USING DEFORMATION TERRACES TO CONFINE THE SHOR-TENING,UPLIFT AND LATERAL PROPAGATION OF THE MUSHI ANTICLINE,NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE PAMIR

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2011.02.005

Abstract

Abstract:

Locating at eastern end of the Pamir Front Thrust(PFT),the Mushi anticline grows initiating from early-Pleistocene till now.The anticline,with a gentle south limb and steep north limb,outcrops Pliocene Atushi formation and lower-Pleistocene Xiyu formation.Topographic profiles and drainage pattern indicate the lateral growth of the anticline from west to east.Combining mapping data and seismic profiles from the neighboring area,we find the Mushi anticline is a detachment fold,with a total shortening of ～0.7km and a total uplift up to～1.5km.Northern part of the anticline is dominated by a series of wide,flat terraces.According to OSL samples,the age of the terrace T2a,T3and T4 is 15.8±2.4ka,55.1±10.3ka and 131.4±23.9ka respectively.Correlating with Marine Isotopic stages(MIS),the formation of terraces has some relationship with global climate change.As growing of the anticline,terrace surfaces deformed obviously,which is characterized by fault scarps,surface tilting or back-tilting,folding scarps and lateral tilting.Deforming patterns of the terrace surfaces indicate the Mushi anticline grows by limb rotation in late-Pleistocene.Using calculating models,we can confine the minimum shortening rate is 1.6±0.3mm/a and the minimum uplift rate is 1.9±0.3mm/a. Longitudinal profiles of terraces indicate the Mushi anticline grows laterally through limb rotation.According to relationship between uplift and lateral propagation,we can acquire a faster eastward lateral propagation rate of the anticline during the period of 131～16ka,with a rate about 14.6±3.6mm/a; however,since 16ka,the rate reduced to 1.7±0.3mm/a,implying the anticline tip stopped propagating to the east,and growing of the anticline was mainly dominated by lateral limb rotation in late Quaternary.

Key words: Pamir, Mushi anticline, late Quaternary, river terrace, fold growth, lateral propagation

摘要：

位于帕米尔前缘逆冲推覆体(Pamir Front Thrust,PFT)东端的木什滑脱背斜,是帕米尔弧形推覆构造带最前缘和最新的变形带。对地形横剖面、纵剖面和水系发育特征的分析表明,木什背斜总体上具有由西向东扩展生长的特征。在背斜核部及北翼发育数级开阔平坦的沿轴向展布的河流阶地,阶地可划分为4期。利用阶地堆积细颗粒石英光释光测年获得阶地面T2a、T3和T4的形成年龄分别为(15.8±2.40)ka、(55.1±10.3)ka、(131.4±23.9)ka。伴随背斜的生长扩展,河流阶地面发生了横向和纵向掀斜,并形成断层陡坎和褶皱陡坎。木什背斜晚第四纪的缩短和隆升主要是通过褶皱翼旋转机制进行的,估算其最小缩短速率为(1.6±0.3)mm/a,最小隆升速率为(1.9±0.3)mm/a。与此同时,沿轴向背斜发生了向东的侧向迁移和旋转。根据背斜垂直隆升与侧向扩展之间的关系,估算背斜在131～16ka期间向东的侧向迁移扩展速率较快,为 (14.6±3.6)mm/a; 自16ka至今,侧向迁移扩展速率迅速减小至(1.7±0.3)mm/a,背斜向东的迁移扩展可能已基本停止,而以侧向旋转为主。

关键词: 帕米尔, 木什背斜, 晚第四纪, 河流阶地, 褶皱生长, 侧向扩展

CLC Number:

P315.2

LI Tao, CHEN Jie, XIAO Wei-peng, Burbank D W, HUANG Ming-da, Thompson J. USING DEFORMATION TERRACES TO CONFINE THE SHOR-TENING,UPLIFT AND LATERAL PROPAGATION OF THE MUSHI ANTICLINE,NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE PAMIR[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2011, 33(2): 308-322.

李涛, 陈杰, 肖伟鹏, Burbank D W, 黄明达, Thompson J. 利用变形河流阶地限定帕米尔北缘木什背斜的缩短、隆升和侧向扩展[J]. 地震地质, 2011, 33(2): 308-322.

References

陈杰,李涛,李文巧,等.2011.帕米尔构造结及邻区的晚新生代构造与现今变形［J］.地震地质,33(2):241-259.
CHEN Jie, LI Tao,LI Wen-qiao,et al.2011.Late Cenozoic and present tectonic deformation in the Pamirs salient, northwestern China［J］.Seismology and Geology, 33(2):241-259(in Chinese).
陈杰,曲国胜,胡军,等.1997.帕米尔北缘弧形推覆构造带东段的基本特征与现代地震活动［J］.地震地质,19(4): 301-312.
CHEN Jie,QU Guo-sheng,HU Jun,et al.1997.Arcuate thrust tectonics and its contemporary seismicity in the eastern section of the external zone of the Pamir ［J］.Seismology and Geology,19(4): 301-312(in Chinese).
陈杰,Scharer K M,Burbank D W,等.2005.利用河流阶地限定活动褶皱的类型和生长机制: 运动学模型［J］.地震地质,27(4): 513-529.
CHEN Jie,Scharer K M,Burbank D W,et al.2005.Kinematic models of fluvial terraces over active folds: Constraints on the growth mechanism and kinematics of the fault-related folds ［J］.Seismology and Geology,27(4): 513-529(in Chinese).
卢华复,王胜利,贾东,等.2002.天山中段南麓的第四纪褶皱作用［J］.科学通报,47(21): 1675-1679.
LU Hua-fu,WANG Sheng-li,JIA Dong,et al.2002.Quaternary folding in the south piedmont of central segment of Tian Shan Mountains ［J］.Chinese Science Bulletin,47(21): 1675-1679(in Chinese).
肖伟鹏,陈杰,李涛,等.2011.帕米尔北缘木什背斜第四纪滑脱褶皱作用与北翼逆断裂的生长［J］.地震地质,33(2):289-307.
XIAO Wei-peng,CHEN Jie,LI Tao,et al.2011.The Quaternary detachment folding and propagation of north limb fault of the Mushi anticline,northern margin of the Pamir ［J］.Seismology and Geology,33(2):289-307(in Chinese).
杨会丽,陈杰,冉勇康,等.2011.汶川8.0级地震小鱼洞地表破裂带古地震事件的光释光测年［J］.地震地质,33(2): 402-412.
YANG Hui-li,CHEN Jie,RAN Yong-kang,et al.2011.Optical dating of paleoearthquake similar to the 12May Wenchuan earthquake,at Xiaoyudong surface ruptures zone ［J］.Seismology and Geology,33(2): 402-412(in Chinese).
尹金辉,陈杰,郑勇刚,等.2001.卡兹克阿尔特断裂带活动特征［J］.中国地震,17: 221-230.
YIN Jin-hui,CHEN Jie,ZHENG Yong-gang,et al.2001.Active characteristics of Kazkeaerte Fault zone ［J］.Earthquake Research in China,17: 221-230(in Chinese).
Bernard S,Avouac J P,Dominguez S,et al.2007.Kinematics of fault-related folding derived from a sandbox experiment ［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research,112: B03S12,112:1-19.doi: 10.1029/2005JB004149.
Bullard T F,Lettis W R.1993.Quaternary fold deformation associated with blind thrust faulting,Los Angeles Basin,California ［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research,98(5): 8349-8369.
Burbank D W,McLean J K,Bullen M,et al.1999.Partitioning of intermontane basins by thrust-related folding,Tianshan,Kyrgyzstan ［J］.Basin Research,11(1): 75-92.doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2117.1999.00086x.
Casas-Sainz A M,Cortes A L,Maestro A.2002.Sequential limb rotation and kink-band migration recorded by growth strata,Almazan Basin,North Spain ［J］.Sedimentary Geology,146(1-2): 25-45.
Chamberlin R T.1910.The Appalachian folds of central Pennsylvania ［J］.Journal of Geology,27: 228-251.
Chen J,Heermance R,Burbank D W,et al.2007.Quantification of growth and lateral propagation of the Kashi anticline,southwest Chinese Tianshan ［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research,112: B03S16.doi: 10.1029/2006JB004345.
Chen Y G,Lai K Y,Lee Y H,et al.2007.Coseismic fold scarps and their kinematic behavior in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake Taiwan ［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research,112: B03S02.doi: 10.1029/2006JB004388.
Daron M,Avouac J P,Charreau J.2007.Modeling the shortening history of a fault tip fold using structural and geomorphic records of deformation ［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research,112:1-19.doi: 10.1029/2006JB004460.
Delcaillau B,Deffontaines B,Floissac L.1998.Morphotectonic evidence from lateral propagation of an active frontal fold: Pakuashan anticline,foothills of Taiwan ［J］.Geomorphology,24(4): 263-290.doi: 10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00020-8.
Epard J L,Groshong R H.1993.Excess area and depth to detachment ［J］.AAPG Bull,77(8): 1291-1302.
Fleming S J. 1973. The pre-dose technique: A new thermoluminescence dating method ［J］.Archaeometry,15:13-30.
Hardy S,Poblet J.1994.Geometric and numerical model of progressive limb rotation in detachment folds ［J］.Geology,22(4): 371-374.
Hubert-Ferrari A,Suppe J,Gonzalez-Mieres R,et al.2007.Mechanisms of active folding of the landscape(southern Tian Shan,China)［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research,112:1-39.doi: 10.1029/2006JB004362.
Keller E A,Zepeda R L,Rockwell T K,et al.1998.Active tectonics at Wheeler Ridges,southern San Joaquin Valley,California ［J］.Geological Society of America Bulletin,110(3): 298-310.doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0298: ATAWRS>2.3.CO; 2.
Keller E A,Gurrola L,Tierney T E.1999.Geomorphic criteria to determine direction of lateral propagation of reverse faulting and folding ［J］.Geology,27(6): 515-518.doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0515: GCTDDO>2.3.CO; 2.
Lave J,Avouac J P.2000.Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills,Himalayas of central Nepal ［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research,105(3): 5735-5770.
Lu Y C,Wang X L,Wintle A G.2007.A new chronology for dust accumulation in the last 130,000yr for the Chinese Loess Plateau ［J］.Quaternary Research,(67): 152-160.
Molnar P,Brown E T,Burchfiel B C,et al.1994.Quaternary climate change and the formation of river terraces across growing anticlines on the north flank of the Tien Shan,China ［J］.Journal of Geology,102(5): 583-602.
Petit J R,Jouzel J, Raynaud D, et al.1999.Climate and atmospheric history of the past 4200,000 years from the Vostok ice core,Antarctica ［J］.Nature,399: 429-436.doi: 10.1038/20859.
Rockwell T K,Keller E A,Dembrof G R.1988.Quaternary rate of folding of the Ventura Avenue anticline,western Transverse Ranges,southern California ［J］.Geological Society of America Bulletin,100: 850-858.
Scharer K M,Burbank D W,Chen J,et al.2006.Kinematic models of fluvial terraces over active detachment fold: Constraints on the growth mechanism of the Kashi-Atushi fold system,Chinese Tian Shan ［J］.Geological Society of America Bulletin,118: 1006-1021.doi: 10.1130/B25835.1.
Simoes M,Avouac J P,Chen Y G,et al.2007.Kinematic analysis of the Pakuashan Fault tip fold,west central Taiwan: Shortening rate and age of folding inception ［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research,112: B03S14.doi: 10.1029/2005JB004198.
Suppe J.1983.Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding ［J］.American Journal of Science,283: 684-721.
Suppe J,Medwedef D A.1990.Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding ［J］.Ecologae Geol Helv,83(3): 409-454.
Suppe J,Chou G T,Hook S C.1992.Rates of folding and faulting determined from growth strata .In: McClay K,ed.Thrust tectonics.London: Chapman & Hall.
Suppe J,Sabat F,Munoz J A,et al.1997.Bed-by-bed fold growth by kink-band migration: Sant Llorenc de Morunys,eastern Pyrenees ［J］. Journal of Structural Geology,19(3-4): 443-461.
Thompson S C,Weldon R J,Rubin C M,et al.2002.Late Quaternary slip rates across the central Tien Shan,Kyrgyzstan,central Asia ［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research,107(B9):2203.doi: 10.1029/2001JB000596.
Zapata T R,Allmendinger R W.1996.Growth stratal records of instantaneous and progressive limb rotation in the Precordillera thrust belt and Bermejo Basin ［J］.Argentina Tectonics,15: 1065-1083.
Zubovich A V,Wang X Q,Scherba Y G,et al.2010.GPS velocity field of the Tien Shan and surrounding regions ［J］.Tectonics,29: TC6014.doi: 10.1029/2010TC002772.

[1]	XU Wei, LI Guang-tao, CHENG Li, ZOU Zi-nan. LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS IN THE SHIBAN RIVER TO NANNIWAN SEGMENT OF THE SOUTHERN MAOMAOSHAN MARGINAL FAULT [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2026, 48(2): 386-402.
[2]	CHEN Yan-wen, YUAN Dao-yang, YAO Yun-sheng, YU Jin-chao, WEN Ya-meng, SU Rui-huan, SUN Hao. CHARACTERISTICS OF LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE MAYAXUESHAN FAULT IN THE EASTERN QILIAN SHAN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(6): 1566-1585.
[3]	GAO Yang, WU Zhong-hai, HAN Shuai, TIAN Ting-ting. LATE QUATERNARY THROW RATE OF THE SEISMOGENIC FAULT(DENGMECUO FAULT)OF THE 2025 M_S6.8 DINGRI EARTHQUAKE IN SHIGATSE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(3): 689-706.
[4]	WANG Duo, CHEN Li-chun, LI Yan-bao, WANG Hu, JIA Yong-shun, GAO Yin-yi, XUE Ke-yi. LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE XIETONGMEN TO DENGMECUO SEGMENT ALONG THE XAINZA-DINGGYE RIFT IN SOUTHERN QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(3): 718-733.
[5]	LIU Jia-xin, PEI Shun-ping, GUO Yi-cun. PN WAVE VELOCITY AND ANISOTROPY TOMOGRAPHY IN THE UPPERMOST MANTLE OF PAMIR PLATEAU AND ADJACENT REGIONS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(2): 547-560.
[6]	CUI Hua-wei, YIN Xin-zhong, CHEN Jiu-hui, GUO Biao, LI Tao, YAO Yuan, LI Shi-ying, JIA Zhen. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEISMICITY AND TECTONIC STRESS FIELD IN THE NORTHEASTERN REGION OF THE PAMIR PLATEAU [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(2): 577-596.
[7]	ZANG Ke-zhi, WU Chuan-yong, ZHANG Jin-shuo, GAO Zhan, YUAN Si-hua, YUAN Hai-yang, YU Xiao-hui, WANG Xue-zhu. LATE QUATERNARY DEFORMATION RATE OF THE WENSU FORELAND THRUST BELT IN THE SOUTHERN TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(6): 1280-1294.
[8]	CHEN Bai-xu, YU Zhong-yuan, XIAO Peng, DAI Xun-ye, ZHANG Shi-long, ZHENG Rong-ying. THE NEW FINDINGS OF SURFACE RUPTURE ZONES AND ITS SEISMOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EASTERN MARGIN OF YUMUSHAN FAULT, NORTHEASTERN MARGIN OF QINGZANG PLATEAU [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(3): 589-607.
[9]	HUANG Wei-liang, ZHANG Jia-le, XIANG Wen, YANG Qian-hao. THE LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS AND SLIP RATE OF BATANG FAULT IN SE TIBETAN PLATEAU [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(6): 1265-1285.
[10]	LIU Qing, LIU Shao, ZHANG Shi-min. PALEOSEISMOLOGIC STUDY ON THE YUEXI FAULT IN THE MIDSECTION OF THE DALIANGSHAN FAULT ZONE SINCE THE LATE QUATERNARY [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(2): 321-337.
[11]	YUAN Hao-dong, LI An, HUANG Wei-liang, HU Zong-kai, ZUO Yu-qi, YANG Xiao-ping. GEOLOGICAL DEFORMATION OF THE TUOLI FAULT IN THE WEST JUNGGAR SINCE THE LATE QUATERNARY [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(1): 49-66.
[12]	ZHANG Wei-heng, CHEN Jie, LI Tao, DI Ning, YAO Yuan. LATE QUATERNARY SHORTENING RATE OF THE SANSUCHANG ANTICLINE, SOUTHERN LONGMEN SHAN FORELAND THRUST BELT [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1351-1364.
[13]	ZHANG Xiu-li, XIONG Jian-guo, ZHANG Pei-zhen, LIU Qing-ri, YAO Yong, ZHONG Yue-zhi, ZHANG Hui-ping, LI You-li. STUDY ON THE SLIP RATE OF THE NORTH ZHONGTIAO SHAN FAULT SINCE THE LATE MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1403-1420.
[14]	FENG Jing-jing, ZHAO Yong-wei, LI Ni, CHEN Zheng-quan, WANG Li-zhu, LIU Yong-shun, NIE Bao-feng, ZHANG Xue-bin. CONE MORPHOLOGY AND ERUPTION MECHANISMS OF THE LATE QUATERNARY VOLCANO IN NORTHERN HAINAN ISLAND [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(5): 1107-1127.
[15]	SHEN Jun, DAI Xun-ye, XIAO Chun, JIAO Xuan-kai, BAI Qilegeer, DENG Mei, LIU Ze-zhong, XIA Fang-hua, LIU Yu, LIU Ming. STUDY ON THE LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE WEST XIADIAN FAULT IN BEIJING PLAIN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(4): 909-924.