On February 6, 2023, two destructive earthquakes struck southern and central Turkey and northern and western Syria. The epicenter of the first event(M_W7.8)was 37km west-northwest of Gaziantep. The earthquake had a maximum Mercalli intensity of Ⅻ around the epicenter and in Antakya. It was followed by a M_W7.7 earthquake nine hours later. This earthquake was centered 95km north-northeast from the first one. There was widespread damage and tens of thousands of fatalities. In response to these catastrophic events, in March 2023, a seismic scientific expedition led by China Earthquake Administration(CEA)was promptly organized to investigate the surface ruptures caused by these earthquakes. Here, we focus on the surface ruptures of the second earthquake, known as the Elbistan earthquake. The post-earthquake field survey revealed that the Elbistan earthquake occurred on the East Anatolian fault zone's northern branch(the Cardak Fault). This event resulted in forming a main surface rupture zone approximately 140km long and a secondary fault rupture zone approximately 20km long, which is nearly perpendicular to the main rupture.

We combined the interpretation of high-resolution satellite imagery and geomorphic investigations along the fault to determine the fault geometry and kinematics of the second earthquake event. The Elbistan earthquake formed a main surface rupture zone approximately 140km long, which strikes in an east-west direction along the Cardak Fault. The main rupture zone starts from Göksun in the west and extends predominantly eastward until the western end of the Sürgü Fault. It then propagates northeast along the southern segment of the Malatya fault zone. The entire Cardak Fault and the Malatya fault zone's southern segment are considered seismic structures for this earthquake. The overall surface rupture zone exhibits a linear and continuous distribution. Secondary ruptures show a combination of left-lateral strike-slip or left-lateral oblique-thrust deformation. Along the rupture zone, a series of en echelon fractures, moletracks, horizontal fault striations, and numerous displaced piercing markers, such as mountain ridges, wheat fields, terraces, fences, roads, and wheel ruts, indicate the predominance of pure left-lateral strike-slip motion for most sections. The maximum measured horizontal displacement is(7.6±0.3)m. According to the empirical relationship between the seismic moment magnitude of strike-slip faulting earthquakes and the length of surface rupture(SRL), a main rupture zone of 140km in length corresponds to a moment magnitude of approximately 7.6. Based on the relationship between the seismic moment magnitude and the maximum coseismic displacement, a maximum coseismic displacement of(7.6±0.3)m corresponds to a moment magnitude of about 7.5. The magnitudes derived from the two empirical relationships are essentially consistent, and they also agree with the moment magnitude provided by the USGS. Besides the main surface rupture zone, a secondary fault rupture zone extends nearly north-south direction for approximately 20km long. Unfortunately, due to the limited time and traffic problem, we did not visit this north-south-trending secondary fault rupture zone.

According to the summary of the history of earthquakes, it is evident that the main surface rupture zone has only recorded one earthquake in history, the 1544 M_S6.8 earthquake, which indicates significantly less seismic activity compared to the main East Anatolian Fault. Moreover, the “earthquake doublet” will inevitably significantly impact the stress state and seismic hazard of other faults in the region. Seismic activity in this area remain at a relatively high level for years or even decades to come. The east-west striking fault, which has not been identified on the published active fault maps at the western end of the surface rupture zone, and the north-east striking Savrun Fault, which did not rupture this time, will experience destructive earthquakes in the future. It remains unknown why the east-west striking rupture did not propagate to the Sürgü Fault this time. More detailed paleoearthquake studies are needed to identify whether it is due to insufficient energy accumulation or because this section acts as a barrier. If the Sürgü Fault, about 40km long, was to rupture entirely in the future, the magnitude could reach 7 based on the empirical relationship.

Considering the distribution of historical earthquakes along the East Anatolian fault zone, as well as the geometric distribution of the surface ruptures from the recent “earthquake doublet” and the surrounding active faults, it is believed that the future earthquake hazards in the northeastern segment of the East Anatolian fault zone, the northern segment of the Dead Sea Fault, and the Malatya Fault deserve special attention.

The M_L5.7 Xingwen earthquake on December 16, 2018 is very likely induced by shale gas hydraulic fracturing, which caused not only massive landslides and rock collapse, but also some casualties in the surrounding area, with the direct economic loss of about 50 million CNY. It is of great significance to determine the source rupturing process of such an induced earthquake with large magnitude.

Finite fault inversion is one of the commonly adopted methods to determine coseismic slip displacement distribution. For finite fault inversion, various data have different sensitivities to various aspects of the rupture process. The seismic data can provide the historical information about the earthquake rupture process because it contains the Doppler effect of the space-time rupture behavior on the fault. In comparison, the near-field geodetic data(such as InSAR and GPS)can constrain the fault parameters and the static slip distribution well because they contain the surface motion information. Therefore, the reliability of the inversion for the complex seismic rupture process can greatly be improved by combined use of seismicdata and InSAR data.

In this study, strong-motion seismic data recorded at 8 near-field stations are chosen and filtered by a band-pass of 0.15-0.60Hz. The same InSAR data used in Wang et al.(2022)is adopted in this joint study. For inversion, a sufficiently large potential fault plane of 15km long and 10km wide is chosen and divided into 15×10 subfaults. Finally, the rupture process is obtained by joint inversion of strong-motion seismic data and InSAR data. The results show that the earthquake is characterzied by a typical unilateral rupture with the rupturing direction nearly towards the north. The duration of the rupture process was 6s, and the energy release was mainly concentrated in the first 5s. The rupture process is segmented and can be divided into two stages. The first stage is distributed from 1-3s and is located in the range of 0~5km from the source; and the 2nd stage is distributed from 3-5s and is located between 6 and 8km from the source. The coseismic slip is mainly concentrated in areas shallower than 5km, with a peak slip of approximately 0.27m. This can be used to explain why the Xingwen earthquake with a magnitude of M_L5.7 caused relatively serious damages.

Combined with the distribution of foreshocks and aftershocks, it can be seen that the foreshocks were mainly concentrated to the eastern edge of the major coseismicslip zone, which are close to some hydraulic fracturing wells. This suggests that these foreshocks occuring at the edge of the main rupture zone has a certain correlation with fluids, and the presence of fluids further leads to the fault weakening of the mainshock due to the increase of pore pressure and the decrease of effective compressive stress, which plays a triggering role in the occurrence of the Xingwen earthquake. The aftershocks are mainly distributed around the main slip zone, which are caused by after slips after the mainshock. The results from seismic inversion, InSAR inversion and joint inversion of the two data types reveal that the Xingwen earthquake is a northward unilateral rupture. The rupture propagation direction and coseismic slip distribution may be related to the physical property changes along the fault plane.

Compared with the two single inversion results, the joint inversion overcomes the influence of uneven distribution of seismic stations, improves the resolution of slip distribution, and produces results that are more consistent with the real physical process. The slip model obtained by joint inversion in this study can be helpful for further understanding the mechanisms of induced earthquake, the correlation between induced earthquake and geological structure, earthquake disaster assessment and post-earthquake disaster prevention and hazard mitigation.

The Tan-Lu fault zone is a huge seismic-tectonic belt in the eastern China. It can be generally divided into three segments: the north, the middle, and the south segment. Among them, recent activity of the middle segment has been most thoroughly studied. The junction section between Jiangsu and Anhui Province is located in the transition zone between the middle and the south segment of the fault zone. Due to the complex tectonic structure, unevenly distributed Quaternary deposits and severely transformed surface landscape, it is difficult to study the recent Quaternary activity of the fault. Research in recent years have shown that the faults in the Fushan and Ziyang areas to the south of the Huaihe River were active during late Pleistocene-early Holocene, and their activities were characterized by thrusting, normal faulting, tension and twisting. How is the fault activity extending southwards to Nüshan Lake and whether the late Quaternary activity occurred at Nüshan Lake are issues worthy of attention.

Geomorphology of the study area is characterized by slope plains and uplands. The uplands mostly extend in near north-south direction and are obviously controlled by the faults. In the remote sensing satellite images, linearity features of the fault from Huaihe River to Nüshan Lake are distinct. Field investigations confirmed that in the farmland to the east of Liugudui Village, north of Nüshan Lake, there are scarps extending in NNE direction and distributing intermittently due to faulting. In this study, we chose relatively clear scarps and excavated trenches across the fault. The trench revealed abundant faulting phenomena. The trench wall revealed a fault deformation zone as wide as 2~4 meters, consisting of 3 fault branches. Among them, faults f₁ and f₃ are the boundary faults while fault f₂ is developed within the deformation zone. The latest activity of fault f₃ on the west side has ruptured the overlying horizon of late Pleistocene strata, and the rupture extended upwards to the surface. OSL dating samples were collected in the uppermost layer of the faulted horizons. Dating results show that the fault has been active at least in late Pleistocene. The scratches and steps developed on the fault plane indicate that the fault has experienced thrusting and dextral faulting. The deformation zone appears dark brown, which is conspicuously different from the horizons on both sides. Materials in the fault zone are compacted, crumpled and deformed, and the alignment direction is consistent with the fault. The deformation zone contains gravels and calcium tuberculosis of different sizes. Two brownish-yellow clay masses in irregular shape are deposited near the upper part of the fault plane. Among them, the clay mass tk1 on the south wall of the trench is quite clear, with the upper part connected with f₁ and the middle part obliquely cut by f₂. OSL dating samples were collected from clay masses from two trench walls. The dating results are consistent with the late Pleistocene horizons, indicating that the brownish-yellow clay masses were involved in the fault zone when faulting occurred in the middle-late Pleistocene, and the faulting event occurred roughly between(50.92±4.65)kaBP and(27.12±2.26)kaBP. Our research shows that late Quaternary activity of the most active fault of the eastern branch of the Tanlu fault zone extended southwards to Nüshan Lake in Mingguang, but intensity of the fault activity has weakened.

The segment from Sihong in Jiangsu Province to Mingguang in Anhui Province is the structural node between the middle segment and the southern segment of the Tanlu fault zone. Trench exposures in Wangqian, Sunpaifang, Dahongshan in Sihong and Santang, Ziyang, Zhuliu in Mingguang and other places revealed a variety of faulting phenomena such as wedges, wedge-shaped mass, normal faulting, negative flower-shaped structure, clay mass, etc. These show that faults that were dominantly thrusting led to the local and abundant phenomena near surface in this region. The reasons for these different phenomena may be related to the influence of regional complex stresses and their changes on large-scale fault systems at different time and spaces scales.

The September 5, 2022, M6.8 Luding earthquake occurred along the southeastern segment of the Xianshuihe fault zone. Tectonics around the epicenter area is complicated and several faults had been recognized. Focal mechanisms of the main shock and inversions from earthquake data suggest that the earthquake occurred on a northwest-trending, steeply dipping strike-slip fault, which is consistent with the strike and slip of the Xianshuihe fault zone. We conducted a field investigation along the fault sections on both sides of the epicenter immediately after the earthquake. NW-trending fractures that were recognized as surface ruptures during the earthquake, and heavy landslides along the fault section between Ertaizi-Aiguocun village were observed during the field investigations. There are no surface ruptures developed along the fault sections north of the epicenter and south of Aiguocun village. Thus it can be concluded that there is a 15.5km-long surface rupture zone developed along the Moxi Fault(the section between Ertaizi and Aiguo village). The surface rupture zone trends northwest and shows a left-lateral strike slip, which is consistent with the strike and motion constrained by the focal mechanism. The coseismic displacements were measured to 20~30cm. Field observations, focal fault plane, distribution of the aftershocks, GNSS, and InSAR observation data suggest that the seismogenic structure associated with the M6.8 Luding earthquake is the Moxi Fault that belongs to the southeastern segment of the Xianshuihe fault zone. Slip along the segment south of the epicenter generated this earthquake, and also triggered slip along a northeast-trending fault and the northwestern section of the Moxi Fault in the epicenter. So, the M6.8 Luding earthquake is an event that is nucleated on the section south of the epicenter and then triggered an activity of the whole fault segment.

This paper studies the linear concentrated distribution of geomagnetic diurnal induced current and the spatial distribution characteristics of short-term in-situ recurrence anomalies in the 1~3 years before the 2016 Zadoi M6.2 earthquake, the 2017 Jiuzhaigou M7.0 earthquake and the 2017 Milin M6.9 earthquake. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1)The overlapping segment anomalies occurring within 1~3 years before strong earthquakes usually have the phenomenon of seismic gaps. The overlapping segment gap is a large high-resistance body and also a hard body(hard inclusion)in the seismogenic model of hard body. Overlapping segment gap and seismic gap are the detection results of hard body with different depth distribution range by different physical detection methods. The distribution range of hard body is delineated by seismic gap in the upper and middle crust and overlapping segment gap in the middle-lower crust and upper mantle. The overlapping segment gaps occurred within 1~3 years before strong earthquakes, which are the anomalies in the third stage of the seismogenic model. The seismic gap before strong earthquakes has different stages. For example, background gaps are formed decades of years before strong earthquakes, and the gaps formed again about 1 year before the earthquakes.
(2)The overlapping segment anomalies occurring within 1~3 years before strong earthquakes reflect the formation of short-time high conductive current channels in the high conductive layers among high resistance bodies. These short-time high conductive current channels are caused by the mutually detached slip events with up-arching property among the high-resistivity bodies located in the middle-lower crust and upper mantle, resulting from the upwelling of deep thermal fluid. They are the events in which the energy in the middle-lower crust and upper mantle migrates to the hard body in the seismogenic model of hard body, while the seismic gap events are the ones in which the energy in the middle-upper crust migrates to the hard body before the earthquake.
(3)Based on the results of seismic high-pressure fluid experiments in recent years, and combined with the mechanism of overlapping segment seismic anomalies, it is considered that each sealed high-pressure fluid in the seismogenic fault of the source body will not rupture at the same time in the impending earthquake stage. The original free water in the fault, the sealed high-pressure fluid broken in the earlier stages, and the high-pressure thermal fluid upwelling into the fault in the deep may make the seismogenic fault of the source body full of free water, and may form a high-conductivity current channel in the fault with impending earthquake significance. The high-conductivity current channel may be a real impending earthquake anomaly. Obviously, it is found that the high-conductivity current channel in the fault in the impending earthquake stage has practical significance for the short-term and impending earthquake prediction.
(4)The detachment slip events detected from the overlapping segment anomalies are located below the strong earthquake source, which is similar to the phenomenon that slow earthquake zone is located below the earthquake zone. Although the relationship between slow earthquakes and earthquake above them is unclear, some scholars believe that slip events produce stress accumulation on the surface of locked plates. A slip event may trigger a destructive earthquake, that is, a high-incidence period of intermittent tremors and slips can produce a peak period of seismicity. The above views on slow earthquakes are similar to the relationship between the linear overlapping segment anomalies of induced current associated with geomagnetic diurnal variation and earthquakes. The detachment slip events detected from the overlapping segment anomalies may be similar to the inter-plate slow earthquake or slow slip involving the upwelling and migration of thermal fluid under the continent, but this speculation needs to be demonstrated based on the research results of seismology.

The Bolokenu-Aqikekuduke Fault(Bo-A Fault)is a large-scale right-lateral strike-slip fault zone, which starts in Kazakhstan in the west, enters China along the NW direction, passes eastward through Alashankou, Lake Aibi and the southwestern margin of Turpan Basin, and terminates in the Jueluotage Mountain, with a total length of about 1 000km. At present, researches on the fault mainly focus on the area from Lake Alakol to Jinghe.
Through satellite images, it can be found that the Bo-A Fault enters the southwestern margin of the Turpan Basin in the SE direction, and offset various landforms such as river terraces and alluvial fans, forming clear linear features on the surface, which indicates that there have been obvious activities since late Quaternary in this fault section. However, no detailed research has been carried out on the tectonic deformation characteristics of the Bo-A Fault in this area. The active characteristics of the faults in the southwestern margin of the Turpan Basin are studied, and the results are helpful to understand the role of the Bo-A Fault in the Cenozoic tectonic deformation of the Tianshan Mountains.
The study area is located in the southwestern margin of the Turpan Basin, where three stages of alluvial-proluvial fans are developed. The first-stage alluvial-proluvial fan is called Fan3, which was formed earlier and its distribution is relatively limited, formed roughly in the early late Pleistocene; The second-stage alluvial-proluvial fan is called Fan2, which is the most widely distributed geomorphological surface in the study area. The geomorphic surface in this period was roughly formed from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene. The third-stage alluvial-proluvial fan is called Fan1, which belongs to the Holocene accumulation, most of which are located at the outlet of gullies near the mountain passes, forming irregular fan-shaped inclined surfaces.
To the west of Zulumutaigou, the fault offset the Fan3 alluvial-proluvial fan, forming dextral dislocation and fault scarp of the gully on the surface. The measurement shows that the amount of the dextral dislocation produced by the fault is between 22m and 40m. The height of the scarp is 3.9~4.2m. The section exposed by the fault shows that the Paleozoic bedrock thrust northward onto the Quaternary gravel layer, and the fault fracture width is about 1m, which reflects that the Bo-A Fault also has a certain thrust component. On the east bank of Zulu Mutaigou, the fault offset the Fan3 alluvial-proluvial fan, and the measurement results show that the offset of the gully is between 46.3m and 70.2m. To sum up, the movement mode of the Bo-A Fault in the study area is dominated by dextral strike-slip.
On the Fan2 alluvial-proluvial fan at the northwest of Zulu Mutaigou, there are two secondary faults arranged in a right-step en-echelon pattern, forming high scarps with a height of 1.6~3.9m on the surface. Trench profiles reveal that both faults are SW-dipping thrust faults, thrusting from south to north, and they are preliminarily judged to be formed by the expansion of the Bo-A Fault into the basin.
There are mainly three stages of alluvial-proluvial fans developed in the study area. Although no specific dating results have been obtained in this work, we believe that the age of the Quaternary landforms in the study area is the same as that in the Chaiwopu Basin, which is only separated by a mountain. Quaternary geomorphological ages are basically the same. Through geomorphological comparison, we believe that the age of Fan2 alluvial-proluvial fan is 12~15ka, and the age of Fan3 alluvial-proluvial fan is 74ka. It is estimated that the dextral slip rate of the Bo-A Fault is about 1mm/a since the formation of Fan3, and the vertical movement rate of the fault is about 0.13~0.32mm/a since the formation of Fan2.
According to GPS observations and geological data, the NS-direction shortening rate in the East Tianshan area can reach 2~5mm/a. Through this study, it can be found that the Bo-A Fault also plays a role in regulating the near-NS-trending compressive stress in the East Tianshan area by accommodating the compression strain inside the Tianshan Mountains mainly through the NWW-directed right-lateral strike-slip motion. In addition, in the study area, the youngest fault scarp is located on the Fan2 alluvial-proluvial fan at the north of the main fault. It is preliminarily judged that the latest activity of the Bo-A Fault has a tendency to migrate from the mountain front to the basin.

Bouguer gravity anomaly is a comprehensive reflection of deep and shallow density disturbances of the Earth’s internal mass. Important tectonic information of internal structure at different depths can be obtained by source separation of Bouguer gravity anomaly. Bouguer gravity anomaly from ground-based observations and Bouguer gravity anomaly from EGM2008 of the eastern Dabie Orogen were merged based on least-squares collocation. By model construction of massive bodies and data experiments, optimal wavelet base(sym6)and the corresponding optimal level(6)for gravity anomaly decomposition of the study area were confirmed. Two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform method was applied to obtain low-frequency components and high-frequency components of merged Bouguer gravity anomaly of the study area, and average depths of disturbed surfaces of the wavelet decomposition results were determined by spectrum analyses. In combination with data of crustal structure, geologic structure, effective elastic thickness of lithosphere and seismic activities, the deep structure and shallow structure of the crust were analyzed, and the structural background of seismic activities was discussed. The result shows that steep gradient belts of low-frequency components of Bouguer gravity anomaly outline the density transfer zones of deep structure between the eastern Dabie Orogen and surrounding blocks. It is speculated that the suture zone between the eastern Dabie Orogen and the North China Block locates at the front edge of Qingshan-Xiaotian Fault(the eastern part)and Meishan-Longhekou Fault(the western part), the structure transfer zone between the Dabie Orogen and the Yangtze Block locates at the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone(the eastern part)and 20km north of Xiangfan-Guangji Fault(the southern part). The interior of the eastern Dabie Orogen is characterized by significant low gravity anomaly, which means an obvious depression of Moho surface, and the steep gradient belts of gravity anomaly inside the eastern Dabie Orogen indicate the imperfection of deep structure. High-frequency components of Bouguer gravity anomaly reveal that density structure of the mid-upper crust was influenced by regional faults such as Feizhong Falut, Lu’an-Hefei Fault, Meishan-Longhekou Fault and Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone. The distribution of high-frequency Bouguer gravity anomaly shows that Luo’erling-Tudiling Fault has obvious effect on density structure of the mid-upper crust, and the range of influence breaks northward through the NWW-orientated Qingshan-Xiaotian Fault and Meishan-Longhekou Fault, and may extend to the front edge of Feixi-Hanbaidu Fault. Further analysis combined with seismic activities shows that plate contaction occurred along the suture zones(front edge of Qingshan-Xiaotian Fault)of deep structure between the eastern Dabie Orogen and the North China Block. Besides, deep and shallow structures of this area are both imperfect, and not strong enough for long-time stress accumulation. Therefore, rocks tend to break at weak points(locations where faults intersect and shallow structure transfers)and release stress frequently, which are main reasons why small earthquakes concentrated at Huoshan area.

The Bolokenu-Aqikekuduk fault zone(B-A Fault)is a 1 000km long right-lateral strike-slip active fault in the Tianshan Mountains. Its late Quaternary activity characteristics are helpful to understand the role of active strike-slip faults in regional compressional strain distribution and orogenic processes in the continental compression environment, as well as seismic hazard assessment. In this paper, research on the paleoearthquakes is carried out by remote sensing image interpretation, field investigation, trench excavation and Quaternary dating in the Jinghe section of B-A Fault. In this paper, two trenches were excavated on in the pluvial fans of Fan2b in the bulge and Fan3a in the fault scarp. The markers such as different strata, cracks and colluvial wedges in the trenches are identified and the age of sedimentation is determined by means of OSL dating for different strata. Four most recent paleoearthquakes on the B-A Fault are revealed in trench TC1 and three most recent paleoearthquakes are revealed in trench TC2. Only the latest event was constrained by the OSL age among the three events revealed in the trench TC2. Therefore, when establishing the recurrence of the paleoearthquakes, we mainly rely on the paleoearthquake events in trench TC1, which are labeled E1-E4 from oldest to youngest, and their dates are constrained to the following time ranges: E1(19.4±2.5)~(19.0±2.5)ka BP, E2(18.6±1.4)~(17.3±1.4)ka BP, E3(12.2±1.2)~(6.6±0.8)ka BP, and E4 6.9~6.2ka BP, respectively. The earthquake recurrence intervals are(1.2±0.5)ka, (8.7±3.0)ka and(2.8±3)ka, respectively. According to the sedimentation rate of the stratum, it can be judged that there is a sedimentary discontinuity between the paleoearthquakes E2 and E3, and the paleoearthquake events between E2 and E3 may not be recorded by the stratum. Ignoring the sedimentary discontinuous strata and the earthquakes occurring during the sedimentary discontinuity, the earthquake recurrence interval of the Jinghe section of B-A Fault is ~1~3ka. This is consistent with the earthquake recurrence interval(~2ka)calculated from the slip rate and the minimum displacement. The elapsed time of the latest paleoearthquake recorded in the trench is ~6.9~6.2ka BP. The magnitude of the latest event defined by the single event displacement on the fault is ~M_W7.4, and a longer earthquake elapsed time indicates the higher seismic risk of the B-A Fault.

This study is devoted to a systematic analysis of the stress state of the eastern boundary area of Sichuan-Yunnan block based on focal mechanisms of 319 earthquakes with magnitudes between M3.0 and M6.9, occurring from January 2009 to May 2018. We firstly determined the mechanism solutions of 234 earthquakes by the CAP method, using the broadband waveforms recorded by Chinese regional permanent networks, and collected 85 centroid moment tensor solutions from the GCMT. Then we investigated the regional stress regime through a damp linear inversion. Our results show that:1)the focal mechanisms of moderate earthquakes are regionally specific with three principal types of focal mechanisms:the strike-slip faulting type, the thrust faulting type and the normal faulting type. The strike-slip faulting type is significant in the eastern boundary area of Sichuan-Yunnan block along the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault, the Daliangshan Fault, and the Zhaotong-Lianfeng Fault. The thrust faulting type and the combined thrust/strike-slip faulting type are significant along the Mabian-Yanjin Fault, Ebian-Yanfeng Fault and the eastern section of Lianfeng Fault; 2)The most robust feature of the regional stress regime is that, the azimuth of principal compressive stress axis rotates clockwise from NWW to NW along the eastern boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan Block, and the clockwise rotation angle is about 50 degrees. Meanwhile, the angels between the principal compressive axis and the trend of eastern boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan Block remain unchanged, which implies a stable coefficient of fault friction in the eastern boundary fault zone of Sichuan-Yunnan Block. The movement of the upper crust in the southeastern Tibetan plateau is a relatively rigid clockwise rotation. On the whole, the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault is a small arc on the earth, and its Euler pole axis is at(21°N, 88°E). The Daliangshan Fault is surrounded by the Anninghe-Zemuhe Fault, which formed a closed diamond shape. When the Sichuan-Yunnan block rotates clockwise, the Daliangshan Fault locates in the outer of the arc, while the Anninghe-Zemuhe Fault is in the inward of the arc, and from the mechanical point of view, left-lateral sliding movement is more likely to occur on the Daliangshan Fault. Our results can be the evidence for the study on the "cut-off" function of the Daliangshan Fault based on the stress field background; 3)The regional stress regime of the eastern boundary faults zone of the Sichuan-Yunnan Block is the same as the south section of the Dalianshan Fault, and the focal mechanism results also reveal that the Dalianshan Fault is keeping left-lateral strike-slip. There may be the same tectonic stress field that controls the earthquake activities in the southern section of Daliangshan Fault and Zhaotong-Lianfeng Fault. The regional stress regime of Zhaodong-Lianfeng Fault is also the same with the Sichuan-Yunnan Block, which implies that the control effect of the SE movement of the Sichuan-Yunnan block may extend to Weining.

The Bolokonu-Aqikekuduke fault zone(Bo-A Fault)is the plate convergence boundary between the middle and the northern Tianshan. Bo-A Fault is an inherited right-lateral strike-slip active fault and obliquely cuts the Tianshan Mountains to the northwest. Accurately constrained fault activity and slip rate is crucial for understanding the tectonic deformation mechanism, strain rate distribution and regional seismic hazard. Based on the interpretation of satellite remote sensing images and topographic surveys, this paper divides the alluvial fans in the southeast of Jinghe River into four phases, Fan1, Fan2, Fan3 and Fan4 by geomorphological elevation, water density, depth of cut, etc. This paper interprets gullies and terrace scarps by high-resolution LiDAR topographic data. Right-laterally offset gullies, fault scarps and terrace scarps are distributed in Fan1, Fan2b and Fan3. We have identified a total of 30 right-laterally offset gullies and terrace scarps. Minimum right-lateral displacement is about 6m and the maximum right-lateral displacements are(414±10)m, (91±5)m and(39±1)m on Fan2b, Fan3a and Fan3b. The landform scarp dividing Fan2b and Fan3a is offset right-laterally by (212±11)m. Combining the work done by the predecessors in the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains with Guliya ice core climate curve, this paper concludes that the undercut age of alluvial fan are 56~64ka, 35~41ka, 10~14ka in the Tianshan Mountains. The slip rate of Bo-A Fault since the formation of the Fan2b, Fan3a and Fan3b of the alluvial-proluvial fan is 3.3~3.7mm/a, 2.2~2.6mm/a and 2.7~3.9mm/a. The right-lateral strike-slip rate since the late Pleistocene is obtained to be 3.1±0.3mm/a based on high-resolution LiDAR topographic data and Monte Carlo analysis.

On August 8, 2017, Beijing time, an earthquake of M7.0 occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, with the epicenter located at 33.20°N 103.82°E. The earthquake caused 25 people dead, 525 people injured, 6 people missing and 170000 people affected. Many houses were damaged to various degrees. Up to October 15, 2017, a total of 7679 aftershocks were recorded, including 2099 earthquakes of M ≥ 1.0.
The M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred in the northeastern boundary belt of the Bayan Har block on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where many active faults are developed, including the Tazhong Fault(the eastern segment of the East Kunlun Fault), the Minjiang fault zone, the Xueshan fault zone, the Huya fault zone, the Wenxian fault zone, the Guanggaishan-Daishan Fault, the Bailongjiang Fault, the Longriuba Fault and the Longmenshan Fault. As one of the important passages for the eastward extrusion movement of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(Tapponnier et al., 2001), the East Kunlun fault zone has a crucial influence on the tectonic activities of the northeastern boundary belt of Bayan Kala. Meanwhile, the Coulomb stress, fault strain and other research results show that the eastern boundary of the Bayan Har block still has a high risk of strong earthquakes in the future. So the study of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake' seismogenic faults and stress fields is of great significance for scientific understanding of the seismogenic environment and geodynamics of the eastern boundary of Bayan Har block.
In this paper, the epicenter of the main shock and its aftershocks were relocated by the double-difference relocation method and the spatial distribution of the aftershock sequence was obtained. Then we determined the focal mechanism solutions of 24 aftershocks(M ≥ 3.0)by using the CAP algorithm with the waveform records of China Digital Seismic Network. After that, we applied the sliding fitting algorithm to invert the stress field of the earthquake area based on the previous results of the mechanism solutions. Combining with the previous research results of seismogeology in this area, we discussed the seismogenic fault structure and dynamic characteristics of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Our research results indicated that:1)The epicenters of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence distribute along NW-SE in a stripe pattern with a long axis of about 35km and a short axis of about 8km, and with high inclination and dipping to the southwest, the focal depths are mainly concentrated in the range of 2~25km, gradually deepening from northwest to southeast along the fault, but the dip angle does not change remarkably on the whole fault. 2)The focal mechanism solution of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake is:strike 151°, dip 69° and rake 12° for nodal plane Ⅰ, and 245°, 78° and -158° for nodal plane Ⅱ, the main shock type is pure strike-slip and the centroid depth of the earthquake is about 5km. Most of the focal mechanism of the aftershock sequence is strike-slip type, which is consistent with the main shock's focal mechanism solution; 3)In the earthquake source area, the principal compressive stress and the principal tensile stress are both near horizontal, and the principal compressive stress is near east-west direction, while the principal tensile stress is near north-south direction. The Jiuzhaigou earthquake is a strike-slip event that occurs under the horizontal compressive stress.

Anqiu-Juxian Fault(F₅) is the latest active fault in the eastern graben of the middle segment of the Tanlu fault zone. In recent years, the research results of F₅ in Jiangsu Province are abundant, and it is found that Holocene activity is prevalent in different segments, and the movement pattern is dominated by dextral strike-slip and squeezing thrust. The Anhui segment and the Jiangsu segment of the Tan-Lu fault zone are bounded by the Huaihe River. Previous studies have not discussed the extension and activity of F₅ in the south of the Huaihe River in Anhui Province. This paper chooses the Ziyangshan segment of Tanlu fault zone in the south of the Huaihe River as the breakthrough point, which is consistent with the linear image feature of extension of F₅ in Jiangsu Province. Through the remote sensing image interpretation, geological and geomorphological investigation and trench excavation, we initially get the following understanding:(1)The linear structural features of the Ziyang segment are clear, and the fault is developed on the gentle slope of the Mesozoic red sandstone uplift along the Fushan-Ziyangshan, which is the southern extension of the Anqiu-Juxian Fault(F₅); (2)The excavation of the Zhuliu trench reveals that the late Pleistocene clastic layers are interrupted, and the late late Pleistocene to early Holocene black clay layers are filled along the fault to form black fault strips and black soil-filled wedges, indicating that the latest active age of the fault is early Holocene; (3)The excavation of Zhuliu trench reveals that there are at least 3 paleo-earthquake events since the Quaternary, the first paleo-seismic event is dated to the early and middle Quaternary, and the 2nd paleo-seismic event is 20.10~13.46ka BP, the age of the third paleo-seismic event is(10.15±0.05)~(8.16±0.05)ka BP. These results complement our understanding of the late Quaternary activity in the Anhui segment of the Tanlu fault zone, providing basic data for earthquake monitoring and seismic damage prevention in Anhui Province.

The attenuation characteristics and site response are calculated respectively for each individual tectonic unit in Sichuan (Sichuan Basin,west Sichuan plateau and Panzhihua-Xichang area),using digital waveform data recorded by regional seismic networks and relevant seismic phase data collected from China Seismograph Network.The frequency dependent Q(f) is obtained by the iterative grid-search technique described by Atkinson and Mereu based on trilinear geometrical spreading model.The source spectra are determined by the model of Brune and the site responses of seismic stations are derived by Moya's method using genetic algorithms.Comparison to conventional M_L estimates shows that the network local magnitude bias is quite significant at low and intermediate magnitudes.The bias at the j^th station for the i^th event is defined as ΔM_ij=M_ij-M_i, where ΔM_ij is the station magnitude and M_i the network-average value.For comparison,we mapped the spatial distribution of biases by digital seismograms recorded from 10535 earthquakes of magnitude 2.5≤M_L≤4.9 that occurred in Sichuan from January 1,2009 to June 30,2015.Based on the above data,the attenuation characteristics,site response and their effects on magnitude determination in Sichuan are analyzed.Our results demonstrate that the associated model for regional quality factor for frequencies can be expressed as Q₁(f)=450.6f^{0.513 4} for Sichuan Basin,Q₂(f)=136.6f^{0.581 3} for west Sichuan Plateau and Q₃(f)=101.9f^{0.666 3} for Panzhihua-Xichang area.Site response results indicate that different stations show different amplifications.Maps of biases appear to be different,but with similar dominant spatial distribution.For stations in Sichuan Basin,their greater magnitudes are functions of low attenuation in structure and amplification effects of both seismic stations and basin effects.For stations in west Sichuan Plateau,the possible causes of these lower magnitudes are severe dependence upon source region due to extreme lateral variations in either structure or path effect attenuation.For stations in Panzhihua-Xichang area,broken medium caused by strong tectonic activity or large earthquakes and heat flow up-welling along active faults may be the main reasons of low magnitude values when earthquakes occur in western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region.And the greater magnitudes for earthquakes along the Longmen Mountains appear to be well correlated with edge effect of sedimentary basin on strong ground motion.In our study,stations magnitude biases appear to be extremely correlated with tectonic structures and different regions when seismic rays passing through,magnitudes are affected significantly by lateral variations in attenuation characters rather than site responses.

A magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurred in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province of China at 14:28 on May 12, 2008, with the epicenter at north latitude 31 degrees, east longitude 103.4 degrees, and the focal depth of 14km. Result of focal mechanism was given by a number of research institutes and academics, from a few hours to several days, or even months after the earthquake. Such the situation determines that some of the methods cannot be used to earthquake emergency and rescue services, or applicable to rapid reporting of seismic intensity. A lot of strong motion acceleration records are accumulated in Wenchuan earthquake. This paper puts forward a new method which uses adequate Wenchuan earthquake acceleration records and can be applied in the future to the intensity assessment in fast report to quickly estimate the fault strike, rupture mode and rupture length.Assuming the seismic source is a line source model, the fault is discretized into sub-sources with 10 km each, the length of the initial fault rupture is determined using statistical relations;taking the initial rupture point as a fixed point, and for a fault of arbitrarily rupture direction, by moving sub-source at one side to the source at the other side, all possible rupture modes of fault along certain rupture direction can be obtained;Using the initial rupture point as the center and rotating the fault of any rupture modes, all possible rupture directions are acquired, then, combining the two together gets all the possibilities of rupture directions and modes of fault. The real earthquake must be one of the circumstances. Fault distance between each of the possible fault distributions and stations is calculated, and statistical regression method is used to analyze the peak ground acceleration attenuation relationships, then, variance analysis is conducted on the fitting results. The rupture direction and mode corresponding to the minimum variance of the attenuation law can most reasonably explain the spatial distribution of fault in the ground motion field, which, in another word, are the real rupture direction and mode of fault in the actual earthquake.The time it takes to fix intensity for quick report is less than 20 seconds by two-parameter method and within 2 minutes by three-parameter method, which can meet the time requirement for quick report. The calculation result is accurate, so this method is feasible.

The reconstruction of Green function by cross-correlating long time ambient noise has been extensively used by seismology community and found its applications in many fields such as structural inversion and stress-related velocity monitoring. Analysis on the ambient noise energy, especially its azimuthal distribution and seasonal variation is now becoming more and more important to obtain reliable and precise information from noise cross-correlation function(NCF). In this paper, more than four years vertical records of 33 broadband stations in Ningxia and its adjacent region are cross correlated and stacked monthly to obtain the distribution and variation of noise energy for both 5～10s and 10～20s periods range using normalized background energy flux method. Seasonal variations of strength for both ranges are observed and agree well with the ocean wave activity, which are strong in winter in the northern hemisphere and relatively weak in summer for same hemisphere. But the azimuthal variation are different. For 5～10s noise, the energy mainly comes from the costal line of southeast China. For 10～20s noise the azimuth of the dominant energy has strong seasonal variation. Back projections of the corresponding dominant noise energy azimuth range indicate that the noise field in Ningxia is controlled by several oceans simultaneously but certain ocean may take the main control on the overall noise energy distribution. Due to the none-uniform and none-random properties of noise filed there, we suggest that evaluation of noise field characters should be made before further studies are conducted, especially for time lapse based investigation.

Large amounts of seismic records from Zhejiang digital seismic network are collected,and by double difference seismic tomography,fine velocity structure and local heterogeneity of upper crust in Zhejiang Province and its surrounding areas are studied,and the relationship of the crustal velocity structure to the local active faults,geological and geographical structure is discussed. Research shows that there is a large-area low velocity zone developed in northern Zhejiang at depths between 3.5km and 6.5km,and also some low velocity zones distributed sporadically in southern Zhejiang,mostly around Shanxi Reservoir in Wenzhou. The research indicates that most earthquakes happened along active faults or active fault segments,and are concentrated in zones. These zones are almost all in the transitions between low to high velocity zones,and are significantly related to the regional topographic features. The correlation relation derived by this paper between earthquake,active fault,and geological and geographical structure will be of theoretical value and practical significance to the study of seismogenesis and the prediction of future strong earthquakes.

In this paper,we calculate receiver functions of body wave under the 18 stations in Anhui Province from 3-component digital waveform data of teleseismic earthquake events and obtain the thickness and V_P/V_S ratio in the crust of this area through H-Kappa stacking. Our result is consistent with previous studies. Combining the tectonics data and our result,we consider that Anhui area can be divided into three areas according to the crustal thickness. The first one is the Dabie Shan area in the southwest of Anhui Province,the crustal thickness is about 35 to 38km; the second one is the southeast of Anhui Province,the crustal thickness is about 34km; and the last one is middle and northeast of Anhui,the crustal thickness is about 31 to 32km. The V_P/V_S ratio in Anhui area does not vary obviously spatially,but there are three stations LAN,SCH and JSA,under which the crustal velocity ratio is obviously higher,up to 1.79,1.80 and 1.80,respectively. In fact,the station LAN and SCH are located at the border between the North China block and the Yangtze block,and the JSA station is on the Tan-Lu Fault zone and beside the Sulu UHP metamorphic belt. Therefore,we infer that the high crustal velocity ratio under LAN,SCH and JSA stations are probably attributable to the deep large faults beneath the stations.

The Wangjiagou Fault set,a set of Holocene active faults,is located at western suburbs of Urumqi City.The faults dislocated the gravel platform of the mid Pleistocene and the third level terrace of the Wangjiagou east bank,generating apparent fault scarps of opposite-slope direction on the surface with clear geomorphic traces.There are a series of deformation indications on landform,such as seismic fault,scarp and upheaval.In the field,thirty-nine groups of data were measured by using line tape along the fault.Among them,six were measured on the third level terrace of the Wangjiagou,and the others on the mid Pleistocene platform.Based on the data measured across the fault,we obtain that the height of the scarps is 0.4～1.6m and the width of the fault deformation is about 50m on the third level terrace.And on the mid Pleistocene platform,the height of scarps is 1.5～5.0m and the width of the deformation is about 90m.After comparing the profile of strong topographic deformation zone with the trench section,we primarily recognize that the ratio of hanging wall to foot wall deformation width is 2: 1approximately.The widths of strong surface deformation belt on the mid Pleistocene platform and the third level terrace on the two walls are 60m,30m and 33m,17m,respectively.

Based on the analysis of fluid anomaly data and investigation of macro precursor of the M_S 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,and having taken careful consideration of the difficulty and ability of predicting earthquake,we found that the failed prediction of the M_S 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake doesn't mean that earthquakes can't be predicted.There were,though not much in quantity,a certain amount of underground fluid anomalies and remarkable macro anomalies occurring before the earthquake.Though it is difficult to predict the earthquake basing on them,it is possible to be aware of the impending earthquake.To improve the ability of earthquake prediction,the paper proposes to innovate the present work and administrative systems,in which,earthquake monitoring,prediction and research are separate each other,and professional and local forces are separate each other,to change the present work state of computer-replacing-human brain and the work mode of the too early use of formality and standardization,and to attach greater importance to investigation and confirmation of precursory anomalies and to monitoring and studying macro anomalies.

Xishan Fault group is distributed in the transition zone between the fold-reverse fault system along the front of the north Tianshan Mountains to the west and the thrust tectonics of Bogeda to the east.It is a tectonics that thrusts from the basin in the north to the mountains in the south,consisting of 4～5 faults that are more than 10 to about 30km long,showing low angles near surface and converging on the detachment surface at about 11km deep.We discovered that the activity of Xishan Fault group is distinct during late Quaternary by doing field investigation of geology and geomorphology,excavating trenches along faults and analyzing deep structure of the fault group.The faults offset the second and above terraces of Wanjiagou creek and created fault scarps of 0.5～5.4m high on the terraces.And traces of paleoearthquakes can be found easily.The younger two events on F₁,F₂ and F₃ are confined in(22.7±5.2)ka and 40ka BP by OSL samples dating,respectively and the traces of the youngest event on F₄ and the front fault of Xishan are covered by deposits whose ages of OSL samples are about(31.1±3.2)ka and(37.9±3.8)ka BP,respectively.It means that there was grouped faulting in late Quaternary in the Xishan Fault group.F₁,F₂ and F₃ or F₄ and the front fault of Xishan might rupture in a same event on near surface.Event traces on the Xishan Fault group and other reverse faults of low angle show that the deposits along the front of fault scarp,the offset relation between fault and deposit bed,and the abrupt increase and diminution of displacement on difference markers or unconformable surfaces on both sides of fault are important identification marks of paleoearthquakes along surface rupture-type reverse fault.The deposits along the front of fault scarp on reverse faults of low angle are much more different from those on normal fault.For ideal mode,the deposit in front of fault scarp of reverse fault of low angle is characterized with that the original structure of the collapsing thrust sheet front is not broken entirely on the lower part and the sloping deposit on the upper part may exist covering on both sides of the fault.We think that it is very important for reducing uncertainty of paleoearthquake identification to seek for evidences as many as possible and analyze the different influencing factors,such as tectonics,climate,environment and anthropic activities.

The Kuqa depression is located in the middle segment of the southern Tianshan Mountains. There are four E-W extending rows of reverse fault and anticline zones in the depression. From the south Tianshan Mountains towards the Tarim basin, they are the mountain piedmont, the Kasangtuokai, the Qiulitag and the Yaken reverse fault and fold zones. After a month field working, we find the crustal shortening of the Kuqa depression in late Quaternary is almost caused by the Kasangtuokai, the Qiulitag and the Yaken reverse fault and fold zones. The reverse fault and anticline zones in the Kuqa depression are very different in tectonic feature. We accurately surveyed these tectonics with total station and differential GPS in order to get a new cognition of the deformation characteristic and the slip rate. Based on the deformation characteristics of conceptual fault-propagation fold and field investigation, we think the deformation of the fault-propagation fold in the Kuqa depression is caused by faulting rather than folding. The crustal shortening rate caused by the fault is approximately near to the actual rate. So we only surveyed the deformation near the fault. The Kasangtuokai anticline is a fault-propagation fold. From late Quaternary, the deformation of Kasangtuokai anticline is mainly caused by total-uplift of the hanging wall. The deformation rate is about 1.0～2.0mm/a. The deformation feature of the Dongqiulitag anticline is similar to that of the Kasangtuokai, while the crustal shortening rate is little more than that of Kasangtuokai, about 2.5mm/a. The Qiulitag anticline is a very complicated tectonic. It is a fault-bend fold. There are two reverse faults on the core and the north limb of the Qiulitag anticline. Its tectonic deformation includes two parts: the fold rise and the uplift of the hanging wall of the fault. By surveying and dating, we get the crustal shortening rate of the Qiulitag anticline limb of about 1.06～2.0mm/a. Considering the shortening of the core fault and southern limb, the total rate is possibly more than 3.0mm/a. The Yaken anticline is a blind thrust fault-anticline fold. Its shortening rate is 1.5～2.0mm/a. So the total crustal shortening rate of the Kuqa depression is more than 5.0～7.0mm/a from late Quaternary.

The distribution, tectonic style and new displacement and other features of the main active tectonics in Kuqa depression in the front of southern Tianshan were introduced in this paper. This depression is an “eye-shaped” tectonics in plane. It is composed of two fold zones in the south and north respectively. The northern one close to the main southern Tianshan Range is a southward thrusting fault-folding system. The most recent active fold in this system is the Kasangtuokai fold belt. The southern one close to the Tarim Basin is a northward thrust fault-fold system. The recent active folds in this system are the Qiulitage fault-fold belt and other young folds in its south, such as the Yaken fold. These two folding systems embrace the Baicheng Basin which likes an eyeball in the eyelids. The Kasangtuokai Fault with a length of 60km in the north and the Qiulitag Fault with the length over 200km in the south are the most important active faults in Kuqa depression. The younger and smaller folds in the south of Qiulitag anticline belt indicate the southward propagation of the thrust fault in Kuqa depression. The petroleum seismic profiles show that the folding and faulting processes are controlled by the detachment fault between the sediment cover and the basement of the basin. The depth of the detachment fault is around 10km and possibly defines the main seismogenic zone in the depression area.

On November 14, 2001, an earthquake of magnitude M_S8.1 occurred to the west of the Kunlun Mountain Pass. This event has produced a nearly east-west-striking surface rupture zone of more than 400 km in length. Macroscopically, this surface rupture zone can be distinctly divided into the western and eastern segments. Field investigation has revealed that the western segment of the rupture zone extends from the Kushuiwan Lake (35°57′36.2″N, 90°15′34.6″E) to the Taiyang Lake (35°55′34.0″ N, 90°32′52.2″E), having a total length of about 25km and a general strike of 285°～290°dominated by left-lateral strike-slip. The western segment of the rupture zone exhibits a typical tip effect of left-lateral strike-slipping. The western tip of this segment occurs on the gully bed to the west of the Kushuiwan Lake, where the general strike of the rupture zone turns from NNW to S60°W. The ruptures here consist of a series of 30°～40°-striking en-echelon tensile fractures of 5～15m in width, and NW-SE-striking compression ridges. The eastern tip of this segment is located on the terrace at the western bank of the Taiyang Lake. The strike of the rupture zone here turns from 105°～110°to about N50°E. The rupture zone is characterized by the crisscross arrangement of NE-trending tensile fractures and NW-trending compression ridges, appearing as a tessellated structure and ending at the shores of the Taiyang Lake. According to the tip structures of the western segment of the surface rupture zone, the distribution feature of the western segment and its relation to the eastern segment of the rupture zone, as well as the characteristics of the Eastern Kunlun Fault and available seismic observational data, it is suggested that the western segment of the rupture zone was produced by an independent seismic event, and that the M_S8.1 west of Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake is characterized by multi spot fracturing.

The Yaken anticline is located on the southernmost side of Cenozioc Kuqa rejuvenated foreland basin in southern Tianshan. The anticline can be assigned to fault-bend-fold, which involved the Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary strata. The length of the Yaken fold belt is about 80km in east-west direction, and the width in north-south direction is about 6～7km. The oldest deposits exposed in the anticline core is Pliocene in age, while the deposits exposed on both limbs and periclinal part are early Pleistocene Xiyu conglomerate, as well as late Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial-pluvial gravel beds. The anticline appears as a broad fold, both the southern and northern limbs of which are basically symmetric. Dip angles of the deposits on both limbs of the anticline are only 5°～17°. The reverse fault controlling the development of Yaken anticline is not exposed on the surface and occurs in the form of a blind reverse fault. Seismic reflection data indicate that the deposits above the Jurassic strata are folded, and that the reverse fault merges downward into the horizontal detanchment surface at about 7km depth. Three levels of terraces were developed in Yaken anticline zone. Among them, the third level terrace has the highest elevation, and was strongly dissected to form some gullies. The second level terrace consists of a large paleo alluvial pluvial fan, and connects with the modern desert plane on both sides of the Yaken anticline. The surface of the terrace is broad and smooth. The age of deposit collected at 0.3～0.5m depth below the surface is determined to be 39.5～43.6ka by thermoluminescent dating, while the time of the abandon of this terrace is about 4～1.2ka. The first level terrace exists only in large south-north-trending gully or on the plunging crown of the anticline. The amounts of uplift of the first, second, and third level terraces to the northwest of Yaha village are 6.5m, 40m and 50m, respectively. To the northwest of Shiyou-Wuqi farm, the amounts of uplift of the second and third level terraces are about 60m and 100m, respectively, while the amount of shortening of the second level terrace is about 47m. The rates of uplift and shortening for the second level terrace in the middle segment of the anticline in the vicinity of the Shiyou-Wuqi farm, are 1.5～5mm/a and 1.2～3.9mm/a, respectively. On the western plunging crown of the anticline, the time of the abandon of the first level terrace is less than 7.8ka. The amounts of uplift and shortening here are 20m and 17.9m, respectively, while the rates of uplift and shortening are 2.56mm/a and 2.29mm/a, respectively.

The Tuotegongbaizi-Aerpaleike fault is located in the epicentral area of the 1902 Artux,Xinjiang earthquake of M S 81/4. It is a gently dipping reverse fault, merging downward into the decollement of South Tianshan Foreland Thrust belt at about 3km depth below the Earth surface. To the north of the epicentral area, lies the Muziduke thin-skinned arcuate nappe of the South Tianshan Foreland Thrust belt, while to the south lies the Mushi-Kashi-Artux arcuate recoil fold-thrust belt of northwest Tarim. The epicentral area is just located at the triangle zone of frontal structure of the juncture between these two major tectonic units. In the epicentral area a deep fault exists under the decollement of the thin-skinned nappe, extending downward to the Moho. It is located at the sharp gradient zone of the crust-mantle boundary between the South Tianshan and the Tarim basin. The projection of epicenter falls at a zone of abrupt change of crustal thickness. It seems that this great earthquake was the result of rapid faulting at the gradient zone of the crust-mantle boundary due to the action of N-S trending regional tectonic stress field. Because the focal depth is great, no earthquake faulting is observed on the surface. The deformation of the magistoseismic area is characterized mainly by physicogeologic phenomena such as collapse, landslides, and ground-fissures, accompanied by coseismic ruptures and folding of the active thin-skinned structures above the decollement.

Through field geological investigation and integrated interpretation of geophysical exploration data (seismic reflection profiles, MT and gravity data), we have defined the back-thrusting systems of Atushi-Bapanshuimo and their triangle zones in southwest Tarim basin, which are located along the foreland belts of southern Tienshan from the east of Bapanshuimo to the west of Ulukqiate. The back-thrusting systems consist of sub-Tarim basin back-thrusting systems of Xiao Atushi-Bapanshuimo, Uer-Kalataoshan and deformed Tarim Basin back-thrusting systems of Xiao Atushi- Ulukqiate. It is suggested that the back-thrusting systems formed along the multi-thrusting faults in Quaternary in the foreland belts of southern Tienshan where the southwest Tieshan orogenic belts thrust to the Tarim basin. The Tarim basin back-thrusting systems formed in the area where the thickness of sedimentary covers is greater than 10km, which corresponds to the depression of the basement (Maigaiti slope) and the adjacent Kalpintage thin-skinned thrusting systems formed in the area where the thickness of sedimentary covers is less than 10km, which corresponds to the uplift of the basement (Bachu basement uplift). The depth of basement in the transitional zones between the thrusting system of Kalpintage foreland belts and back-thrusting system of Tarim basin is about 10km. The balanced cross-sections show that the top of the convex of tectonic arc in thrusting and back thrusting systems has the largest displacement.

A deformation zone on the earth's surface along terrace in the Kezilesu River valley was formed by Wuqia earthquake of magnitude 7.4 in 1985. It is mainly composed of seismic scarps, seismic faults, fissures and the pressure ridges, etc. The length of the deformation zone is about 15 kilometres and the maximum width is 800 metres. The deformation zone extends in the direction of nearly east-west in the western part, and of 310-320℃ in the eastern part. The general distributional characteristic of this zone is a deformed arch which projects to northeast. The seismic fault is of different properties at the different section of the deformation zone. The thrust fault strikes to east-west and the fault plane dips to 160-210° with the angle of 30°. The maximum horizontal dip slip is about 2 metres. The normal-strike-slip fault strikes to 340-350° and fault plane dips to northeast with angle of 80-88°. The maximum right lateral offset is 1.55 metres. The strike-slip-thrust fault strikes to 280-305°and the fault plane dips to southwest with angle of about 30°. The maximum right lateral offset is 1.25 metres. Most of the compressire ridgas extends in the direction of east-wast and the maximum horizontal shortening distance is 0.4 metres.