Table of Content

20 February 2017, Volume 39 Issue 1

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THE HOLOCENE ACTIVITY AND STRIKE-SLIP RATE OF THE SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF XIAOJIANG FAULT IN THE SOUTHEASTERN YUNNAN REGION, CHINA

HAN Zhu-jun, DONG Shao-peng, MAO Ze-bin, HU Nan, TAN Xi-bin, YUAN Ren-mao, GUO Peng

2017, 39(1):  1-19.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.001

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The southern segment of the Xiaojiang Fault (SSXF) is located at the intersection of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault and Red River-Ailao Shan fault systems in the southeast margin of the Tibetan plateau. Based on the interpretation of remote sensing image, the SSXF clearly shows the linear feature and continuous distribution as a single, penetrating fault. It has a total length of about 70km, trends generally about 20° to the northeast and protrudes slightly in the middle to the east. A typically geomorphologic phenomenon about the synchronous left-lateral dislocation of ridges and gullies can be found at Liangchahe, Longtan Village along the SSXF. The distribution of faults, the sedimentary features, attitude variance and the primary dating results of the offset strata in the trench section across fault sag ponds reveal three paleoseismic events rupturing obviously the surface, which demonstrates that the SSXF has the ability of recurrence of strong earthquakes. High-precision topographic map about two gullies and the platform between them with synchronous dislocation is acquired by using the Trimble 5800 GPS real-time difference measurement system. The dislocation is (18.3±0.5)m. As the top geomorphologic surface between the above two gullies and their adjacent area, the terrace surface T₂ stopped accepting deposits at ~2606a, based on the linear regression analysis of three dating data. According to the geological method, a sinistral strike-slip rate of (7.02±0.20)mm/a on the SSXF in the Holocene is obtained, which has a good consistency with the results provided by using GPS data. The preliminary results about the Holocene activity and slip rate of the SSXF demonstrate that the southward or south-southeast motion of the Sichuan-Yunnan block in the SE Yunnan region has not been absorbed by the possible shortening deformation and the sinistral strike-slip rate of the SSXF has not been drastically reduced. The SSXF is a Holocene fault with obvious activity. This preliminary understanding provides some basic geological data for the seismic risk evaluation of the SSXF in the future, and for the establishment and inspection of the seismotectonic model about the Sichuan-Yunnan block.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ABOUT SLIP RATE OF MIDDLE SEGMENT OF THE NORTHERN QILIAN THRUST FAULT ZONE SINCE LATE QUATERNARY

YANG Hai-bo, YANG Xiao-ping, HUANG Xiong-nan

2017, 39(1):  20-42.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.002

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The Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault belongs to the forward thrust fault of the middle segment of northern Qilian Shan overthrust fault zone, and it is also the boundary between the Qilian Shan and Jiudong Basin. Accurately-constrained fault slip rate is crucial for understanding the present-day tectonic deformation mechanism and regional seismic hazard in Tibet plateau. In this paper, we focus on the Shiyangjuan site in the western section of the fault and the Fenglehe site in the middle part of the fault. Combining geomorphic mapping, topographic surveys of the deformed terrace surfaces, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating and radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating methods, we obtained the average vertical slip rate and shortening rate of the fault, which are ~1.1mm/a and 0.9~1.3mm/a, respectively. In addition, decadal GPS velocity profile across the Qilian Shan and Jiudong Basin shows a basin shortening rate of~1.4mm/a, which is consistent with geological shortening rates. Blind fault or other structural deformation in the Jiudong Basin may accommodate part of crustal shortening. Overall crustal shortening rate of the Jiudong Basin accounts for about 1/5 of shortening rate of the Qilian Shan. The seismic activity of the forward thrust zone of Tibetan plateau propagating northeastward is still high.

RE-COGNITION OF THE NEOTECTONICS AND ACTIVITIES OF THE YINGKOU-WEIFANG FAULT ZONE

GAO Zhan-wu, XU Jie, ZHAO Tie-hu, ZHANG Jin, JI Feng-ju, ZHOU Ben-gang

2017, 39(1):  43-53.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.003

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The Yingkou-Weifang fault zone (YWFZ) is the part of the Tanlu fault zone across the Bohai Sea, and is also an important part of the tectonics of the eastern Bohai Bay Basin. Many studies have been carried out on the neo-tectonics and activities of the YWFZ in recent years. In this paper, the neo-tectonics and activities of the YWFZ, and other related issues were studied again, based on our previous work and results of other researchers. The neo-tectonic movement in the Bohai Sea area began in the late Miocene (12~10Ma BP), which originated from the local crust horizontal movement, the tectonic stress field is characterized by NEE-SWW and near E-W horizontal compression. The neo-tectonics of the YWFZ is represented mainly by Neogene-Quaternary deformation, due to rejuvenation of Paleogene faults. Many faults have developed. The neo-tectonics and activities of YWFZ have characteristics of segmentation and weakening, because of the development of the NE-trending Northwest Miao Island-the Yellow River Estuary fault zone, which crosses the YWFZ. Earthquakes in the east of Bohai Sea are distributed along the Northwest Miao Island-the Yellow River Estuary fault zone, only few and small earthquakes along the Liaodong Bay and the Laizhou Bay section of the YWFZ. We made a preliminary analysis of the mechanics for this phenomenon.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF WATER ON THE STRENGTH AND DEFORMATION MECHANISM OF CARRARA MARBLE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

ZHANG Yu-hong, ZHOU Yong-sheng, YAO Wen-ming, HE Chang-rong, DANG Jia-xiang

2017, 39(1):  54-66.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.004

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We performed deformation experiments using Carrara marble in dry and wet conditions under temperature of 400~700℃ and confining pressure 300MPa with two different strain rates. Water contents of deformed samples were measured using FTIR spectroscopy. The microstructure and deformation mechanisms of samples were observed under optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectroscopy analysis. The mechanical data show that samples display strain hardening at 400℃, and transition to steady creep at temperature from 500~700℃. The strength of marble reduced gradually with elevated temperatures or decreased strain rate. However, water effect to the strength of the marble is significantly weak. Microstructures observed show that the deformation is cataclastic flow in dry samples, fracture and pressure solution in wet samples at 400℃. Samples underwent brittle-plastic transition at 500℃. Dislocation glide is major deformation mechanism for dry samples at 600℃. Dislocation climb and dynamic recrystallization are major deformation mechanism for wet samples at 600℃ and for all wet samples and dry samples at 700℃. Lower strain rate and higher water content could promote the process of pressure solution and diffusion as well as dynamic recrystallization.

RELOCATION OF THE BACKGROUND SEISMICITY AND INVESTIGATION ON THE BURIED ACTIVE FAULTS IN SOUTHEASTERN CHINA

ZHU Ai-lan, XU Xi-wei, REN Ye, SUN Dong-jun, WANG Peng, YU Hai-ying, SONG Xiu-qing, LIU Fang

2017, 39(1):  67-80.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.005

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Most of the regions in southeastern China are covered by thick Cenozoic sediments, or are the mountainous areas, so it is difficult to find and locate the active faults using the conventional geologic methods. The precisely relocated background seismicity in the seismically active region can be used to identify the buried active structure. In this paper, we investigated the relationship between regional tectonics and background seismicity, and interpreted the possible buried active faults in southeastern China using the relocated background seismicity. We relocated the background seismicity occurring in the region from 106°E to 122°E and from 22°N to 35°N between 1990 and 2014 using the doubble difference earthquake location algorithm. More than 51000 small earthquakes were relocated. In general, the relocated background seismicity corresponds well to the tectonics, showing the zonation features with typical seismicity pattern in each tectonic regime. It is observed that in the weakly active tectonic regime, the seismicity distributes dispersely or even scarcely, while in the strongly active tectonic region, the seismicity is highly clustered and organized to lineation pattern showing the same direction as the strike of the dominating fault zone. We interpreted the buried active faults using the lineation of seismicity. The inferred active faults are observed in the southeast coast region, the northwest Guangxi Province, the southeast boundary region of the Sichian Basin, and around the Huoshan Fault, many of which were not found by previous studies. The relocated hypocentral depth varies greatly in southeastern China. The shallowest earthquakes between 0 and 15km mainly distribute in the central region, indicating that the brittle deformation process only occurred in the upper crust, while the middle and lower crust are to be half-ductile and ductile deformation. There are earthquakes occurred in lower crust in the southeast coast region. The maximum depths distribute in the southeast boundary region of the Sichuan Basin, some are greater than 40km, indicating that the crust depth is larger than other places and the lower crust still sustains brittle deformation, which corresponds to the lower geothermal value and high crustal strength.

THE DISPLACEMENT AND STRESS FIELD GENERATED BY THE COLLAPSE IN PINGYI COUNTY, SHANGDONG PROVINCE, ON DECEMBER 25, 2015

WAN Yong-ge, JIN Zhi-tong, CUI Hua-wei, HUANG Ji-chao, SHENG Shu-zhong, ZHANG Shan-shan, LI Cui-qin

2017, 39(1):  81-91.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.006

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A collapse happened in Pingyi County, Shandong Province, on December 25, 2015. The displacement field, stress field and Coulomb failure stress change on the Mengshan frontal fault generated by the collapse are calculated by using point collapse model in isotropic medium. The result shows that: (1) The maximum horizontal displacement is located at the center of the collapse with value of~18mm. The horizontal displacements are greater than 1mm within~5km of the collapse with its direction pointing to the collapse center. The maximum subsidence is located at the center of the collapse with the value of 4mm. The subsidence is greater than 1mm within ~3km of the collapse. The displacement field decays so rapidly that can be ignored at far away from the collapse for the shallow source, which caused local displacement field. (2) Influenced by the free surface, the contraction area stress within ~5km of the collapse with the order of 1000Pa and expansion area stress in farther away areas at depth of 2km are estimated. the expansion area stress of 1000Pa is estimated at the~5km from the collapse center. Then the expansion area stress decays to 100Pa at the distance of ~10km from the collapse. The maximum compressive and extensional principal stresses are estimated as 10000Pa at the depth of 2km. The compressive stress axes present radical direction pointing to the collapse within ~5km of the center. In farther away from the collapse, The extensional principal stress axes present radical direction pointing to the center of the collapse. With farther distance to the collapse, the compressive and extensional stress decay rapidly to the order of 100Pa. (3) The Coulomb failure stress on the northwestern part of the Mengshan frontal fault, which is known as active segment of the Mengshan frontal fault, is decreased by the collapse with maximum value of 2500Pa. Whereas, the Coulomb failure stress on the southeastern part of the Mengshan frontal fault, which is known as left-lateral normal slip fault segment in Quaternary period, is increased by the collapse with maximum of 2400Pa, to which attention would be paid in seismic hazard analysis.

ANALYSIS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DURATION AND PERIOD OF GROUND MOTION OF THE LUSHAN EARTHQUAKE BASED ON THE STATION RECORDS

BAI Yu-zhu, XU Xi-wei

2017, 39(1):  92-103.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.007

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Based on 60 records from the 20 stations within 100km to the epicenter of Lushan earthquake, the predominant period, period of peak response spectrum, duration of ground motion, and source duration are investigated. By the study, we conclude that within 100km to the epicenter, the scope of predominant period is 0.013~0. 275s in EW, NS and UD direction; the scope of period of peak response spectrum for 5% damping ratio is 0.03~0.65s; the scope of 90% ground motion durations is 5. 1~35. 9s; the scope of averaging source duration is 6.41 (EW), 6.05 (NS) and 5.47s (UD). Furthermore, based on the ground motion duration calculated by 20 stations dada, the predictive curve and equation of ground motion duration is regressed and compared with the recent equation of ground motion duration by Bommer (2009). We find that the ground motion durations of most stations are larger than predictively mean value by Bommer (2009), which means that the source effect of Lushan earthquake is relatively larger. Lastly, by the contour figure of ground motion duration and source duration, we conclude that the directivity character of duration is relatively apparent in NE direction. The relatively larger source duration and ground motion duration in NE direction indicate more energy release in the main shock of Lushan earthquake, which perhaps causes the relatively less aftershocks in this direction. The duration has no hanging wall effect, which perhaps results from the blind-reverse fault structure of Lushan earthquake.

THE COSEISMIC SOURCE SLIP AND COULOMB STRESS TRIGGERING OF 2015 NEPAL GORKHA M_W7.9 AND KODARIM_W7.3 EARTHQUAKE BASED ON InSAR MEASUREMENTS

ZHANG Ying-feng, ZHANG Guo-hong, SHAN Xin-jian, WEN Shao-yan

2017, 39(1):  104-116.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.008

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According to the structure of the Himalayan orogenic belt, a low-angle antilistric thrust-slip fault model is used to simulate the ramp on the rupture portion of the Main Himalayan Fault. Based on descending Alos -2 and Sentinal -1 data, we invert for the coseismic slip models of the Gorkha earthquake and its largest aftershock, Kodari earthquake. In contrast to the inversion using Alos -2 or Sentinal -1 separately, the joint inversion of both data sets has stronger constraint for the deep slip and can obtain more details in Gorkha earthquake. The rupture depth obtained by joint inversion can be as deep as 24km underground, cutting across the locking line to the transition of locked and the creeping zone. The largest slip is as large as 4.5m appearing 17km underground and the dip angle is between 3°and 10°. Gorkha and Kodari earthquakes have the similar focal mechanisms, both of which are mainly thrusting, and yet some right-lateral slip component in Gorkha earthquake. The inversion results reveal that slip models of the Nepal mainshock and its largest aftershock are complementary in space and the Kodari earthquake occurs in the gaps of slip in Gorkha earthquake. The epicenter of the Kodari earthquake is just right in the transitive zone of the positive and negative Coulomb stress change, where the Coulomb stress change can reach 0.4MPa. We thus argue that Kodari earthquake has been triggered by the Gorkha earthquake.

THE CENOZOIC TECTONICS AND SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF XINZHENG-TAIKANG FAULT IN THE SOUTHERN EDGE OF TAIKANG AREA

WANG Zhi-shuo, WANG Ming-liang, ZHAO Xian-gang, WAN Na, MA Xing-quan, YU Hao-yu

2017, 39(1):  117-129.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.009

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On the basis of dividing and comparison of the Neogene strata and their bottoms revealed by 7 drill holes in Taikang area, we completed 101 seismic profiles with a total length of 4991km. Seismic data were compared and interpreted. The results indicate that Xinzheng-Taikang Fault, as a blind fault extending from Xinzheng to Taikang, which was considered as an EW striking fault from Xuchang to Taikang before, is the boundary of Taikang uplift and Zhoukou depression, controlling the sedimentation since Neogene Period. So we named the fault the Xinzheng-Taikang Fault, which is composed of two branches, mainly, the east and west branches. The west branch strikes northwest, dipping northeast with steep angles, and the fault plane extending more than 140km in length. As revealed on the seismic profiles, the eastern segment of the west branch is normal fault, while the west segment of the branch shows characteristics of strike-slip fault. The east branch trends NW-NEE, dipping SW-SSE with the length of about 50km. Two branches form a minus flower structure, indicating the strike slip-extension tectonic background. The bottom of Neogene strata is offset about 120m by the east branch, 20m by the west branch, and the bottom of Quaternary is probably offset too. Meanwhile, latest studies suggest that the composite strip of the two branches of Xinzheng-Taikang Fault, which is a tectonic transfer zone, is the subduction zone between the two strike-slip faults. The tectonic stress tends to be released by the east-west branch fault, and the zone should be the seismogenic structure for the recent seismicity in Taikang area. In 2010, the latest earthquake ofM_S4.7 occurred in this area, causing 12 people wounded. The seismogenic structure was considered to be the Xinzheng-Taikang Fault. So locating the fault exactly is of great importance to disaster prevention.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL S-WAVE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION BASED ON AMBIENT NOISE ANALYSIS IN EASTERN NORTH

GONG Meng, XU Xi-wei, ZHANG Xin-dong, OUYANG Long-bin, JIANG Guo-yan, DONG Bo

2017, 39(1):  130-146.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.010

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We apply ambient noise tomography to continuous vertical component broadband seismic data between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2011from the regional networks of 190 stations deployed by China Earthquake Administration in Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mengolia. Ambient noise cross-correlations were performed to produce the Green's functions of each station-pair. Firstly, we used the multiple-filter analysis method to extract surface wave group and phase velocity dispersion curves from inter-station paths at periods from 7 to 40s. Then the study area was discretized into a 0.2°×0.2° grid to obtain the group and phase velocity distributions using O'ccam inversion method. After that, three dimensional (3-D) S-wave velocity structures from the surface down to 50km are inverted from group and phase velocities dispersion results. the results of S wave velocity distribution maps generally demonstrate good correlations with surface geological and tectonic features, and they also clearly revealed the lateral velocity variation in the crust. In the mid-upper crust, the basins are clearly resolved with low S wave velocity due to its thick sedimentary layer, and the Taihang and Yanshan uplifts show relative higher S wave velocity distribution. With the increase of depth (>30km), the S wave velocity distribution presents a contrary characteristic compared to that of the shallow layer, and the S wave velocity beneath the Taihang and Yanshan uplifts are much lower than basin areas, which is possibly correlated with the thickness of the crust. 3-D S wave velocity shows a low-velocity zone at~10~20km depth observed beneath the Tanshan-Hejian-Xintai-Cixian belt and Bohai Bay. the low-velocity zone at~20~30km depth beneath the Datong area may be associated with the thermal material in the crust-mantle. Our S wave velocity distribution maps clearly show that Taihang Mountains is not only the boundary of topography and tectonic zone, but also the transition zone of high and low S wave velocity.

DEEP TECTONIC STRESS CHANGE BASED ON LONG-TERM APPARENT RESISTIVITY TIME SERIES: A CASE STUDY FROM NORTH SECTION OF YISHU FAULT ZONE

WANG Qing-lin, SUN Huai-feng, ZHU Cheng-lin, ZHANG Ji-hong, TANG Ting-mei

2017, 39(1):  147-157.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.011

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Almost all the destructive earthquakes, so called tectonic earthquake, are produced by tectonic movement. The tectonic movement will cause resistivity changes in the earth. It's valuable for strong earthquake forecast to study the relationship between the resistivity change and tectonic movement. According to magnetotelluric sounding method, we establish a robust estimate method to calculate the long-term apparent resistivity from seismic station monitoring data. We first use 1D layered earth models to test the sensitivity of this method. Then we process the continually observed long term electromagnetic data in 4 years (from 2011 to 2014) from Anqiu seismic station which is very close to the north section of Yishu fault zone. The apparent resistivity curves and the apparent resistivity time series for different frequencies are obtained. The time series show the resistivity increase in the selected 4 years, which is in good agreement with the GPS baseline data. This also satisfies the results from rock mechanics experiments on deep rocks (upper mantle) that the resistivity will increase with improved stress in a high temperature and pressure environment. The method is valuable for studying electromagnetic precursor of strong earthquakes and strong earthquake prediction.

THE LIVELIHOOD VULNERABILITY OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD IN THE EARTHQUAKE-STRICKEN AREA OF NING'ER, YUNNAN PROVINCE

WEI Ben-yong, SU Gui-wu, QI Wen-hua, SUN Lei, WU Yang, JIN Yi-fan

2017, 39(1):  158-171.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.012

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Strengthening livelihood capacities and making them sustainable is a crucial component of disaster risk reduction. Earthquake disaster not only destroys the whole social production and life system, but also seriously affects the livelihood activities and reduces the livelihood capability of people in the earthquake-hit area. In this paper, taking the stricken area of Ning'erM_S6.4 earthquake in 2007 as an example, we analyzed the livelihood vulnerability of rural household in Yunnan, using the method of questionnaire and on-site interview. The results show that on the whole, the rural household livelihood is much more vulnerable, which would lead to the higher risk of livelihood in Ning'er earthquake-hit area, Yunnan. The main reasons for the higher vulnerability of rural household are the lacks of single or multiple livelihood capitals. Moreover, the livelihood vulnerabilities of rural households with the lacks of human capitals and multiple capitals are the highest. The rural households with the lacks of human capitals and multiple capitals would face much more risk of livelihood. To expand their social capital, raise their cultural quality, increase the ways for living, accelerate household wealth accumulation and improve the level of household buildings are the effective ways of reducing livelihood vulnerability and decreasing the effects of earthquake disaster for local rural households in Ning'er, Yunnan.

THE APPLICATION OF IMAGE-BASED MODELING IN PALEOEARTHQUAKE TRENCH STUDY

GAO Wei, HE Hong-lin, ZOU Jun-jie, SHI Feng

2017, 39(1):  172-182.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.013

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The geological structure exposed by paleoearthquake trenches is the key material to the right cognition of fault activity and paleoearthquake. However, paleoearthquake trenching inevitably destroys active tectonic geomorphic evidence and trench exposures are usually difficult to reserve. The conventional process of recording the delicate geological information, manually constructing photomosaics by image-editing software, is time-consuming and produces undesirable artificial distortions. Herein, we explored the process of constructing trench orthophotomosaics and the 3D image model using the Image-based Modeling technology and applied it to the Liutiaohe trench across the Tianqiaogou-Huangyangchuan Fault, Gansu Province. Based on the 3D image modeling and orthophotomosaic, we firstly constructed the control points and scale bars on cleaned trench walls and collected photos of all sections of the trench with a digital camera in the field, and then reconstructed the 3D model of the trench through the Agisoft PhotoScan, an efficient image-based modeling software, and finally yielded the 3D image model of the trench and othophotomasaics of the trench exposures. The results show that the automated workflow can produce seamless, sub-millimeter-level high-resolution photomosaics more quickly, with precision in the centimeter range, and the 3D image model is of great help to identify strata and geological structures in trenches with much lower capital and labor costs and low expertise levels compared with LiDAR, meanwhile, the 3D archive benefits the share and communication and even allows future reinterpreting the site using new insights.

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON LUMINESCENCE DATING OF ROCK SURFACES AND ITS APPLICATION

LUO Ming, CHEN Jie, LIU Jin-feng

2017, 39(1):  183-192.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.014

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There are many examples of exposed or buried rock surfaces whose age is of interest to geologists and archaeologists. Luminescence dating is a well-established method of absolute chronology which has been successfully applied to a wide range of fine-grained sediments from hundreds of years to several hundred thousand years. Optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) has been recently proposed as a new method to date these rock surfaces (Laskariset al., 2011; Sohbatiet al., 2012a; Chapotet al., 2012; Pedersonet al., 2014; Sohbatiet al., 2015; Freieslebenet al., 2015). The basic principle is that luminescence signal of rock surface will soon decay when the rock is exposed to sunlight. When the rock surface is turned to be buried side, the OSL signal begins to accumulate again. With the variation of residual luminescence with depth, it is possible to estimate exposure and burial history of the rock. This article describes briefly the different luminescence dating methods for rock surfaces, its progress, application examples and present problems. For instance, Sohbatiet al. (2011) studied the depth dependence of the bleaching of the IRSL signal from granitic rocks, Laskaris and Liritzis (2011) proposed a mathematical function to describe the attenuation of daylight into rock surfaces, Sohbatiet al. (2012a) developed their model to include the environmental dose rate, Sohbatiet al. (2012b) overcame the problem of parameter estimation by using a known-age road-cut sample for calibration, Sohbatiet al. (2012c) further developed the OSL surface exposure dating model by including the simultaneous effect of daylight bleaching and environmental dose rate, and so on. These studies indicate that OSL dating method for rock surface can be applied widely to studies of geological and geomorphological evolution, archeology and Quaternary tectonic activity.

RESEARCH OF FOCAL MECHANISM AND DEPTH OF TWOM_S4.5 EARTHQUAKES IN YONGNING

JIN Chun-hua, HE Qiu-ju, TIAN Xiao-hui

2017, 39(1):  193-205.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.015

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TwoM_S4.5 earthquakes happened in Yongning, a county of Yinchuan in Ningxia on June 22, 2010 and November 20, 2012, which were both strongly felt in Yinchuan and its vicinities. In order to understand the seismogenic structure better, we collected the regional earthquake waveform data of Ningxia and nearby seismic networks. Locating main shocks and aftershocks distribution by Hyp2000 and inversing the focal mechanism and depth by TDMT, we got results as follows: for the June 22 earthquake, nodal plane Ⅰ: strike 208, dip 89, and rake -164; nodal plane Ⅱ: strike 117, dip 74, and rake -2. For the November 20 earthquake: nodal plane Ⅰ: strike 284, dip 79, and rake 12, nodal plane II strike 192, dip 79, and rake 169. By means of reference to Snoke method, it is known that the main fractures of the two earthquakes are both strike slip faults with NNE-trending and NNW-dipping, while the former has a small amount of tension component and the latter has a small amount of thrust component. And the moment magnitudes of them areM_W4.5 andM_W4.3. According to Hyp2000 location, TDMT moment tensor fitting error and sPn depth phases, we consider that the focal depths of the two earthquakes are 22km and 8km, both are shallow-focus ones. Though the epicenters of the two earthquakes are 13km apart from each other, the former one is deeper, the reason is that the November 20 earthquake was controlled by the major fault of Yinchuan Fault, while the June 22 earthquake was controlled by south branch of Yinchuan Fault.

THE STUDY OF LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF HANCHENG FAULT

HU Gui-rang, LI Zi-hong, YAN Xiao-bing, ZHAO Jin-quan, ZENG Jin-yan, GUO Jin

2017, 39(1):  206-217.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.016

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Based on the 1︰50000 geological and geomorphologic mapping of active fault, the structural geomorphic features and activity of Hancheng Fault are investigated in detail. In the study, we divide the fault into three sections from north to south: the section between Xiweikou and Panhe River, the section between Panhe River and Xingjiabao and the section between Xingjiabao and Yijing, the three sections show different characters of tectonic landform. The section between Xiweikou and Panhe River is a kind of typical basin-mountain landform, where diluvial fans spread widely. In the north of Yumenkou, the fault deforms the diluvial fans, forming scarps, along which the fault extends. In the south of Yumenkou, the fault extends along the rear edge of the diluvial fans. In the section between Panhe River and Xingjiabao the fault extends along the front of the loess mesa. In the section between Xingjiabao and Yijing the fault forms scarp in the loess and extends as an arc shaped zone, and the landform is formed by the accumulative deformation of the fault. The activity of the fault becomes weak gradually from northeast to southwest. The fault activity of the section between Xiweikou and Panhe River is the strongest, and the latest age of activity is Holocene. The slip rate since the mid-Holocene is bigger than 0.8mm/a at Yumenkou. The fault activity of the section between Panhe River and Xingjiabao is weaker than the north part, the fault's latest active age is identified as the later period of Late Pleistocene and the activity becomes weak gradually from northeast to southwest. At the estuary of the Jushui River the slip rate of the fault is about 0.49mm/a since late Late Pleistocene. The fault activity of the section between Xingjiabao and Yijing is the weakest. There is no evidence of paleosol S1 deformed in fault profiles, and only some phenomena of fracture and sand liquefaction in the earlier Late Pleistocene loess. The activity of the fault is in line with the fault landform feature. At macro level, the relationship between the uplifted side and the thrown side of the fault switches gradually from the Ordos uplifting region and the rifted basin to the interior blocks of the rifted basin, which maybe is the regional reason why the activity of the Hancheng Fault becomes weak from the northeast to the southwest.