RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PALEOCONE MORPHOLOGY OF CHANGBAISHAN TIANCHI VOLCANO

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2024.06.002

Abstract

Abstract:

Calderas, large basin-shaped landforms created by massive explosive eruptions, leave behind “pot-like” structures that can provide essential insights into the history and processes of volcanic development and associated hazards. The Changbaishan Tianchi caldera, located on the Sino-North Korean border in eastern Jilin Province, China, is one of the best-preserved large Cenozoic composite active volcanoes in China. This caldera, close to the Wangtiane and Baotaishan volcanoes to the south and southeast, sits atop a basalt plateau, reaching a peak elevation of 2 749m. Its formation involved multiple phases of overflow eruption activities, followed by caldera collapse due to explosive eruptions and pressure loss within the crustal magma chamber during the late Pleistocene. Over time, glaciers and flowing water have sculpted its surroundings, creating U-shaped valleys along the caldera rim. The structure and formation processes of its paleocone have thus attracted significant attention.

In this study, we drew from reconstruction techniques applied to similar calderas globally. Starting with a focus on the volcanic cone profile, we identified large-scale stratovolcanoes with symmetrical cone shapes akin to Changbaishan Tianchi for comparison. Using high-resolution stereo imagery, we extracted a Digital Elevation Model(DEM)with remote sensing software. From these DEMs, we performed detailed topographic analysis, calculating and statistically modeling geomorphological parameters, which allowed us to develop a three-phase empirical model of cone topography. Applying a moving surface algorithm in MATLAB, we generated surface equations for each volcano profile, revealing quantitative relationships between pixel position, coordinates, and elevation in 3D geographic space. We then used ArcGIS's Kriging interpolation method to create a DEM of the reconstructed cone of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano, allowing us to approximate the original cone structure.

The results estimate the original Changbaishan Tianchi cone reached a height of 4, 100m, with a crater diameter of about 390m and a depth of 170m. The cone displayed a funnel-like structure at the summit, with slopes characteristic of stratovolcanoes. The inner edge of the cone had a relatively uniform slope, while the upper outer edge was steep, averaging 27°, and the lower outer slope angle decreased to an average of 18.5°. These parameters align with typical stratovolcano profiles. The explosive eruptions and subsequent cone collapse are estimated to have led to a volume loss of approximately 28.92km³.

This paleocone reconstruction of Tianchi volcano enhances our understanding of the history of the development and evolution of Tianchi volcano, contributing valuable data for reconstructing similar caldera cones and examining eruption mechanisms within the Changbaishan volcanic field. Moreover, this study provides critical information for analyzing the geological history of Tianchi volcano, including the formation of glacial landforms and processes related to eruptions and natural disasters.

Key words: Changbaishan-Tianchi volcano, caldera, paleocone morphology, high resolution remote sensing imagery, Three-segmented empirical equations

摘要：

破火山口是火山发生大规模爆炸式喷发后遗留下的锅型地貌, 恢复其原始锥体形貌对于理解火山发展演化和灾害过程具有重要意义。长白山天池火山是一座保存完整的大型破火山口, 其原始锥体形貌和形成过程备受关注。文中借鉴国内外相关破火山口的锥体重建方法, 在全球范围内寻找与天池火山形貌相似的大型火山, 通过分析这些火山地形建立锥体形貌的三段式经验方程, 结合长白山现今地貌恢复了长白山天池火山的古锥体形貌。天池火山古锥体最高可能约达4 100m, 火口顶部直径约390m, 深度约为170m, 锥体外缘上部陡峭, 平均坡度角为27°, 外缘下部坡度略缓, 平均坡度角为18.5°。天池火山古锥体形貌的恢复为理解天池火山的发展演化历史、冰川地貌的形成和喷发成灾的过程提供了科学依据。

关键词: 长白山天池火山, 破火山口, 古锥体形貌, 高分遥感影像, 三段式经验方程

MA Chen-yu, CHENG Tao, WAN Yuan, PAN Bo, ZHOU Bing-rui, YAN Li-li. RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PALEOCONE MORPHOLOGY OF CHANGBAISHAN TIANCHI VOLCANO[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(6): 1248-1262.

马晨语, 程滔, 万园, 潘波, 周秉锐, 颜丽丽. 长白山天池火山古锥体形貌重建[J]. 地震地质, 2024, 46(6): 1248-1262.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1 Landscape map of Changbaishan Volcanic Group(a)and isobath map of floor of Tianchi caldera lake(b)(after YANG Qing-fu et al., 2018).

Fig. 2 Technical flowchart for reconstructing the original cone of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano.

Fig. 3 DEM visualization of Tianchi volcano in Changbai Mountain.

Fig. 4 Distribution map of selected stratovolcanoes with the DEM images of the world in the study.

Fig. 5 Graph of the reconstruction curve.

Fig. 6 Plot of empirical equations for reconstructed curves.

Fig. 7 Three-dimensional model of extant cone and original cone of Tianchi volcano.

Table1 Main morphologic parameters of the extant and original cones of Tianchi volcano

分类	参数	现存锥体	原始锥体
火山口内缘	最大半径	2341m	390m
	最小半径	1086m	390m
	火口深度	517m	171m
	火口内缘平均坡度	23.19°	24.35°
	火口内缘最大坡度	29.50°	24.72°
火山口外缘	锥体平均高度	2600m	4074m
	最大高程	2749m	4105m
	火口外缘最大坡度	19.33°	24.35°
	火口外缘平均坡度	15.16°	18.64°

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