海原断裂干盐池拉分盆地中央断层的形成机制探讨

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.01.003

地震地质 ›› 2021, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (1): 36-52.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.01.003

海原断裂干盐池拉分盆地中央断层的形成机制探讨

雷生学^1),2),3), 冉勇康^1),4),*, 李彦宝¹⁾, 李海鸥¹⁾, 高也³⁾, 郭巍³⁾

1)中国地震局地质研究所, 北京 100029;
2)防灾科技学院, 三河 065201;
3)天津市地震局, 天津 300201;
4)中国地震局地质研究所, 地震动力学国家重点实验室, 北京 100029

收稿日期:2020-03-12 修回日期:2020-08-25 出版日期:2021-02-20 发布日期:2021-05-06
通讯作者: *冉勇康, 男, 1955年生, 研究员, 主要研究方向为古地震与活动构造, E-mail: ykran@263.net。
作者简介:雷生学, 男, 1981年生, 2018年于中国地震局地质研究所获构造地质学博士学位, 高级工程师, 主要从事活动构造和地震预测方面的研究, E-mail:studentlei2000@163.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41272214); 国家留学基金委项目(202004190017, 201504190011); 天津市自然科学基金(19JCYBJC22700)共同资助

A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR REVERSE CROSS-BASIN FAULT IN GANYANCHI ASYMMETRIC PULL-APART BASIN ALONG THE HAIYUAN FAULT

LEI Sheng-xue^1),2),3), RAN Yong-kang^1),4), LI Yan-bao¹⁾, LI Hai-ou¹⁾, GAO Ye³⁾, GUO Wei³⁾

1)Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China;
2)Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China;
3)Tianjin Earthquake Agency, Tianjin 300201, China;
4)State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China

Received:2020-03-12 Revised:2020-08-25 Online:2021-02-20 Published:2021-05-06

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 拉分盆地内部的 “对角线式中央断层”, 不仅在拉分盆地的消亡过程中发挥着重要作用, 还对大地震的发生具有重要控制作用, 研究其形成演化具有重要的意义。然而, 与拉分盆地相比, 专门针对中央断层的研究较少, 制约了人们对拉分盆地乃至走滑断裂带构造演化过程的理解。文中以海原断裂带中段的干盐池拉分盆地为例, 对盆地内的中央断层开展了地质地貌调查、浅层人工地震勘探和钻孔联合探测等工作, 着重对该断层的性质和形成机制进行了探讨, 获得的主要认识有: 1)与前人的认识不同, 干盐池盆地中央断层为一条倾向SW的逆走滑断层; 2)干盐池盆地为一不对称拉分盆地, 其形成演化主要受盆地北缘的南-西华山北麓断层控制, 盆地内堆积了厚度>680m的生长地层且构成了翻转背斜; 3)干盐池拉分盆地的实例表明, 逆走滑中央断层的形成机制可能是 “截弯取直”作用, 即初期发育的反向正断层在截弯取直后吸收了边界断层的逆走滑位移而形成, 而翻转背斜可能对中央断层的倾向发生旋转有一定影响。

关键词: 不对称拉分盆地, 对角线式中央断层, 翻转背斜, 截弯取直, 生长地层, 海原断裂

Abstract: Pull-apart basin and push-up structure are the two most common and important structures formed within a strike-slip fault system. The term of pull-apart basin was firstly introduced when researchers discussing the formation of Central Death Valley, California. A pull-apart basin typically forms and develops between en echelon surficial strands or along a releasing bend of the transform fault. The diagonal cross-basin fault, formed diagonally within a pull-apart basin, connects the two en echelon strands bounding the basin. This type of fault not only plays an important role in the extinction of pull-part basin, but also controls the occurrence of large earthquakes. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the formation and evolution of cross-basin faults. However, compared with extensively studied pull-apart basins, fewer studies have been conducted on cross-basin fault, which greatly hampers our understanding of the structural evolution process of pull-apart basin and strike-slip fault. In this study, we take the Ganyanchi(Salt Lake)basin, the largest pull-apart basin located in the central part of the Haiyuan Fault, northeastern corner of the Tibetan plateau, as an example to investigate the character and general mechanism of the cross-basin fault. Geomorphological investigation, shallow artificial seismic exploration, and composite drilling geological survey are carried out along the cross-basin fault in Ganyanchi Basin. The main conclusions are listed as below: 1)The cross-basin fault in Ganyanchi Basin is a reverse strike-slip fault dipping to SW, rather than the previously claimed a strike-slip fault with significant normal component; 2)Although with a classic rhombic shape, the Ganyanchi Basin is actually an asymmetric pull-apart basin, which is mainly controlled by the northern boundary fault, i.e., the Nan-Xi Hua Shan Fault. Under the control of the Nan-Xi Hua Shan Fault, more than 680m thick growth strata were accumulated in the basin, and a rollover anticline was formed by the growth strata; 3)The example of the Ganyanchi asymmetric pull-apart basin suggests that a possible mechanism for the reverse cross-basin fault is probably the “straightening of strike-slip fault”, that is, the earlier formed antithetical normal fault adopts reverse component of straightened basin boundary fault, and then undergoes rotation and finally becomes a synthetical reverse fault with great strike-slip component. The rollover anticline, mainly controlled by the master boundary fault of an asymmetric pull-apart basin, may also partly contribute to the rotation of the cross-basin fault. As more natural pull-part basins needed to be investigated, caution should be taken when this suggested model is applied elsewhere.

Key words: asymmetric pull-apart basin, diagonal cross-basin fault, rollover anticline, straightening of strike-slip fault, growth strata, Haiyuan Fault

中图分类号:

P315.2

雷生学, 冉勇康, 李彦宝, 李海鸥, 高也, 郭巍. 海原断裂干盐池拉分盆地中央断层的形成机制探讨[J]. 地震地质, 2021, 43(1): 36-52.

LEI Sheng-xue, RAN Yong-kang, LI Yan-bao, LI Hai-ou, GAO Ye, GUO Wei. A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR REVERSE CROSS-BASIN FAULT IN GANYANCHI ASYMMETRIC PULL-APART BASIN ALONG THE HAIYUAN FAULT[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2021, 43(1): 36-52.

参考文献

[1] 陈社发. 1984. 南、西华山断裂带的构造演化与拉分盆地 [D]. 北京: 国家地震局地质研究所.
CHEN She-fa.1984. Structrual evolution and pull-apart basin along the Nan-Xihua Shan fault zone [D]. Institute of Geology of State Seismological Bureau, Beijing(in Chinese).
[2] 陈社发, 邓起东. 1985. 南、西华山断裂带中拉分盆地的构造组合及其演化模式[G]∥马杏垣等: 现代地壳运动研究(1). 北京: 地震出版社: 98—106.
CHEN She-fa, DENG Qi-dong. 1985. Structural pattern and evolution of pull-apart basins in south and west Huashan fault zone[G]∥Ma Xing-yuan et al., (eds). Research on Recent Crustal Movement(1). Seismological Press, Beijing: 98—106(in Chinese).
[3] 邓起东, 张维岐, 张培震, 等. 1989. 海原走滑断裂带及其尾端挤压构造[J]. 地震地质, 11(1): 1—14.
DENG Qi-dong, ZHANG Wei-qi, ZHANG Pei-zhen, et al. 1989. Haiyuan strike-slip fault zone and its compressional structures of the end[J]. Seismology and Geology, 11(1): 1—14(in Chinese).
[4] 国家地震局地质研究所, 宁夏回族自治区地震局. 1990. 海原活动断裂带 [M]. 北京: 地震出版社.
Institute of Geology of State Seismological Bureau, Seimological Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. 1990. Haiyuan Active Fault Zone [M]. Seismological Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
[5] 国家地震局兰州地震研究所, 宁夏回族自治区地震局. 1980. 1920年海原大地震 [M]. 北京: 地震出版社.
Lanzhou Institute of Seismology of State Seismological Bureau, Seimological Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. 1980. The 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake [M]. Seismological Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
[6] 雷生学, 冉勇康, 李彦宝, 等. 2018. 海原断裂带干盐池拉分盆地的沉积演化[J]. 地震地质, 40(5): 133—146. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2018.05.008.
LEI Sheng-xue, RAN Yong-kang, LI Yan-bao, et al. 2018. Sedimentary evoluton study on the Ganyanchi pull-apart basin along the Haiyuan Fault[J]. Seismology and Geology, 40(5): 133—146(in Chinese).
[7] 李德生. 1979. 滚动背斜油气田[J]. 石油实验地质, 2(2): 1—8.
LI De-sheng.1979. Rollover anticline and related oil-gas field[J]. Petrolum Geology and Experiment, 2(2): 1—8(in Chinese).
[8] 李彦宝, 冉勇康, 王虎, 等. 2016. 干盐池拉分盆地盆内新生断层大地震记录与海原断裂带级联破裂地震事件[J]. 地震地质, 38(4): 830—843. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.04.003.
LI Yan-bao, RAN Yong-kang, WANG Hu, et al. 2016. Paleoseismic records of large earthquakes on the cross-basin fault in the Salt Lake pull-apart basin and cascade rupture events on the Haiyuan Fault[J]. Seismology and Geology, 38(4): 830—843(in Chinese).
[9] 冉勇康, 段瑞涛, 邓起东, 等. 1997. 海原断裂高湾子地点三维探槽的开挖与古地震研究[J]. 地震地质, 19(2): 97—107.
RAN Yong-kang, DUAN Rui-tao, DENG Qi-dong, et al. 1997. 3D trench excavation and paleoseismology at Gaowanzi of the Haiyuan Fault[J]. Seismology and Geology, 19(2): 97—107(in Chinese).
[10] 田勤俭. 1998. 老龙湾拉分盆地演化与海原断裂带走滑运动 [D]. 北京: 中国地震局地质研究所.
TIAN Qin-jian.1998. The evolution of Laolongwa pull-apart basin and its relationship with left-slip along the Haiyuan fault zone [D]. Instituite of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing(in Chinese).
[11] 田勤俭, 申旭辉, 丁国瑜, 等. 2000. 海原断裂带内第三纪老龙湾拉分盆地的地质特征[J]. 地震地质, 22(3): 329—336.
TIAN Qin-jian, SHEN Xu-hui, DING Guo-yu, et al. 2000. Discovery and preliminary study of the Laolongwan Tertiary pull-apart basin in the Haiyuan fault zone[J]. Seismology and Geology, 22(3): 329—336(in Chinese).
[12] Atmaoui N, Kukowski N, Stockhert B, et al. 2006. Initiation and development of pull-apart basins with riedel shear mechanism: Insights from scaled clay experiments[J]. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 95(2): 225—238.
[13] Aydin A, Nur A.1982. Evolution of pull-apart basins and their scale independence[J]. Tectonics, 1(1): 91—105.
[14] Basile C, Brun J P.1999. Transtensional faulting patterns ranging from pull-apart basins to transform continental margins: An experimental investigation[J]. Journal of Structure Geology, 21(1): 23—37.
[15] Burchfiel B C, Stewart J H.1966. “Pull-apart” origin of the central segment of Death Valley, California[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 77(4): 439—442.
[16] Burchfiel B C, Zhang P, Wang Y, et al. 1991. Geology of the Haiyuan fault zone, Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region, China, and its relation to the evolution of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J]. Tectonics, 10(6): 1091—1110.
[17] Cunningham W D, Mann P.2007. Tectonics of Strike-Slip Restraining and Releasing Bends[M]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications.
[18] Dooley T P, Schreurs G.2012. Analogue modelling of intraplate strike-slip tectonics: A review and new experimental results[J]. Tectonophysics, 574-575:1—71.
[19] Dooley T, McClay K.1997. Analog modelling of pull-apart basins[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 81(11): 1804—1826.
[20] Fossen H. 2010. Structural Geology [M]. Cambridge University Press, New York: 334—335.
[21] Gibbs A D.1983. Balanced cross-section construction from seismic sections in areas of extensional tectonics[J]. Journal of Structural Geology, 5(2): 153—160.
[22] Gürbüz A.2012. Geometric characteristics of pull-apart basins[J]. Lithosphere, 2(3): 199—206.
[23] Heimann A, Zilberman E, Amit R, et al. 2009. Northward migration of the southern diagonal fault of the Hula pull-apart basin, Dead Sea Transform, northern Israel[J]. Tectonophysics, 476(3-4): 496—511.
[24] Kuşçu I.2009. Cross-basin faulting and extinction of pull-apart basins in the Sea of Marmara, NW Turkey[J]. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 18(3): 331—349.
[25] Lei S X, Li Y B, Cowgill E, et al. 2018. Magnetostratigraphy of the Ganyanchi(Salt Lake)basin along the Haiyuan Fault, NE Tibet[J]. Geosphere, 14(5): 2188—2205.
[26] Li Y, Ran Y, Wang H, et al. 2014. Paleoseismic records of large earthquakes on the cross-basin fault in the Ganyanchi pull-apart basin, Haiyuan Fault, northeastern Tibetan plateau[J]. Natural Hazards, 71(3): 1695—1713.
[27] Liu-Zeng J, Shao Y X, Klinger Y, et al. 2015. Variability in magnitude of paleoearthquakes revealed by trenching and historical records, along the Haiyuan Fault, China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120(12): 8304—8333.
[28] Mann P, Hempton M R, Bradley D C, et al. 1983. Development of pull-apart basins[J]. Journal of Geology, 91(5): 529—554.
[29] Mcclay K, Dooley T.1995. Analogue models of pull-apart basins[J]. Geology, 23(8): 711—714.
[30] Petrunin A G, Sobolev S V.2008. Three-dimensional numerical models of the evolution of pull-apart basins[J]. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 171(1-4): 387—399.
[31] Petrunin A, Sobolev S V.2006. What controls thickness of sediments and lithospheric deformation at a pull-apart basin?[J]. Geology, 34(5): 389—392.
[32] Rahe B, Ferrill D A, Morris A P.1998. Physical analog modeling of pull-apart basin evolution[J]. Tectonophysics, 285(1-2): 21—40.
[33] Schattner U, Weinberger R.2008. A mid-Pleistocene deformation transition in the Hula Basin, northern Israel: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Dead Sea Fault[J]. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 9(7): 1—18.
[34] Scholz C H.1982. Scaling laws for large earthquakes: Consequences for physical models[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 72(1): 1—14.
[35] Shelton W J.1984. Listric normal faults, an illustrated summary[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 68(7): 801—815.
[36] Spahic D, Exner U, Behm M, et al. 2011. Listric versus planar normal fault geometry: An example from the Eisenstadt-Sopron Basin(E Austria)[J]. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 100(7): 1685—1695.
[37] Sugan M, Wu J E, McClay K.2014. 3D analogue modelling of transtensional pull-apart basins: Comparison with the Cinarcik Basin, Sea of Marmara, Turkey[J]. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata, 55(4): 699—716.
[38] van Wijk J, Axen G, Abera R.2017. Initiation, evolution and extinction of pull-apart basins: Implications for opening of the Gulf of California[J]. Tectonophysics, 719-720:37—50.
[39] Wu J E, Mcclay K, Whitehouse P, et al. 2009. 4D analogue modelling of transtensional pull-apart basins[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26(8): 1608—1623.
[40] Yamada Y, Mcclay K.2003. Application of geometric models to inverted listric fault systems in sandbox experiments. Paper 1:2D hanging wall deformation and section restoration[J]. Journal of Structural Geology, 25(9): 1551—1560.
[41] Zhang P Z, Burchfiel B C, Chen S F, et al. 1989. Extinction of pull-apart basins[J]. Geology, 17(9): 814—817.

海原断裂干盐池拉分盆地中央断层的形成机制探讨

A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR REVERSE CROSS-BASIN FAULT IN GANYANCHI ASYMMETRIC PULL-APART BASIN ALONG THE HAIYUAN FAULT

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	王浩然, 陈杰, 李涛, 李跃华, 张博譞. 北天山前陆盆地前缘西湖背斜带第四纪褶皱作用[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(4): 791-805.
[2]	孙稳, 何宏林, 魏占玉, 高伟, 孙浩越, 邹俊杰. 基于无人机航测获取高分辨率DEM数据的断层几何结构精细解译与分析——以海原断裂唐家坡为例[J]. 地震地质, 2019, 41(6): 1350-1365.
[3]	乔鑫, 屈春燕, 单新建, 李彦川, 朱传华. 基于时序InSAR的海原断裂带形变特征及运动学参数反演[J]. 地震地质, 2019, 41(6): 1481-1496.
[4]	于晓辉, 沈军, 戴训也, 王昌盛. 生长地层揭示松原地区孤店断裂第四纪以来的构造特征[J]. 地震地质, 2018, 40(6): 1240-1253.
[5]	雷生学, 冉勇康, 李彦宝, 徐良鑫, 郭巍, 谢静博. 海原断裂带干盐池拉分盆地的沉积演化[J]. 地震地质, 2018, 40(5): 1072-1085.
[6]	李彦宝, 冉勇康, 王虎, 吴富峣. 干盐池拉分盆地盆内新生断层大地震记录与海原断裂带级联破裂地震事件[J]. 地震地质, 2016, 38(4): 830-843.
[7]	陈涛, 张会平, 王伟涛. 海原断裂带中东段地貌差异及其成因探讨[J]. 地震地质, 2014, 36(2): 449-463.
[8]	王林, 田勤俭, 李德文, 张效亮. 京西北蔚县-广灵半地堑盆地南缘断裂带的断层生长研究[J]. 地震地质, 2011, 33(4): 828-838.
[9]	尹金辉, 陈杰, 卢演俦, 郑勇刚. 沉积速率摇摆匹配法限定古地震事件日历年龄[J]. 地震地质, 2011, 33(2): 383-390.
[10]	周晓成, 王传远, 柴炽章, 司学芸, 雷启云, 李营, 谢超, 刘胜昌. 海原断裂带东南段土壤气体地球化学特征[J]. 地震地质, 2011, 33(1): 123-132.
[11]	张克旗, 陈杰, 刘进峰, 尹金辉, 王昌盛, 王同利. 海原断裂带刺儿沟剖面烘烤次生黄土的光释光测年及其地质意义[J]. 地震地质, 2007, 29(2): 390-401.
[12]	徐锡伟, 于贵华, 陈桂华, 李陈侠, 张兰凤, Yann Klinger, Paul Tapponnier, 刘静. 青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析[J]. 地震地质, 2007, 29(2): 201-217.
[13]	张广良, 张培震, 闵伟, 陈杰. 逆冲-褶皱造山过程中生长地层的识别及应用[J]. 地震地质, 2006, 28(2): 299-311.
[14]	陈杰, Scharer K M, Burbank D W, Heermance R, 王昌盛. 西南天山明尧勒背斜的第四纪滑脱褶皱作用[J]. 地震地质, 2005, 27(4): 530-547.
[15]	陈杰, Scharer K M, Burbank D W, 王昌盛. 利用河流阶地限定活动褶皱的类型和生长机制:运动学模型[J]. 地震地质, 2005, 27(4): 513-529.