The Ganzi-Yushu Fault, the boundary of Bayan Har active tectonic block, Qiantang active tectonic block and Sichuan-Yunan active tectonic block, is a sinistral strike-slip fault zone with intensive Holocene activity. Thus, the study of activity characteristics and rupture behavior of paleoearthquakes in the late Quaternary on the Ganzi-Yushu Fault is of fundamental importance for understanding the future seismic risk of this fault. The southeast section of Ganzi-Yushu Fault is made up of three segments of Ganzi, Manigange and Dengke, where a M_S7.3 earthquake in 1866, a M_S7.7 earthquake in 1854 and a M_S7.3 in 1896 occurred, respectively. There is still lack of in-depth study on the active features and the cascading rupture possibility of these segments, which hindered the evaluation of seismic risk for the southeast section of Ganzi-Yushu Fault. By the means of field geological survey and micro topography measurement, this paper studied the geological and geomorphological features of the southeast section of the Ganzi-Yushu Fault. The results show that the Ganzi and Dengke segments show obvious extension movement, in addition to the left-lateral movement. For Manigange segment, the characteristics of the movement are mainly left-lateral strike-slip and thrusting, and the maximum vertical displacement of the Holocene strata is greater than 2m. In part areas, the movement is normal faulting, which perhaps relates to the left stepping zone in the local stress environment. Therefore, combining the research results such as the fracture distribution in different motion characteristics, rupture behavior of paleoearthquakes, and the distribution of historical earthquake surface ruptures, we divide the southeast section of Ganzi Yushu Fault into Ganzi, Manigange and Dengke segment, and consider the Yakou and the Dengke Basin as the stepovers and the segments' boundaries. As the small scale of impermanent barriers including Dengke Basin and the ridge near Yakou, of which the width is about 1~2km, they may be broken through in great earthquake rupture in future. A trench was excavated in Zhuqing township to investigate the paleoearthquakes on the Manigange segment, radiocarbon dating was employed and 3 paleoseismic events were revealed in the Zhuqing trench, which are the seismic events occurring respectively at 3875~3455BC, after 775BC, and the latest one that ruptured the surface. Compared with the previous results of paleoseismology in the southeast section of Ganzi-Yushu Fault, it is found that the paleoseismic events in the Manigange segment are obviously different with that in Ganzi segment and Dengke segment. Due to the lack of sufficient data on the southeast section of the Ganzi-Yushu Fault, it still needs further discussion whether the cascade-rupturing between these segments exists.

On January 21, 2016, a M6.4 earthquake occurred in Menyuan county, Qinghai Province. Its epicenter is located in the Qilian-Hexi Zoulang tectonic zone, which records several moderate-large historical earthquakes. Previous studies on this event are based on geology, remote sensing data and focal mechanism solutions, lacking analysis on its seismogenic structure. In order to study seismogenic fault plane and seismoteconic style of the earthquake, this work uses data of seismic intensity, aftershocks, and geology to address this issue. Furthermore, we calculate Coulomb stress changes imposed by the 1927 Gulang M8 and 1986 Menyuan M6.4 earthquake on the fault plane of the 2016 Menyuan M6.4 earthquake. The results indicate the early two events have posed distinct impacts on two nodal planes:loading or triggering on nodal plane Ⅰ, and unloading or delay on Ⅱ. In some cases such triggering stress is approaching or up to the threshold value of 0.01 MPa. Combining isoseismals, aftershock distribution, geological structure and different Coulomb stress changes aforementioned, the nodal plane Ⅱ of the source model is considered the seismogenic feature. In conjunction with geophysical data, we establish the seismogenic model of the Menyuan earthquake, which is a positive flower structure in a profile, gentle in the upper and steep in the lower, characterized by thrusting in a strike slipping fault system. This is a possible model for thrusting earthquakes generated by strike-slip faults in a compressional tectonic regime.

A 240km-long co-seismic surface rupture was produced along the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.We made a detailed survey at representative sites along the surface rupture and analyzed the data based on the geometry between the benchmark and deformation.The co-seismic vertical slip,horizontal dip-slip shortening,strike slip and moving direction of the hanging-wall were calculated based on the survey data of these sites.Results show that the spatial distribution of the co-seismic deformation of the fault varies a lot along the fault.The maximal horizontal slip,as we got till now,is located in the Shenxigou site of Hongkou with a value of 4.98m,and the maximal strike slip is also located in the same site with a value of 4.5m.The maximal vertical displacement is located to the northeast of Shenxigou with a value of 5.7～6.7m.The average horizontal slip for the NE trending fault is 1～2m,and the average vertical slip is 3m.But horizontal and vertical slip for the NW-trending branch from Xiaoyudong to Caoba is only 0.5～1.5m.The data from Leigu town show that the gravity deformation resulting from the fault-related landslide was perhaps superimposed on the tectonic one.The dip angles of the fault at the surveyed sites calculated from the horizontal shortening and vertical displacement indicate that the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault is a steep dipping reverse fault with some strike-slip.From the comparison between field results and geophysical inversion,we believe that the spatial distribution of co-seismic fault-slip is related to the barriers and rupture process along the fault plane.

Field investigations show that the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 12^th May 2008 ruptured two NW-dipping imbricate reverse faults along the Longmenshan Fault zone at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.This earthquake generated a 240km long surface rupture along the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault characterized by right-lateral oblique faulting and a 90km long surface rupture along the Guanxian-Jiangyou Fault characterized by dip-slip reverse faulting.Maximum vertical and horizontal dispacements of 6.2m and 4.9m,respectively,were observed along the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault,whereas a maximum vertical displacement of 3.5m occurred along the Guanxian-jiangyou Fault.This co-seismic surface rupture pattern,involving multiple structures,is among the most complicated of recent great earthquakes.Its surface rupture length is the longest among the co-seismic surface rupture zones for reverse faulting events ever reported.Aftershocks recorded by local network clearly outline the hanging wall of the Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault and indicate that the fault dips about 47? to the west.Industry seismic lines,in addition to surface ruptures and aftershocks,allow us to build a 3D model for the rupture geometry that shows crustal shortening is the dominant process along the Longmen Shan to accommodate long-term deformation.Oblique thrusting accomplished by the earthquake indicates that the east-southeastward extrusion of Tibet Plateau accommodates,in part,the continuing penetration of the Indian plate into the Eurasian plate,and this extrusion is transformed at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau into crustal thickening and shortening along the Longmenshan Fault zone that is responsible for the growth of high topography in the region.

The Litang-Batang region of western Sichuan Province is located at the eastern section of the Tibet Plateau. Since the Late-Cenozoic,the East Tibet Block has thrust over the Sichuan-Yunnan Block from west to east along the NS-trending Jinshajiang Fault zone,resulting in the nappe tectonic belt of 30 km width accompanied by the formation of the NNE-trending Batang Fault and the NW-trending Litang Fault,a pair of conjugate shear faults. In the vicinity of Daoxu,south of Derenduo,the generally NS-trending Jinshajiang Fault zone extends along NNW direction and displaces left-laterally a series of gullies for about 120～140m. At south of Yarigong,the fault extends along NNE direction and dislocates right-laterally a series of gullies for about 180～210m. In contrast,no evidence of horizontal displacement is observed on the NS-trending segment of the fault. It is suggested,therefore,that the Jinshajiang Fault zone should be characterized by shortening in nearly EW direction. Based on the results of GPS measurement,the shortening rate is determined to be about 2～3mm/yr. The NW-trending Litang Fault is dominated mainly by left-lateral shear movement. According to the dislocation value and the initiation time of dislocation obtained at southeast of Kangga,southeast of Litang and northwest of Heni etc,the average horizontal slip rate on the Litang Fault is estimated to be 3.2～4.4mm/yr on the Litang-Dewu segment,and 2.6～3.0mm/yr on the segment to the north of Litang. The NNE-trending Batang Fault cuts obliquely the main part of the Jinshajiang tectonic zone,displaying mainly right-lateral shear movement. At Mangling Village of Markam County,Tibet,the average horizontal slip rate on the fault is estimated as 2.0～2.7mm/yr,wiile in the vicinity of Batang it is estimated to be 1.3～1.9mm/yr. The connecting line of the eqicenters of the 1989 Batang M 6.7 earthquake swarm and the long-axis of the aftershock distribution all extend nearly along EW direction,and the focal mechanism solution indicates an EW-trending normal faulting. Therefore,we tend to believe that the NNE-trending Batang Fault and the NW-trending Litang Fault to be a pair of conjugate shear ruptures. The southern block between these two faults slips southwards,resulting in EW-trending normal fault at the intersection of the two faults. It was the tensile rupturing on the normal fault that induced the Batang M 6.7 earthquake swarm,as evidenced by the development of EW-trending normal faults on the southern edge of the Maoya basin and the nearly EW-trending surface rupture of about 2 km in length produced by the Batang M 6.7 earthquake swarm.