物化学成分和晶体尺寸影响⁴He释放; 3)晶体化学成分差异影响⁴He的扩散速率。	1)需考虑辐射损伤对扩散速率的影响,优选较大且无包裹体的晶体; 2)结合热历史模拟预测⁴He的保留行为; 3)使用阶段升温方法测试⁴He的扩散参数。
牙形石	封闭温度接近磷灰石,可限制沉积岩的热演化史。	1)U、Th含量、REE浓度和微观结构对(U-Th)/He年龄测定结果影响显著; 2)样品处理过程中的稀酸溶解可导致铀的丢失; 3)易受地表化学蚀变作用的影响。	1)结合其他分析技术或检测方法提高测定结果的准确性; 2)优化样品处理过程以减少铀丢失风险,评估Th/U比值确定铀丢失影响程度; 3)特别注意识别和排除受蚀变影响的样品。
硅酸盐矿物				锆石	1)高度富集铀、钍,受包裹体及周围伴生矿物的影响较小; 2)分布广、易获取,物化性质稳定; 3)具有多重退火效应,该特性为复杂热历史的解读提供了更多可能性; 4)良好的抗风化性能使其成为碎屑矿物物源及耦合研究的有力工具。	1)辐射损伤是造成年龄分散的主要因素; 2)晶体结构在受到辐射损伤后变得松散,导致⁴He在较低温度下逸出,封闭温度随之降低。
榍石	1)易获取; 2)eU含量(10~200ppm)适中; 3)较大的晶体尺寸(通常>100μm)。	1)晶粒尺寸变化导致封闭温度变化; 2)辐射损伤影响⁴He扩散; 3)磨损导致表层⁴He同位素部分丢失。	1)选择合适的晶体尺寸; 2)控制α剂量,保持在低剂量(<50×10¹⁶ α/g); 3)去除约20μm磨蚀表层或挑选出粒径>400μm的矿物。
石榴石	1)离子孔隙率低,对⁴He具备良好保存条件; 2)能够捕获热液活动的开始信息,对热液活动的限定精确。	1)不同化学成分导致⁴He扩散行为的差异,对定年结果的准确性构成挑战; 2)狭窄成分环带、内部晶格辐射损伤、高U-Th包裹体等因素影响氦的扩散机制; 3)低铀石榴石如何获得准确的年龄结果仍具挑战性。	1)引进电子探针微分析(EPMA)提供矿物成分的详细信息,利用高分辨率X射线衍射(HRXRD)精确测定矿物的晶体结构; 2)发展高分辨率的矿物学和地球化学分析技术,解决成分环带、晶格辐射损伤等问题,提高对氦扩散机制的理解; 3)与其他定年方法(如U/Pb、Ar/Ar和Lu/Hf)结合,获得全面的地质时间框架。
橄榄石	1)⁴He扩散性能稳定,不受成分变化的显著影响; 2)在确定年轻火山岩喷发年代,特别是晚第四纪玄武岩的研究中,展示独特优势和不可替代性。	1)铀、钍浓度较低; 2)在形成时可能包含初始氦; 3)⁴He植入效应显著; 4)普遍存在铀、钍分布不均匀现象; 5)放射性衰变链的存在增加了数据解释的复杂性; 6)较小的矿物颗粒⁴He释放率高。	1)改进测试流程; 2)通过对比研究和建立氦同位素背景值以分离和校正初始氦的贡献,确保年龄计算的准确性; 3)采用激光微区剥蚀技术精确测定橄榄石内部而非边缘的⁴He浓度,减少⁴He植入的影响; 4)利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、离子探针等技术评估矿物内部的铀、钍分布,基于分布数据对定年结果进行校正; 5)通过精确测量矿物内部特定区域的放射性元素浓度,计算其对⁴He贡献率的影响,对定年数据进行相应的调整; 6)使用较大的橄榄石颗粒进行分析,或通过实验确定不同颗粒大小对⁴He释放率的影响,对于需要去除表面植入⁴He的情况,应该采取适当的样品准备方法来最小化对样品体积的影响。
氧化物矿物				金红石	广泛分布于变质岩、火成岩及碎屑沉积岩中,适用于不同地质环境。高U和Th含量,可确保测试精度。	1)⁴He扩散特性中的各向异性; 2)辐射损伤对封闭温度的影响; 3)激光加热提取⁴He过程中晶体内的母体同位素易丢失; 4)变质岩中金红石易转化为榍石。
赤铁矿	1)铀和钍浓度高; 2)赤铁矿中⁴He呈多重扩散特性,能够量化不同尺寸晶体中的⁴He分布。	1)完全释放⁴He的温度可能导致铀挥发和丢失; 2)晶粒尺寸减小,影响⁴He扩散域尺寸; 3)地表条件下易发生蚀变或风化。	1)在富氧条件下提取⁴He; 2)采用精细的样品筛选和分析技术; 3)选择新鲜样品,必要时评估纯度。
针铁矿	广泛分布,常作为次生矿物出现,可记录古气候和构造抬升信息。	1)铀和钍浓度低; 2)水合特性,后者可能影响系统的封闭性; 3)易转化为赤铁矿等其他矿物可能重置(U-Th)/He系统。	1)提高测试精度; 2)理解水合特性及其对⁴He捕获和扩散的影响; 3)深入研究⁴He扩散和转化机制,提高年代学应用潜力。
磁铁矿	用于确定成矿时代和变质作用时间。	1)⁴He扩散速率较慢,导致测得的年龄偏老; 2)样品纯度影响定年准确性; 3)铀在激光加热过程中的易挥发损失。	1)需评估相对年轻样品或快速冷却样品中的适用性,提高检测低eU(50~300ppb)磁铁矿的能力; 2)X射线微计算机断层扫描成像技术可以有效筛选出无包裹体的磁铁矿样品; 3)确保有效提取⁴He而不显著增加本底水平。
碳酸盐矿物				方解石	适用于各类地质过程的研究。	1)封闭温度为40~80℃,较低温度下亦可发生⁴He扩散; 2)方解石的⁴He含量相对较低; 3)易碎性及包裹体中过剩⁴He和多重扩散域均影响⁴He的保存。
海百合	1)其化石在地质记录中广泛分布,跨越从寒武纪到现代的广泛时期; 2)界定60~110℃的热历史范围;	1)等效铀浓度偏低(0.1ppm); 2)⁴He扩散行为尚未充分了解; 3)地质历史长期演化中可能经历了化学溶解和物理磨损。	1)采用大尺寸海百合柱状体定年,提高测量的灵敏度; 2)深入探索⁴He扩散行为,建立适用于海百合化石的⁴He扩散模型; 3)选取特定地质时期和环境下的海百合化石样本进行详细研究。
其他矿物				萤石	1)铀含量高达100μg/g; 2)适用于限定低-高温热液矿脉历史。	1)高铀含量样品中普遍存在微小的铀质包体; 2)封闭温度受制于化学成分、晶格结构影响; 3)萤石较脆弱,测试前对萤石样品进行研磨和抛光处理,该过程会造成⁴He丢失。
陨石	1)揭示太阳系早期事件; 2)研究行星体的冷却和热演化。	1)样品珍贵且获取难度大; 2)复杂的宇宙和地球环境影响; 3)⁴He扩散研究不足。	1)建立国际合作,分享稀有样品; 2)结合多种定年方法(例如Ar-Ar定年),提高定年结果的可靠性; 3)增加对陨石中⁴He扩散行为的实验和模拟研究。
尖晶石	1)地幔橄榄岩中普遍存在; 2)多用途性。	1)尖晶石中铀、钍含量的差异可能导致不同样品间年龄的比较存在困难; 2)封闭温度较低,容易受到后期热事件的影响,导致年龄记录复杂。	1)选取具有代表性的样品,进行详细的化学分析以校正铀、钍含量; 2)多方法的联合定年,以获得更加全面的热历史信息。
钙钛矿	1)高封闭温度适合高温地质环境定年; 2)eU值高,提高了定年的精度和可靠性。	晶体通常较小,处理复杂,可能导致样品损失或污染。	采用先进的显微技术,如电子显微镜和激光剥蚀技术,提高样品处理的精度和效率。
斜锆石	1)通常具有较高的铀和钍含量; 2)在地质环境中具有很高的化学稳定性; 3)广泛存在于各种岩石类型中。	⁴He扩散特性复杂,受晶格缺陷和辐照损伤影响较大。	进行辐照损伤校正,利用显微镜和其他分析技术评估和校正损伤影响。
绿帘石	1)样品易获取; 2)晶体结构稳定,热稳定性良好,适合研究热液活动的时序。	1)绿帘石样品的分离和纯化过程较为复杂,可能导致样品损失或污染; 2)绿帘石样品中U、Th含量较低,可能影响定年的准确性和精度。	1)提高分离和纯化的精度和效率; 2)选择高U、Th含量的绿帘石样品。

Table1 Advantages and disadvantages of dating different minerals (U-Th)/He

矿物	优势	面临问题	解决方案
磷酸盐矿物				磷灰石	1)铀和钍含量适中; 2)易获取。	1)辐射损伤积累或可致封闭温度值增加; 2)多数磷灰石F, Cl含量差异大,影响⁴He的扩散行为; 3)磷灰石中的 $147$ Sm贡献数量可观; 4)易受矿物包裹体干扰; 5)成分环带造成的校正偏差问题; 6)风化和蚀变过程可能导致铀和钍的损失。
独居石	1)高铀(2wt%)和钍(15wt%)含量; 2)抗辐射损伤能力强; 3)适用于传统及激光微探针技术; 4)能精确测定微晶体年代。	1)⁴He扩散受晶格成对取代效应、稀土元素含量影响; 2)封闭温度受化学成分和粒径大小影响显著; 3)标准独居石存在复杂化学分区; 4)成分和辐射损伤对年龄准确度影响较大。	1)选择成分相似的独居石颗粒进行实验; 2)通过阶段升温方法测试无包裹体独居石碎片的⁴He扩散系数; 3)合理测量或估算每个样本的⁴He扩散属性; 4)结合不平衡铀系定年法,提高定年精度。
磷钇矿	1)高铀和钍含量,极低的普通铅含量; 2)⁴He扩散各向异性,有助于理解扩散机理; 3)高浓度⁴He适合激光显微探针(U-Th)/He和U-Pb双定年技术。	1)高铀和钍导致⁴He快速积累和辐射损伤;加速⁴He扩散并导致微裂缝; 2)矿物化学成分和晶体尺寸影响⁴He释放; 3)晶体化学成分差异影响⁴He的扩散速率。	1)需考虑辐射损伤对扩散速率的影响,优选较大且无包裹体的晶体; 2)结合热历史模拟预测⁴He的保留行为; 3)使用阶段升温方法测试⁴He的扩散参数。
牙形石	封闭温度接近磷灰石,可限制沉积岩的热演化史。	1)U、Th含量、REE浓度和微观结构对(U-Th)/He年龄测定结果影响显著; 2)样品处理过程中的稀酸溶解可导致铀的丢失; 3)易受地表化学蚀变作用的影响。	1)结合其他分析技术或检测方法提高测定结果的准确性; 2)优化样品处理过程以减少铀丢失风险,评估Th/U比值确定铀丢失影响程度; 3)特别注意识别和排除受蚀变影响的样品。
硅酸盐矿物				锆石	1)高度富集铀、钍,受包裹体及周围伴生矿物的影响较小; 2)分布广、易获取,物化性质稳定; 3)具有多重退火效应,该特性为复杂热历史的解读提供了更多可能性; 4)良好的抗风化性能使其成为碎屑矿物物源及耦合研究的有力工具。	1)辐射损伤是造成年龄分散的主要因素; 2)晶体结构在受到辐射损伤后变得松散,导致⁴He在较低温度下逸出,封闭温度随之降低。
榍石	1)易获取; 2)eU含量(10~200ppm)适中; 3)较大的晶体尺寸(通常>100μm)。	1)晶粒尺寸变化导致封闭温度变化; 2)辐射损伤影响⁴He扩散; 3)磨损导致表层⁴He同位素部分丢失。	1)选择合适的晶体尺寸; 2)控制α剂量,保持在低剂量(<50×10¹⁶ α/g); 3)去除约20μm磨蚀表层或挑选出粒径>400μm的矿物。
石榴石	1)离子孔隙率低,对⁴He具备良好保存条件; 2)能够捕获热液活动的开始信息,对热液活动的限定精确。	1)不同化学成分导致⁴He扩散行为的差异,对定年结果的准确性构成挑战; 2)狭窄成分环带、内部晶格辐射损伤、高U-Th包裹体等因素影响氦的扩散机制; 3)低铀石榴石如何获得准确的年龄结果仍具挑战性。	1)引进电子探针微分析(EPMA)提供矿物成分的详细信息,利用高分辨率X射线衍射(HRXRD)精确测定矿物的晶体结构; 2)发展高分辨率的矿物学和地球化学分析技术,解决成分环带、晶格辐射损伤等问题,提高对氦扩散机制的理解; 3)与其他定年方法(如U/Pb、Ar/Ar和Lu/Hf)结合,获得全面的地质时间框架。
橄榄石	1)⁴He扩散性能稳定,不受成分变化的显著影响; 2)在确定年轻火山岩喷发年代,特别是晚第四纪玄武岩的研究中,展示独特优势和不可替代性。	1)铀、钍浓度较低; 2)在形成时可能包含初始氦; 3)⁴He植入效应显著; 4)普遍存在铀、钍分布不均匀现象; 5)放射性衰变链的存在增加了数据解释的复杂性; 6)较小的矿物颗粒⁴He释放率高。	1)改进测试流程; 2)通过对比研究和建立氦同位素背景值以分离和校正初始氦的贡献,确保年龄计算的准确性; 3)采用激光微区剥蚀技术精确测定橄榄石内部而非边缘的⁴He浓度,减少⁴He植入的影响; 4)利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、离子探针等技术评估矿物内部的铀、钍分布,基于分布数据对定年结果进行校正; 5)通过精确测量矿物内部特定区域的放射性元素浓度,计算其对⁴He贡献率的影响,对定年数据进行相应的调整; 6)使用较大的橄榄石颗粒进行分析,或通过实验确定不同颗粒大小对⁴He释放率的影响,对于需要去除表面植入⁴He的情况,应该采取适当的样品准备方法来最小化对样品体积的影响。
氧化物矿物				金红石	广泛分布于变质岩、火成岩及碎屑沉积岩中,适用于不同地质环境。高U和Th含量,可确保测试精度。	1)⁴He扩散特性中的各向异性; 2)辐射损伤对封闭温度的影响; 3)激光加热提取⁴He过程中晶体内的母体同位素易丢失; 4)变质岩中金红石易转化为榍石。
赤铁矿	1)铀和钍浓度高; 2)赤铁矿中⁴He呈多重扩散特性,能够量化不同尺寸晶体中的⁴He分布。	1)完全释放⁴He的温度可能导致铀挥发和丢失; 2)晶粒尺寸减小,影响⁴He扩散域尺寸; 3)地表条件下易发生蚀变或风化。	1)在富氧条件下提取⁴He; 2)采用精细的样品筛选和分析技术; 3)选择新鲜样品,必要时评估纯度。
针铁矿	广泛分布,常作为次生矿物出现,可记录古气候和构造抬升信息。	1)铀和钍浓度低; 2)水合特性,后者可能影响系统的封闭性; 3)易转化为赤铁矿等其他矿物可能重置(U-Th)/He系统。	1)提高测试精度; 2)理解水合特性及其对⁴He捕获和扩散的影响; 3)深入研究⁴He扩散和转化机制,提高年代学应用潜力。
磁铁矿	用于确定成矿时代和变质作用时间。	1)⁴He扩散速率较慢,导致测得的年龄偏老; 2)样品纯度影响定年准确性; 3)铀在激光加热过程中的易挥发损失。	1)需评估相对年轻样品或快速冷却样品中的适用性,提高检测低eU(50~300ppb)磁铁矿的能力; 2)X射线微计算机断层扫描成像技术可以有效筛选出无包裹体的磁铁矿样品; 3)确保有效提取⁴He而不显著增加本底水平。
碳酸盐矿物				方解石	适用于各类地质过程的研究。	1)封闭温度为40~80℃,较低温度下亦可发生⁴He扩散; 2)方解石的⁴He含量相对较低; 3)易碎性及包裹体中过剩⁴He和多重扩散域均影响⁴He的保存。
海百合	1)其化石在地质记录中广泛分布,跨越从寒武纪到现代的广泛时期; 2)界定60~110℃的热历史范围;	1)等效铀浓度偏低(0.1ppm); 2)⁴He扩散行为尚未充分了解; 3)地质历史长期演化中可能经历了化学溶解和物理磨损。	1)采用大尺寸海百合柱状体定年,提高测量的灵敏度; 2)深入探索⁴He扩散行为,建立适用于海百合化石的⁴He扩散模型; 3)选取特定地质时期和环境下的海百合化石样本进行详细研究。
其他矿物				萤石	1)铀含量高达100μg/g; 2)适用于限定低-高温热液矿脉历史。	1)高铀含量样品中普遍存在微小的铀质包体; 2)封闭温度受制于化学成分、晶格结构影响; 3)萤石较脆弱,测试前对萤石样品进行研磨和抛光处理,该过程会造成⁴He丢失。
陨石	1)揭示太阳系早期事件; 2)研究行星体的冷却和热演化。	1)样品珍贵且获取难度大; 2)复杂的宇宙和地球环境影响; 3)⁴He扩散研究不足。	1)建立国际合作,分享稀有样品; 2)结合多种定年方法(例如Ar-Ar定年),提高定年结果的可靠性; 3)增加对陨石中⁴He扩散行为的实验和模拟研究。
尖晶石	1)地幔橄榄岩中普遍存在; 2)多用途性。	1)尖晶石中铀、钍含量的差异可能导致不同样品间年龄的比较存在困难; 2)封闭温度较低,容易受到后期热事件的影响,导致年龄记录复杂。	1)选取具有代表性的样品,进行详细的化学分析以校正铀、钍含量; 2)多方法的联合定年,以获得更加全面的热历史信息。
钙钛矿	1)高封闭温度适合高温地质环境定年; 2)eU值高,提高了定年的精度和可靠性。	晶体通常较小,处理复杂,可能导致样品损失或污染。	采用先进的显微技术,如电子显微镜和激光剥蚀技术,提高样品处理的精度和效率。
斜锆石	1)通常具有较高的铀和钍含量; 2)在地质环境中具有很高的化学稳定性; 3)广泛存在于各种岩石类型中。	⁴He扩散特性复杂,受晶格缺陷和辐照损伤影响较大。	进行辐照损伤校正,利用显微镜和其他分析技术评估和校正损伤影响。
绿帘石	1)样品易获取; 2)晶体结构稳定,热稳定性良好,适合研究热液活动的时序。	1)绿帘石样品的分离和纯化过程较为复杂,可能导致样品损失或污染; 2)绿帘石样品中U、Th含量较低,可能影响定年的准确性和精度。	1)提高分离和纯化的精度和效率; 2)选择高U、Th含量的绿帘石样品。

Fig. 1 Summary of measurements for He diffusion in natural monazite and synthetic REE phosphates of monazite structure(modified from Cherniak et al., 2013).

Fig. 2 Helium bulk closure temperature for monazite, titanite, zircon, apatite, synthetic xenotime(modified from Anderson et al., 2019).

Fig. 3 Closure temperature of equivalent sphere zircon grains with simplified circular cylinder morphologies and aspect ratios 0.1-5.5 with a=50μm.(modified from Cherniak et al., 2009).

Fig. 4 a Tc(℃)versus estimated alpha dose(α×1016/g) for titanites and zircon, b Accumulation time(Ma) versus alpha dose(α×1016/g) for titanite and zircon of variable eU(modified from Baughman et al., 2017).

Fig. 5 Closure temperature for He diffusion in garnet for various grain sizes and cooling rates(modified from Dunai et al., 1996).

Fig. 6 Most prominent cations(REE+Y[lg/g])substituting for Ca plotted against the closure temperature(Wolff et al., 2016).

Fig. 7 Closure temperature(Tc)ranges for (U-Th)/He thermochronometry systems.

References 124

[1]	戴梦瑶, 王平, 李安波, 等. 2023. 低温热年代学数据库建设现状与前景展望[J]. 地震地质, 45(6): 1432-1451. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2023.06.011.
	DAI Meng-yao, WANG Ping, LI An-bo, et al. 2023. State of art and perspective on database construction for low-temperature thermochronology[J]. Seismology and Geology, 45(6): 1432-1451 (in Chinese).
[2]	王英, 郑德文, 武颖, 等. 2017. 磷灰石单颗粒(U-Th)/He测年实验流程的建立及验证[J]. 地震地质, 39(6): 1143-1157. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.06.004.
	WANG Ying, ZHENG De-wen, WU Ying, et al. 2017. Measurement procedure of single-grain apatite (U-Th)/He dating and its validation by Durango apatite standard[J]. Seismology and Geology, 39(6): 1143-1157 (in Chinese).
[3]	王英, 郑德文, 李又娟, 等. 2019. 国际标样Fish Canyon Tuff锆石的(U-Th)/He年龄测定[J]. 地震地质, 41(5): 1302-1315. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2019.05.016.
	WANG Ying, ZHENG De-wen, LI You-juan, et al. 2019. (U-Th)/He dating of international standard Fish Canyon Tuff zircon[J]. Seismology and Geology, 41(5): 1302-1315 (in Chinese).
[4]	袁万明. 2016. 矿床保存变化研究的热年代学技术方法[J]. 岩石学报, 32(8): 2571-2578.
	YUAN Wan-ming. 2016. Thermochronological method of revealing conservation and changes of mineral deposits[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 32(8): 2571-2578 (in Chinese).
[5]	喻顺, 田云涛. 2023. Fish Canyon Tuff榍石He扩散及(U-Th)/He年代学研究[J]. 地质学报, 97(1): 278-290.
	YU Shun, TIAN Yun-tao. 2023. Helium diffusion and (U-Th)/He thermochronology on Fish Canyon Tuff titanite[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 97(1): 278-290 (in Chinese).
[6]	喻顺, 陈文, 吕修祥, 等. 2014. ( U-Th)/He技术约束下库车盆地北缘构造热演化--以吐孜2井为例 [J]. 地球物理学报, 57( 1): 62-74.
	YU Shun, CHEN Wen, LU Xiu-xiang, et al. 2014. (U-Th)/He thermochronometry constraints on the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectono-thermal evolution of Kuqa Basin: A case study of Well TZ2[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 57(1): 62-74 (in Chinese).
[7]	杨静, 郑德文, 陈文, 等. 2014. 磷灰石⁴He/³He热年代学--一种低温热年代学研究的新技术[J]. 地震地质, 36(4): 1009-1019. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.04.006.
	YANG Jing, ZHENG De-wen, CHEN Wen, et al. 2014. Apatite ⁴He/³He thermochronometry: A new method of low temperature thermochronometry[J]. Seismology and Geology, 36(4): 1009-1019 (in Chinese).
[8]	杨莉, 袁万明, 王珂. 2018. 热年代学方法、技术手段及其在矿床地质中的研究进展[J]. 地球科学, 43(6): 1887-1902.
	YANG Li, YUAN Wan-ming, WANG Ke. 2018. Research advances of thermochronology in mineral deposits[J]. Earth Science, 43(6): 1887-1902 (in Chinese).
[9]	郑德文, 武颖, 庞建章, 等. 2016. U-Th/He热年代学原理、测试及应用[J]. 第四纪研究, 36(5): 1027-1036.
	ZHENG De-wen, WU Ying, PANG Jian-zhang, et al. 2016. Fundamentals, dating and application of U-Th/He thermochronology[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 36(5): 1027-1036 (in Chinese).
[10]	张会平, 张培震, 郑文俊, 等. 2007. 活动构造研究中相关速率的原地宇宙成因核素年代学约束[J]. 地震地质, 29(2): 418-430. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2007.02.020.
	ZHANG Hui-ping, ZHANG Pei-zhen, ZHENG Wen-jun, et al. 2007. Active tectonic rates constrained by terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides dating[J]. Seismology and Geology, 29(2): 418-430 (in Chinese).
[11]	Aciego S M, Kennedy B M, DePaolo D J, et al. 2003. U-Th/He age of phenocrystic garnet from the 79AD eruption of Mt. Vesuvius[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 216(1-2): 209-219.
[12]	Aciego S M, DePaolo D J, Kennedy B M, et al. 2007. Combining [³He]cosmogenic dating with U-Th/He eruption ages using olivine in basalt[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 254(3-4): 288-302.
[13]	Aciego S M, Jourdan F, DePaolo D J, et al. 2010. Combined U-Th/He and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology of post-shield lavas from the Mauna Kea and Kohala volcanoes, Hawaii[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74(5): 1620-1635.
[14]	Adams B, Dietsch C, Owen L A, et al. 2009. Exhumation and incision history of the Lahul Himalaya, northern India, based on (U-Th)/He thermochronometry and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide methods[J]. Geomorphology, 107(3-4): 285-299.
[15]	Aleinikoff J N, Slack J F, Lund K, et al. 2012. Constraints on the timing of Co-Cu±Au mineralization in the Blackbird district, Idaho, using SHRIMP U-Pb ages of monazite and xenotime plus zircon ages of related Mesoproterozoic orthogneisses and metasedimentary rocks[J]. Economic Geology, 107(6): 1143-1175.
[16]	Amidon W H, Hobbs D, Hynek S A. 2015. Retention of cosmogenic³He in calcite[J]. Quaternary Geochronology, 27: 172-184.
[17]	Anderson A J, Hodges K V, van Soest M C. 2017. Empirical constraints on the effects of radiation damage on helium diffusion in zircon[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 218: 308-322.
[18]	Anderson A J, Hodges K V, Van Soest M C, et al. 2019. Helium diffusion in natural xenotime[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 20(1): 417-433.
[19]	Armstrong E M, Ault A K, Kaempfer J M, et al. 2024. Connecting visual metamictization to radiation damage to expand applications of zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometry[J]. Chemical Geology, 648:121949.
[20]	Ault A K, Gautheron C, King G E. 2019. Innovations in (U-Th)/He, fission track, and trapped charge thermochronometry with applications to earthquakes, weathering, surface-mantle connections, and the growth and decay of mountains[J]. Tectonics, 38(11): 3705-3739.
[21]	Ault A K, Reiners P W, Evans J P, et al. 2015. Linking hematite (U-Th)/He dating with the microtextural record of seismicity in the Wasatch fault damage zone, Utah, USA[J]. Geology, 43(9): 771-774.
[22]	Bafti B, Shafiei I, Dunkl I, et al. 2021. Timing of fluorite mineralization and exhumation events in the east Central Alborz Mountains, northern Iran: Constraints from fluorite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry[J]. Geological Magazine, 158(9): 1600-1616.
[23]	Balout H, Roques J, Gautheron C, et al. 2017. Helium diffusion in pure hematite(α-Fe₂O₃) for thermochronometric applications: A theoretical multi-scale study[J]. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, 199: 21-28.
[24]	Bassal F, Roques J, Corre M, et al. 2022. Role of defects and radiation damage on He diffusion in magnetite: Implication for (U-Th)/He thermochronology[J]. Minerals, 12(5): 590.
[25]	Baughman J S, Flowers R M, Metcalf J R, et al. 2017. Influence of radiation damage on titanite He diffusion kinetics[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 25: 50-64.
[26]	Baughman J S, Flowers R M. 2020. Mesoproterozoic burial of the Kaapvaal craton, southern Africa during Rodinia supercontinent assembly from (U-Th)/He thermochronology[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 531:115930.
[27]	Bidgoli T S, Tyrrell J P, Möller A, et al. 2018. Conodont thermochronology of exhumed footwalls of low-angle normal faults: A pilot study in the Mormon Mountains, Tule Springs Hills, and Beaver Dam Mountains, southeastern Nevada and south-western Utah[J]. Chemical Geology, 495: 1-17.
[28]	Biren M B, Van Soest M, Wartho J A, et al. 2014. Dating the cooling of exhumed central uplifts of impact structures by the (U-Th)/He method: A case study at Manicouagan[J]. Chemical Geology, 377: 56-71.
[29]	Blackburn T J, Stockli D F, Carlson R W, et al. 2008. (U-Th)/He dating of kimberlites: A case study from north-eastern Kansas[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 275(1-2): 111-120.
[30]	Blard P H, Farley K A. 2008. The influence of radiogenic ⁴He on cosmogenic ³He determinations in volcanic olivine and pyroxene[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 276(1-2): 20-29.
[31]	Boyce J W, Hodges K V, Olszewski W J, et al. 2005. He diffusion in monazite: Implications for (U-Th)/He thermochronometry[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6(12): Q12004.
[32]	Calzolari G, Ault A K, Hirth G, et al. 2020. Hematite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry detects asperity flash heating during laboratory earthquakes[J]. Geology, 48(5): 514-518.
[33]	Calzolari G, Rossetti F, Ault A K, et al. 2018. Hematite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry constrains intraplate strike-slip faulting on the Kuh-e-Faghan Fault, central Iran[J]. Tectonophysics, 728: 41-54.
[34]	Cherniak D J, Watson E B, Thomas J B. 2009. Diffusion of helium in zircon and apatite[J]. Chemical Geology, 268(1-2): 155-166.
[35]	Cherniak D J, Watson E B. 2011. Helium diffusion in rutile and titanite, and consideration of the origin and implications of diffusional anisotropy[J]. Chemical Geology, 288(3-4): 149-161.
[36]	Cherniak D J, Watson E B. 2013. Diffusion of helium in natural monazite, and preliminary results on He diffusion in synthetic light rare earth phosphates[J]. American Mineralogist, 98(8-9): 1407-1420.
[37]	Cherniak D J, Amidon W, Hobbs D, et al. 2015. Diffusion of helium in carbonates: Effects of mineral structure and composition[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 165: 449-465.
[38]	Cooperdock E H G, Stockli D F. 2016. Unraveling alteration histories in serpentinites and associated ultramafic rocks with magnetite (U-Th)/He geochronology[J]. Geology, 44(11): 967-970.
[39]	Cooperdock E H G, Stockli D F. 2018. Dating exhumed peridotite with spinel (U-Th)/He chronometry[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 489: 219-227.
[40]	Copeland P, Cox K, Watson E B. 2015. The potential of crinoids as (U+Th+Sm)/He thermochronometers[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 422: 1-10.
[41]	Corre M, Agranier A, Lanson M, et al. 2022. U and Th content in magnetite and Al spinel obtained by wet chemistry and laser ablation methods: implication for (U-Th)/He thermochronometer[J]. Geochronology, 4(2): 665-681.
[42]	Cox S E, Farley K A, Hemming S R. 2012. Insights into the age of the Mono Lake Excursion and magmatic crystal residence time from (U-Th)/He and 230Th dating of volcanic allanite [J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 319: 178-184.
[43]	Cros A, Gautheron C, Pagel M, et al. 2014. 4He behavior in calcite filling viewed by (U-Th)/He dating,⁴He diffusion and crystallographic studies[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 125: 414-432.
[44]	Crowhurst P V, Green P F, Kamp P J J. 2002. Appraisal of (U-Th)/He apatite thermochronology as a thermal history tool for hydrocarbon exploration: An example from the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 86(10): 1801-1819.
[45]	Damon P E. 1957. Determination of radiogenic helium in zircon by stable isotope dilution technique[J]. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 38(6): 945-953.
[46]	Danišík M, Schmitt A K, Stockli D F, et al. 2017. Application of combined U-Th-disequilibrium/U-Pb and (U-Th)/He zircon dating to tephrochronology[J]. Quaternary Geochronology, 40(12): 23-32.
[47]	DeLucia M S, Guenthner W R, Marshak S, et al. 2017. Thermochronology links denudation of the Great Unconformity surface to the supercontinent cycle and snowball Earth[J]. Geology, 46(2): 167-170.
[48]	Deng X D, Li J W, Shuster D L. 2017. Late Mio-Pliocene chemical weathering of the Yulong porphyry Cu deposit in the eastern Tibetan plateau constrained by goethite (U-Th)/He dating: Implication for Asian summer monsoon[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 472: 289-298.
[49]	Dunai T J, Roselieb K. 1996. Sorption and diffusion of helium in garnet: Implications for volatile tracing and dating[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 139(3-4): 411-421.
[50]	Dunkl I, von Eynatten H. 2009. Anchizonal-hydrothermal growth and (U-Th)/He dating of rutile crystals in the sediments of Hawasina window, Oman[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73: A314.
[51]	Ehlers T A, Farley K A. 2003. Apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry: Methods and applications to problems in tectonic and surface processes[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 206(1-2): 1-14.
[52]	Evans N J, Byrne J P, Keegan J T, et al. 2005. Determination of uranium and thorium in zircon, apatite, and fluorite: Application to laser (U-Th)/He thermochronology[J]. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 60: 1159-1165.
[53]	Evenson N S, Reiners P W, Spencer J E, et al. 2014. Hematite and Mn oxide (U-Th)/He dates from the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment system, western Arizona: Gaining insights into hematite (U-Th)/He systematics[J]. American Journal of Science, 314(10): 1373-1435.
[54]	Fanale F P, Kulp J L. 1962. The helium method and the age of the Cornwall, Pennsylvania magnetite ore[J]. Economic Geology, 57(5): 735-746.
[55]	Farley K A, Flowers R M. 2012. (U-Th)/Ne and multidomain (U-Th)/He systematics of a hydrothermal hematite from eastern Grand Canyon[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 359: 131-140.
[56]	Farley K A, Wolf R A, Silver L T, et al. 1996. The effects of long alpha-stopping distances on (U-Th)/He ages[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60: 4223-4229.
[57]	Fechtig H, Gentner W, Lämmerzahl P. 1963. Argonbestimmungen an kaliummineralien-Ⅻ: Edelgasdiffusionsmessungen an stein-und eisenmeteoriten[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 27(11): 1149-1169.
[58]	Flowers R M, Ketcham R A, Shuster D L, et al. 2009. Apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry using a radiation damage accumulation and annealing model[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73(8): 2347-2365.
[59]	Flowers R M, Kelley S A. 2011. Interpreting data dispersion and “inverted” dates in apatite (U-Th)/He and fission-track datasets: An example from the US midcontinent[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75(18): 5169-5186.
[60]	Flowers R M, Ketcham R A, Enkelmann E, et al. 2022. (U-Th)/He chronology: Part 2. Considerations for evaluating, integrating, and interpreting conventional individual aliquot data[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 135(1-2): 137-161.
[61]	Flowers R M, Zeitler P K, Danišík M, et al. 2023. (U-Th)/He chronology: Part 1. Data, uncertainty, and reporting[J]. Bulletin, 135(1-2): 104-136.
[62]	Gevedon M, Seman S, Barnes J D, et al. 2018. Unraveling histories of hydrothermal systems via U-Pb laser ablation dating of skarn garnet[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 498: 237-246.
[63]	Guenthner W R, Reiners P W, DeCelles P G, et al. 2015. Sevier belt exhumation in central Utah constrained from complex zircon (U-Th)/He data sets: Radiation damage and He inheritance effects on partially reset detrital zircons[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 127(3-4): 323-348.
[64]	Guenthner W R, Reiners P W, Ketcham R A, et al. 2013. Helium diffusion in natural zircon: Radiation damage, anisotropy, and the interpretation of zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronology[J]. American Journal of Science, 313(3): 145-198.
[65]	Heim J A, Vasconcelos P M, Shuster D L, et al. 2006. Dating paleochannel iron ore by (U-Th)/He analysis of supergene goethite, Hamersley Province, Australia[J]. Geology, 34(3): 173-176.
[66]	Hofmann F, Cooperdock E H G, West A J, et al. 2021. Exposure dating of detrital magnetite using ³He enabled by microCT and calibration of the cosmogenic ³He production rate in magnetite[J]. Geochronology, 3(2): 395-414.
[67]	Hofmann F, Reichenbacher B, Farley K A. 2017. Evidence for >5Ma paleo-exposure of an Eocene-Miocene paleosol of the Bohnerz Formation, Switzerland[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 465(10): 168-175.
[68]	Hueck M, Dunkl I, Heller B, et al. 2018. (U-Th)/He thermochronology and zircon radiation damage in the South American passive margin: Thermal overprint of the Paraná LIP?[J]. Tectonics, 37(10): 4068-4085.
[69]	Huff D E, Holley E, Guenthner W R, et al. 2020. Fe-oxides in jasperoids from two gold districts in Nevada: Characterization, geochemistry, and (U-Th)/He dating[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 286: 72-102.
[70]	Huneke J C, Nyquist L E, Funk H, et al. 1969. The thermal release of rare gases from separated minerals of the Mócs meteorite
	[ G// Millman P M(ed). Meteorite Research: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Meteorite Research, 1968, Prague, Czechoslovakia. D Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht: 901-921.]
[71]	Jensen J L, Siddoway C S, Reiners P W, et al. 2018. Single-crystal hematite (U-Th)/He dates and fluid inclusions document widespread Cryogenian sand injection in crystalline basement[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 50: 145-155.
[72]	Jourdan F, Eroglu E. 2017. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and (U-Th)/He model age signatures of elusive Mercurian and Venusian meteorites[J]. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 52(5): 884-905.
[73]	Kelly N M, Flowers R M, Metcalf J R, et al. 2018. Late accretion to the Moon recorded in zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometry[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 482: 222-235.
[74]	Li C P, Zheng D W, Zhou R J, et al. 2021. Late Oligocene tectonic uplift of the East Kunlun Shan: Expansion of the northeastern Tibetan plateau[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(3): e2020GL091281.
[75]	Liu C R, Yin G M, Han F. 2015. Effects of grain size on quartz ESR dating of Ti-Li center in fluvial and lacustrine sediments[J]. Quaternary Geochronology, 30: 513-518.
[76]	Liu C R, Yin G M, Zhou Y S, et al. 2014. ESR studies on quartz extracted from shallow fault gouges related to the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake-China-implications for ESR signal resetting in quaternary faults[J]. Quaternaire, 25(1): 67-74.
	[ 77 Ma Y, Wu Y, Li D, et al. 2016.
[78]	Ma Y, Zheng D, Zhang H, et al. 2022. Neon isotopic signature applied to detrital provenance assignment in foreland basins[J]. Chemical Geology, 590:120701.
	[ 79 Ma Y, Pang J Z, Zheng D W, et al. 2023.
[80]	Mackintosh V, Kohn B, Gleadow A, et al. 2017. Phanerozoic morphotectonic evolution of the Zimbabwe Craton: Unexpected outcomes from a multiple low-temperature thermochronology study[J]. Tectonics, 36(10): 2044-2067.
[81]	Makhubela T V, Kramers J D. 2022. Testing a new combined (U, Th)-He and U/Th dating approach on Plio-Pleistocene calcite speleothems[J]. Quaternary Geochronology, 67(5): 101234.
[82]	Malusà M G, Danišík M, Kuhlemann J, et al. 2016. Tracking the Adriatic-slab travel beneath the Tethyan margin of Corsica-Sardinia by low-temperature thermochronometry[J]. Gondwana Research, 31: 135-149.
[83]	McDannell K T, Zeitler P K, Janes D G, et al. 2018. Screening apatites for (U-Th)/He thermochronometry via continuous ramped heating: He age components and implications for age dispersion[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 223: 90-106.
[84]	McDermott R G, Ault A K, Evans J P, et al. 2017. Thermochronometric and textural evidence for seismicity via asperity flash heating on exhumed hematite fault mirrors, Wasatch fault zone, UT, USA[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 471: 85-93.
[85]	McInnes B I A, Evans N J, Fu F Q, et al. 2005. Application of thermochronology to hydrothermal ore deposits[J]. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 58(1): 467-498.
[86]	Min K, Reiners P W, Shuster D L. 2013. (U-Th)/He ages of phosphates from St. Séverin LL6 chondrite[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 10: 282-296.
[87]	Moser A C, Evans J P, Ault A K, et al. 2017. (U-Th)/He thermochronometry reveals Pleistocene punctuated deformation and synkinematic hematite mineralization in the Mecca Hills, southernmost San Andreas fault zone[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 476(12): 87-99.
[88]	Naeser C W, Fleischer R L. 1975. Age of the apatite at Cerro de Mercado, Mexico: A problem for fission-track annealing corrections[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2(2): 67-70.
[89]	Pang J Z, Yu J X, Zheng D W, et al. 2019. Neogene expansion of the Qilian Shan, north Tibet: Implications for the dynamic evolution of the Tibetan plateau[J]. Tectonics, 38(3): 1018-1032.
[90]	Peterman E M, Hourigan J K, Grove M. 2014. Experimental and geologic evaluation of monazite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry: Catnip Sill, Catalina Core Complex, Tucson, AZ[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 43: 48-55.
[91]	Pi T, Sole J, Taran Y. 2005. (U-Th)/He dating of fluorite: Application to the La Azul fluorspar deposit in the Taxco mining district, Mexico[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 39: 976-982.
[92]	Recanati A, Grozavu N, Bennani Y, et al. 2021. Apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He date dispersion: First insights from machine learning algorithms[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 554:116655.
[93]	Reiners P W. 2005. Zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometry[J]. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 58(1): 151-179.
[94]	Reiners P W, Farley K A. 1999. Helium diffusion and (U-Th)/He thermochronometry of titanite[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(22): 3845-3859.
[95]	Reiners P W, Farley K A, Hickes H J. 2002. He diffusion and (U-Th)/He thermochronometry of zircon: Initial results from Fish Canyon Tuff and Gold Butte[J]. Tectonophysics, 349(1-4): 297-308.
[96]	Robinson K H, Flowers R M, Metcalf J R. 2019. Rutile (U-Th)/He thermochronology: Temperature sensitivity and radiation damage effects[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 20(11): 4737-4755.
[97]	Schmitt A K, Martín A, Stockli D F, et al. 2013. (U-Th)/He zircon and archaeological ages for a late prehistoric eruption in the Salton Trough(California, USA)[J]. Geology, 41(1): 7-10.
[98]	Schwartz S, Gautheron C, Ketcham R A, et al. 2020. Unraveling the exhumation history of high-pressure ophiolites using magnetite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronometry[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 543(6): 116359.
[99]	Scoggin S H, Reiners P W, Shuster D L, et al. 2021. (U-Th)/He and ⁴He/³He thermochronology of secondary oxides in faults and fractures: A regional perspective from southeastern Arizona[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 22(12): e2021GC009905.
[100]	Seman S, Stockli D F, McLean N M. 2017. U-Pb geochronology of grossular-andradite garnet[J]. Chemical Geology, 460: 106-116.
[101]	Shuster D L, Flowers R M, Farley K A. 2006. The influence of natural radiation damage on helium diffusion kinetics in apatite[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 249(3-4): 148-161.
[102]	Shuster D L, Vasconcelos P M, Heim J A, et al. 2005. Weathering geochronology by (U-Th)/He dating of goethite[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(3): 659-673.
[103]	Sousa F J, Cox S E, Rasbury E T, et al. 2024. U and Th zonation in apatite observed by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence tomography and implications for the (U-Th)/He system[J]. Geochronology Discussions, 6(4): 553-570.
[104]	Stanley J R, Flowers R M. 2016. Dating kimberlite emplacement with zircon and perovskite (U-Th)/He geochronology[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 17(11): 4517-4533.
[105]	Stockli D F. 2005. Application of low-temperature thermochronometry to extensional tectonic settings[J]. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 58(1): 411-448.
[106]	Stockli D F, Wolfe M R, Blackburn T J, et al. 2007. He diffusion and (U-Th)/He thermochronometry of rutile[C]. San Francisco, California: American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting: V23C-1548.
[107]	Stuart F M, Turner G. 1992. The abundance and isotopic composition of the noble gases in ancient fluids[J]. Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience Section, 101(1-2): 97-109.
[108]	Tian Y T, Liu Y M, Li R, et al. 2022. Thermochronological constraints on Eocene deformation regime in the Long-Men Shan: Implications for the eastward growth of the Tibetan plateau[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 217:103930.
[109]	Tincher C R, Stockli D F, Oldow J S, et al. 2009. Cenozoic volcanism and tectonics in the Queen Valley area, Esmeralda County, western Nevada[J]. Late Cenozoic Structure and Evolution of the Great Basin-Sierra Nevada Transition, 447.
[110]	Vasconcelos P M, Heim J A, Farley K A, et al. 2013. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and (U-Th)/He-⁴He/³He geochronology of landscape evolution and channel iron deposit genesis at Lynn Peak, Western Australia[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 117: 283-312.
[111]	Vasconcelos P M, Reich M, Shuster D L. 2015. The paleoclimatic signatures of supergene metal deposits[J]. Elements, 11(5): 317-322.
[112]	Wang Y Z, Li C P, Hao Y Q, et al. 2022. Multi-stage growth in the north margin of the Qinling orogen, central China, revealed by both low-temperature thermochronology and river profile inversion[J]. Tectonics, 41(4): e2021TC007029.
[113]	Wells M A, Danišík M, McInnes B I A, et al. 2019. (U-Th)/He-dating of ferruginous duricrust: Insight into laterite formation at Boddington, WA[J]. Chemical Geology, 522: 148-161.
[114]	Wolff R A, Dunkl I, Kempe U, et al. 2016. Variable helium diffusion characteristics in fluorite[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 188: 21-34.
[115]	Wu L, Shi G, Danišík M, et al. 2019. MK-1 Apatite: A new potential reference material for (U-Th)/He dating[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 43(2): 301-315.
[116]	Young E J, Myers A T, Munson E L, et al. 1969. Mineralogy and geochemistry of fluorapatite from Cerro de Mercado, Durango, Mexico[R]. United States Geological Survey. USGS Professional Paper 650D: D84-D93.
[117]	Yu J X, Zheng D W, Pang J Z, et al. 2019. Miocene range growth along the Altyn Tagh Fault: Insights from apatite fission track and (U-Th)/He thermochronometry in the western Danghenan Shan, China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124(8): 9433-9453.
[118]	Yuan W, Carter A, Dong J, et al. 2006. Mesozoic-Tertiary exhumation history of the Altai Mountains, northern Xinjiang, China: New constraints from apatite fission track data[J]. Tectonophysics, 412(3-4): 183-193.
[119]	Yuan W M, Mo X X, Zhang A K, et al. 2013. Fission track thermochronology evidence for multiple periods of mineralization in the Wulonggou gold deposits, eastern Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Province[J]. Journal of Earth Science, 24(4): 471-478.
[120]	Zeigler S D, Metcalf J R, Flowers R M. 2023. A practical method for assigning uncertainty and improving the accuracy of alpha-ejection corrections and eU concentrations in apatite (U-Th)/He chronology[J]. EGUsphere, 5(1): 197-228.
[121]	Zeitler P K, Herczeg A, McDougall I, et al. 1987. U-Th-He dating of apatite: A potential thermochronometer[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51(10): 2865-2868.
[122]	Zhang B, Chen W, Liu J Q, et al. 2020. Thermochronological insights into the intracontinental orogeny of the Chinese western Tianshan orogen[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 194:103927.
[123]	Zhang B, Yang J, Yang L, et al. 2023. Mesozoic-cenozoic exhumation processes of the Harlik Mountain(east Tianshan), NW China: Evidence from apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology[J]. Lithosphere, 2023(Special 14). doi: 10.2113/2023/lithosphere_2023_210.
[124]	Zheng D, Clark M K, Zhang P, et al. 2010. Erosion, fault initiation and topographic growth of the North Qilian Shan(northern Tibetan plateau)[J]. Geosphere, 6(6): 937-941.

INVESTIGATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF (U-TH)/HE DATING MINERALS

(U-Th)/He定年矿物适宜性探讨

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 8

References 124

Related Articles 8

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	LI Jia-yu, ZHENG Wen-jun, WANG Wei-tao, WAN Ying, ZHANG Pei-zhen, WANG Yang. THE NORTHWARD GROWTH OF THE NORTHEASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU IN LATE CENOZOIC: IMPLICATIONS FROM APATITE (U-Th)/He AGES OF LONGSHOU SHAN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2020, 42(2): 472-491.
[2]	WANG Ying, ZHENG De-wen, LI You-juan, WU Ying. (U-TH)/HE DATING OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FISH CANYON TUFF ZIRCON [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019, 41(5): 1302-1315.
[3]	WANG Ying, ZHENG De-wen, WU Ying, LI You-juan, WANG Yi-zhou. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE OF SINGLE-GRAIN APATITE(U-Th)/He DATING AND ITS VALIDATION BY DURANGO APATITE STANDARD [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2017, 39(6): 1143-1157.
[4]	ZHANG Wei-bin, WU Lin, WANG Fei. FACTORS IMPACTING THE ACCURACY OF APATITE(U-TH)/HE DATING [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(4): 1107-1123.
[5]	LI Zi-hong, LI Bin, LIU Hong-fu, YAN Xiao-bing, HU Gui-rang. RESEARCH ON TECTONIC STRESS OF THE NORTHEAST SEGMENT OF HANCHENG FAULT ZONE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2015, 37(2): 468-481.
[6]	YANG Jing, ZHENG De-wen, WU Ying. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar GEOCHRONOLOGY OF SUPERGENE ALUNITE-GROUP MINERALS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2013, 35(1): 177-187.
[7]	WANG Duo-jun, MA Jin, YANG Xiao-song, ZHOU Ping. A REVIEW TO ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MANTLE MINERALS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY, 2007, 29(1): 152-160.
[8]	Feng Jin-jiang, Cheng Shao-ping, Hu Bi-ru, Zhang Bing-liang, Niu Luan-fang. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS AND TIME OF SOIL LAYER B_ms OF ALLUVIAL FAN IN HEYUAN AREA, GUANGDONG [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 1991, 13(4): 361-368.