DISCUSSION ON ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH SETBACK DISTANCE FROM ACTIVE FAULT

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.03.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Living with disaster is an objective reality that human must face especially in China. A large number of earthquake case studies, such as the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, 2010 Yushu earthquake, 2014 Ludian earthquake, have demonstrated that earthquake heavy damage and casualties stem from ground-faulting or rupturing along seismogenic active fault, near-fault high ground accelerations and building catastrophic structural failure. Accordingly, avoidance of active faults may be an important measure to effectively reduce earthquake hazard, which may encounter in the future, but how to avoid an active fault and how much a setback distance from the active fault is required to ensure that the ground faulting and rupturing has no any direct impact on buildings. This has been the focus of debate both for domestic and foreign scholars. This paper, first of all, introduces the definition of active fault. Then, quantitative analyses are done of the high localization of earthquake surface ruptures and relationship between the localized feature of the coseismic surface ruptures and building damages associated with the measured widths of the historical earthquake surface rupture zones, and an average sstatistic width is obtained to be 30m both for the earthquake surface rupture zones and heavy damage zones along the seismogenic fault. Besides, the widths of the surface rupture zones and spatial distribution of the building damages of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake and 2008 Wenchuan earthquake have also been analyzed to reveal a hanging-wall effect:Width of surface rupture zone or building damage zone on the hanging-wall is 2 or 3 times wider than that on its foot-wall for a dip-slip fault. Based on these latest knowledge learnt above, issues on avoidance object, minimum setback distance, location requirement of active fault for avoidance, and anti-faulting design for buildings in the surface rupture zone are further discussed. Finally, we call for national and local legislatures to accelerate the legislation for active fault survey and avoidance to normalize fault hazard zoning for general land-use planning and building construction. This preventive measure is significantly important to improve our capability of earthquake disaster reduction.

Key words: active fault, earthquake surface rupture zone, avoidance of active fault, minimum setback distance

摘要：

2008年汶川地震、2010年玉树地震、2014年鲁甸地震等大量震例研究表明，严重的地震灾害损失和人员伤亡主要源于发震断层的同震地表破裂、近断层的强地面运动和地基失效引起的建（构）筑物倒塌。因此，避让活动断层是有效减轻可能遭遇的地震灾害损失的一项重要措施。但如何避让活动断层和避让多少距离能够保证地面建（构）筑物不受活动断层同震错动引起的直接毁坏，一直是国内外学者争论的焦点科学问题。1）首先基于历史地震地表破裂资料，定量分析了活动断层同震地表破裂的局部化特征、同震地表破裂与建（构）筑物的破坏关系，得出了地震地表破裂带及其直接严重地震灾害带宽度的平均统计值约为30m的认识。2）通过1999年集集地震、2008年汶川地震等地表破裂带宽度资料和地震灾害空间分布关系的分析，指出了倾滑断层具有明显的上盘效应，断层上、下盘地表破裂带或严重地震灾害带宽度之比为2︰1至3︰1。3）基于上述分析获得的最新认识，进一步讨论了避让对象、活动断层定位要求、不同类型活动断层最小避让距离、特殊建（构）筑物避让和“抗断”设计理念等问题。最后，呼吁立法机构加强活动断层避让和活动断层探测的立法工作，规范活动断层上及其邻近地段土地利用规划和基础设施建设过程中合理避让活动断层的行为，防患于未然，提高中国防震减灾的基础能力。

关键词: 活动断层, 地震地表破裂带, 活动断层避让, 最小避让距离

CLC Number:

P315.2

XU Xi-wei, GUO Ting-ting, LIU Shao-zhuo, YU Gui-hua, CHEN Gui-hua, WU Xi-yan. DISCUSSION ON ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH SETBACK DISTANCE FROM ACTIVE FAULT[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(3): 477-502.

徐锡伟, 郭婷婷, 刘少卓, 于贵华, 陈桂华, 吴熙彦. 活动断层避让相关问题的讨论[J]. 地震地质, 2016, 38(3): 477-502.

References

陈桂华, 李峰, 郑荣章, 等. 2008. 逆冲型断裂同震地表变形定量分析的几个问题:以汶川M_S8.0地震为例［J］. 地震地质, 30(3):674-682.
CHEN Gui-hua, LI Feng, ZHENG Rong-zhang, et al. 2008. Several issues in the quantitative analysis of co-seismic surface rupture produced by reverse faults:A case study from the Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Seismology and Geology, 30(3):674-682(in Chinese).
翠川三郎. 1995. 连锁灾害的发生机制与实态追踪［J］. 科学朝日(紧急增刊):15-18.
Midorigawa S. 1995. Formation mechanism and in-situ tracing of successive disasters［J］. Science Asahi(Urgent Supplement):15-18(in Japanese).
代树红, 马胜利, 潘一山, 等. 2006. 隐伏走滑断层破裂扩展特征的实验研究［J］. 地震地质, 28(4):635-645.
DAI Shu-hong, MA Sheng-li, PAN Yi-shan, et al. 2006. Experimental study on rupture propagation along buried strike-slip fault［J］. Seismology and Geology, 28(4):635-645(in Chinese).
代树红, 马胜利, 潘一山, 等. 2008. 隐伏逆断层破裂扩展特征的实验研究及其地震地质意义［J］. 地震地质, 30(4):945-956.
DAI Shu-hong, MA Sheng-li, PAN Yi-shan, et al. 2008. Experimental study on rupture propagation of buried reverse fault and its seismogeological significance［J］. Seismology and Geology, 30(4):945-956(in Chinese).
邓起东. 1982. 中国的活动断裂［M］//中国地震学会地震地质专业委员会编. 中国活动断裂. 北京:地震出版社. 19-27.
DENG Qi-dong. 1982. The active fault in China［M］//Committee on Seismogelogy, the Seismological Society of China (ed). The Active Faults in China. Seismological Press, Beijing. 19-27.
邓起东. 1991. 活动断裂的研究进展与方向［M］//国家地震局地质研究所编. 活动断裂研究(1). 北京:地震出版社. 1-6.
DENG Qi-dong. 1991. Progresses and frontiers in active fault research［M］//Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau(ed). Active Fault Research 1. Seismological Press, Beijing. 1-6(in Chinese).
邓起东, 卢造勋, 杨主恩. 2007b. 城市活动断层探测和断层活动性评价问题［J］. 地震地质, 29(2):189-199.
DENG Qi-dong, LU Zao-xun, YANG Zhu-en, 2007b. Exploration and seismic hazard assessment of active fault in urban areas［J］. Seismology and Geology, 29(2):189-199(in Chinese).
邓起东, 冉勇康, 杨晓平, 等. 2007a. 中国活动构造图(1︰400万)［CM］. 北京:地震出版社.
DENG Qi-dong, RAN Yong-kang, YANG Xiao-ping, et al. 2007a. Map of Active Tectonics in China(1︰4000000)［CM］. Seismological Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
丁国瑜. 1982. 中国内陆活动断裂基本特征的探讨［M］//中国地震学会地震地质专业委员会编. 中国活动断裂. 北京:地震出版社. 1-9.
DING Guo-yu. 1982. A discussion on the basic characteristics of the active faults in the Chinese continent(with Preface)［M］//Committee on Seismogeology, the Seismological Society of China(ed). The Active Faults in China. Seismological Press, Beijing. 1-9(in Chinese).
高孟潭. 2015. GB18306-2015《中国地震动参数区划图》宣贯教材［M］. 北京:中国质检出版社和中国标准出版社. 264.
GAO Meng-tan. 2015. Publicizing Materials for Seismic Zoning Map in China(GB18306-2015)［M］. China Quality and Standard Press, Beijing. 264(in Chinese).
国家地震局地质研究所, 国家地震局兰州地震研究所. 1993. 祁连山-河西走廊活动断裂系［M］. 北京:地震出版社. 340.
Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau, and Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, State Seismolosical Bureau. 1993. Active Fault System along the Qilianshan-Hexi Corroidor［M］. Seismological Press, Beijing. 340(in Chinese).
国家地震局地质研究所, 宁夏回族自治区地震局. 1990. 海原活动断裂带［M］. 北京:地震出版社.
Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau, and Seismological Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. 1990. Strip Map of the Haiyuan Active Fault Zone［M］. Seismological Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
国家地震局兰州地震研究所. 1992. 昌马活动断裂带［M］. 北京:地震出版社. 207.
Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, State Seismological Bureau. 1992. The Changma Active Fault Zone［M］. Seismological Press, Beijing. 207(in Chinese).
郭婷婷. 2013. 汶川地震震害与活动断层 "避让带"宽度的分析研究［D］. 北京:中国地震局地质研究所. 108.
GUO Ting-ting. 2013. A study on Wenchuan earthquake disasters and the safety distance from active faults［D］. Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing. 108(in Chinese).
郭婷婷, 徐锡伟, 于贵华, 等. 2009. 川西地区农村民居建筑物震害调查与分析［J］. 建筑科学与工程学报, 26(3):59-64.
GUO Ting-ting, XU Xi-wei, YU Gui-hua, et al. 2009. Investigation and analysis of earthquake disasters for rural residential buildings in western Sichuan areas［J］. Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 26(3):59-64(in Chinese).
郭婷婷, 于贵华, 徐锡伟. 2010. 汶川地震灾害特征与建筑物震害原因讨论［J］. 工程抗震与加固改造, 32(4):125-133.
GUO Ting-ting, YU Gui-hua, XU Xi-wei. 2010. Characteristics of Wenchuan earthquake disasters and discussion on causes of buildings damage［J］. Earthquake Resistant Engineering and Retrofitting, 32(4):125-133(in Chinese).
韩竹军, 苗崇刚. 2000. 土耳其伊兹米特地震地表破裂带和发震构造特点［J］. 国际地震动态, (1):7-12.
HAN Zhu-jun, MIAO Chong-gang. 2000. The characteristics of the seismic surface rupture zone of earthquake-generating structure of the Izmit earthquake［J］. Recent Development in World Seismology, (1):7-12(in Chinese).
韩竹军, 冉勇康, 徐锡伟. 2002. 隐伏活断层未来地表破裂带宽度与位错量初步研究［J］. 地震地质, 24(4):484-494.
HAN Zhu-jun, RAN Yong-kang, XU Xi-wei. 2002. Primary study on possible width and displacement of surface rupture zone produced by buried active fault［J］. Seismology and Geology, 24(4):484-494(in Chinese).
洪海春, 尤捷, 陶小三, 等. 2015. 2014年云南鲁甸和景谷地震的震害对比研究［J］. 地震工程学报, 37(4):1013-1022.
HONG Hai-chun, YOU Jie, TAO Xiao-san, et al. 2015. Comparative study of seismic damage induced by Ludian M_S6.5 and Jinggu M_S6.6 earthquakes in Yunnan Province［J］. China Earthquake Engineering Journal, 37(4):1013-1022(in Chinese).
胡平, 丁彦慧, 蔡奇鹏, 等. 2011. 第四纪地层中断层同震错动行为的离心机试验研究［J］. 地球物理学报, 54(9):2293-2301. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.09.012.
HU Ping, DING Yan-hui, CAI Qi-peng, et al. 2011. Centrifuge modeling on the behavior of co-seismic fault dislocation in the Quaternary stratum［J］. Chinese J Geophys, 54(9):2293-2301(in Chinese).
李传友, 魏占玉. 2009. 2008年汶川M_S8.0地震北川以北段地表破裂变形的主要样式［J］. 第四纪研究, 29(3):416-425.
LI Chuan-you, WEI Zhan-yu. 2009. Main pattern of the surface ruptures of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on the northern segment north of Beichuan［J］. Quaternary Sciences, 29(3):416-425(in Chinese).
李传友, 叶建青, 谢富仁, 等. 2008. 汶川M_S8.0地震地表破裂带北川以北段的基本特征［J］. 地震地质, 30(3):683-696.
LI Chuan-you, YE Jian-qing, XIE Fu-ren, et al. 2008. Characteristics of the surface rupture zone of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, China along the segment north to Beichuan［J］. Seismology and Geology, 30(3):683-696(in Chinese).
毛凤英, 张培震. 1995. 古地震研究的逐次限定方法与新疆北部主要断裂的古地震研究［M］//国家地震局地质研究所编. 活动断裂研究(4). 北京:地震出版社. 153-164.
MAO Feng-ying, ZHANG Pei-zhen. 1995. Progressive constraining method in paleoseismic study and paleoearthquakes along the major active faults in northern Xinjiang［M］//Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau (ed). Research of Active Fault (4). Seismological Press, Beijing. 153-164(in Chinese).
清华大学土木结构组, 西南交通大学土木结构组, 北京交通大学土木结构组. 2008. 汶川地震建筑震害分析［J］. 建筑结构学报, 29(4):1-9.
Civil and Structural Groups of Qsinghua University, Xinan Jiaotong University and Beijing Jiaotong University. 2008. Analysis on seismic damage of buildings in the Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Journal of Building Structures, 29(4):1-9(in Chinese).
四川省地震局地震地质队则木河活动断裂带填图组. 2013. 则木河活动断裂带地质图［CM］. 北京:地震出版社.
Geological Mapping Group for Zemuhe Active Fault Zone. 2013. Strip Map of the Zemuhe Active Fault［CM］. Seismological Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
孙柏涛, 闫培雷, 胡春峰, 等. 2008. 汶川8.0级大地震极重灾区映秀镇不同建筑结构震害概述及原因简析［J］. 地震工程与工程振动, 28(5):1-9.
SUN Bai-tao, YAN Pei-lei, HU Chun-feng, et al. 2008. Overview on seismic damage to different structures in Yingxiu Town during Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 28(5):1-9(in Chinese).
孙鑫喆, 徐锡伟, 陈立春, 等. 2012. 2010年玉树地震地表破裂带典型破裂样式及其构造意义［J］. 地球物理学报, 55(1):155-170. doi:10.6038/J.issn.0001-5733.2012.01.015.
SUN Xin-zhe, XU Xi-wei, CHEN Li-chun, et al. 2012. Surface rupture features of the 2010 Yushu earthquake and its tectonic implication［J］. Chinese J Geophys, 55(1):155-170(in Chinese).
郯庐活动断裂带地质填图课题组. 2013. 郯庐活动断裂带地质图［CM］. 北京:地震出版社.
Geological Mapping Group for Tanlu Active Fault Zone. 2013. Strip Map of the Tanlu Active Fault Zone［CM］. Seismological Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
陶连金, 田健, 刘晓春, 等. 2015. 灵山镇芦山地震建筑震害分析［J］. 黑龙江科技大学学报, 25(6):621-626.
TAO Lian-jin, TIAN Jian, LIU Xiao-chun, et al. 2015. Analysis on seismic damage of buildings of Lingguan Town in the Lushan earthquake［J］. Journal of Heilongjiang University of Science & Technology, 25(6):621-626(in Chinese).
闻学泽, 张培震. 1996. 地震的原地复发模式理论及其有关问题［M］//国家地震局地质研究所编. 活动断裂研究(5). 北京:地震出版社. 1-11.
WEN Xue-ze, ZHANG Pei-zhen. 1996. Earthquake recurrence models and associated problems［M］//Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau (ed). Research of Active Fault (5). Seismological Press, Beijing. 1-11(in Chinese).
徐锡伟. 2006. 活动断层、地震灾害与减灾对策问题［J］. 震灾防御技术, 1(1):7-14.
XU Xi-wei, 2006. Active Faults, associated earthquake disaster distribution and policy for disaster reduction［J］. Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention, 1(1):7-14(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 陈桂华, 于贵华, 等. 2010. 5·12汶川地震地表破裂基本参数的再论证及其构造内涵分析［J］. 地球物理学报, 53(10):2321-2336. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.10.006.
XU Xi-wei, CHEN Gui-hua, YU Gui-hua, et al. 2010. Reevalution of surface rupture parameters of the 5·12 Wenchuan earthquake and its tectonic implication for Tibetan uplift［J］. Chinese J Geophys, 53(10):2321-2336(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 韩竹军, 杨晓平, 等. 2016. 中国及邻区地震构造图［CM］. 北京:地震出版社.
XU Xi-wei, HAN Zhu-jun, YANG Xiao-ping, et al. 2016. Seismo-Tectonic Map of China and Its Adjacent Regions［CM］. Seismological Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 计凤桔, 于贵华, 等. 2000. 用钻孔地层剖面记录恢复古地震序列:河北夏垫断裂古地震研究［J］. 地震地质, 22(1):9-19.
XU Xi-wei, JI Feng-ju, YU Gui-hua, et al. 2000. Reconstruction of paleoearthquake sequence using stratigraphic records from drill logs:A study at the Xiadian Fault, Beijing［J］. Seismology and Geology, 22(1):9-19(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 闻学泽, 叶建青, 等. 2008a. 汶川M_S8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造［J］. 地震地质, 30(3):597-629.
XU Xi-wei, WEN Xue-ze, YE Jian-qing, et al. 2008a. The M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure［J］. Seismology and Geology, 30(3):597-629(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 于贵华, 陈桂华, 等. 2008c. 青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析［J］. 地震地质, 29(2):201-217.
XU Xi-wei, YU Gui-hua, CHEN Gui-hua, et al. 2008c. Near-surface characteristics of permanent geologic deformation across the mega-strike-slip faults in the northern Tibetan plateau［J］. Seismology and Geology, 29(2):201-217(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 于贵华, 马文涛, 等. 2002. 活断层地震地表破裂 "避让带"宽度确定的依据与方法［J］. 地震地质, 24(4):470-483.
XU Xi-wei, YU Gui-hua, MA Wen-tao, et al. 2002. Evidence and methods for determining the safety distance from the potential earthquake surface rupture on active fault［J］. Seismology and Geology, 24(4):470-483(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 于贵华, 马文涛, 等. 2008b. 昆仑山地震(M_W7.8)破裂行为、变形局部化特征及其构造内涵讨论［J］. 中国科学(D辑), 38(7):785-796.
XU Xi-wei, YU Gui-hua, MA Wen-tao, et al. 2008b. Rupture behavior and deformation localization of the Kunlunshan earthquake(M_W7.8)and their tectonic implications［J］. Science in China(Ser D), 38(7):785-796(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 于贵华, 冉勇康, 等. 2015. 中国城市活动断层概论:20个城市活动断层探测成果［M］. 北京:地震出版社. 484.
XU Xi-wei, YU Gui-hua, RAN Yong-kang, et al. 2015. Introduction on Urban Active Faults in China:Surveying Outcomes from 20 Chinese Mega-Cities［M］. Seismological Press, Beijing. 484(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 赵伯明, 马胜利, 等. 2011. 活动断层地震灾害预测方法与应用［M］. 北京:科学出版社. 305.
XU Xi-wei, ZHAO Bo-ming, MA Sheng-li, et al. 2011. Assessing Method for Earthquake Hazard and Its Application［M］. Science Press, Beijing. 305(in Chinese).
于贵华, 徐锡伟, 陈桂华, 等. 2009. 汶川8.0级地震地表变形局部化样式与建筑物破坏特征关系初步研究［J］. 地球物理学报, 52(12):3027-3041. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.12.012.
YU Gui-hua, XU Xi-wei, CHEN Gui-hua, et al. 2009. Relationship between the localization of earthquake surface ruptures and building damages associated the Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Chinese J Geophys, 52(12):3027-3041(in Chinese).
张建毅, 薄景山, 袁一凡, 等. 2012. 活动断层及其避让距离研究综述［J］. 自然灾害学报, 2:9-18.
ZHANG Jian-yi, BO Jing-shan, YUAN Yi-fan, et al. 2012. Review of research on active fault and its setback［J］. Journal of Natural Disaster, 2:9-18(in Chinese).
张敏政, 陈化然. 2000a. 土耳其伊兹米特地震的强地震动和地震灾害［J］. 国际地震动态, (1):13-15.
ZHANG Min-zheng, CHEN Hua-ran. 2000a. The strong motions and earthquake disaster of the 1999 Izmit M7.4, Turkey, earthquake［J］. Recent Developments in World Seismology, (1):13-15(in Chinese).
张敏政, 刘洁平. 2000b. 土耳其伊兹米特地震(1999, 7.4)的强地震动［J］. 世界地震工程, 16(2):1-7.
ZHANG Min-zheng, LIU Jie-ping. 2000b. The strong motions of 1999 Izmit M7.4, Turkey, earthquake［J］. World Earthquake Engineering, 16(2):1-7(in Chinese).
张培震, 邓起东, 徐锡伟, 等. 1994. 盲断层、褶皱地震与新疆1906年玛纳斯地震［J］. 地震地质, 16(3):193-204.
ZHANG Pei-zhen, DENG Qi-dong, XU Xi-wei, et al. 1994. Blind thrust, folding earthquake, and the 1906 Manas earthquake, Xinjiang［J］. Seismology and Geology, 16(3):193-204(in Chinese).
张培震, 毛凤英. 1996. 活动断裂定量研究与中长期地震危险性概率评价［M］//国家地震局地质研究所编. 活动断裂研究(5). 北京:地震出版社. 12-31.
ZHANG Pei-zhen, MAO Feng-ying. 1996. Active Faulting and fault specific probabilistic seismic hazard assessment［M］//Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau(ed). Research of Active Fault (5). Seismological Press, Beijing. 12-31(in Chinese).
张永双, 孙萍, 石菊松, 等. 2010. 汶川地震地表破裂影响带宽度调查与建筑物场地避让宽度探讨分析［J］. 工程地质学报, 18(3):312-319.
ZHANG Yong-shuang, SUN Ping, SHI Ju-song, et al. 2010. Investigation of rupture influenced zones and their corresponding safe distances for reconstruction after 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Journal of Engineering Geology, 18(3):312-319(in Chinese).
郑文俊, 李传友, 王伟涛, 等. 2008. 汶川8.0级地震陡坎(北川以北段)探槽的记录特征［J］. 地震地质, 30(3):697-709.
ZHENG Wen-jun, LI Chuan-you, WANG Wei-tao, et al. 2008. Trench logs of earthquake scarp of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in the segment north of Beichuan［J］. Seismology and Geology, 30(3):697-709(in Chinese).
中国地震局. 2009. 中华人民共和国地震行业标准活动断层探测:DB/T 15-2009［S］. 北京:地震出版社. 1-21.
China Earthquake Administration. 2009. Surveying and Prospecting of Active Fault, Seismic Industry Standard, People's Republic of China［S］. Seismological Press, Beijing. 1-21(in Chinese).
中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部, 国家质量监督检验检疫总局. 2010. 建筑抗震设计规范:GB50011-2010［S］. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 20-21.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China. 2010. Code for Seismic Design of Buildings［S］. Chinese Building Industry Press, Beijing. 20-21(in Chinese).
中田高, 隈元崇. 2003. 活断層位置情報からみた土地利用の問題点と「活断層法」について［J］. 活断層研究, 13:13-18.
Nakata T, Kumamoto T. 2003. Problems of land use as seen from the active fault location information and active fault act in Japan［J］. Active Fault Research, 13:13-18(in Japanese).
周昌贤. 2010. 地震引发对建筑结构抗震设计的思考［J］. 中国科技财富, 12:255-257.
ZHOU Chang-xian. 2010. Earthquake caused reflections on the structural seismic design［J］. Fortune World, 12:255-257(in Chinese).
周庆, 徐锡伟, 于贵华, 等. 2008. 汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查［J］. 地震地质, 30(3):778-787.
ZHOU Qing, XU Xi-wei, YU Gui-hua, et al. 2008. Invstigatation on widths of surface rupture zones of the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan Province, China［J］. Seismology and Geology, 30(3):778-787(in Chinese).
周荣军, 黄润秋, 雷建成, 等. 2008. 四川汶川8.0级地震地表破裂与震害特点［J］. 岩石力学与工程学报, 27(11):2172-2183.
ZHOU Rong-jun, HUANG Run-qiu, LEI Jian-cheng, et al. 2008. Surface rupture and hazard characteristics of Wenchuan earthquake with magnitude 8.0 in Sichuan Province［J］. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 27(11):2172-2183(in Chinese).
周正华, 张艳梅, 孙平善, 等. 2003. 断层场地震害研究综述［J］. 地震工程与工程振动, 23(5):38-41.
ZHOU Zheng-hua, ZHANG Yan-mei, SUN Ping-shan, et al. 2003. A summary of damage study on fault site［J］. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 23(5):38-41(in Chinese).
Batatian D. 2002. Minimum Standards for Surface Fault Rupture Hazard Studies［M］. Salt Lake County:Planning and Development Services Division. 1-11.
Boncio P, Galli P, Naso G, et al. 2012. Zoning surface rupture hazard along normal faults:Insight from the 2009 M_W6.3 L'Aquila, Central Italy, earthquake and other global earthquakes［J］. Bull Seism Soc Amer, 102(3):918-935. doi:10.1785/0120100301.
Borchardt G. 2010. Establishing appropriate setback widths for active faults［J］. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, XVI(1):47-53.
Bouckovalas G. 2006. ETC-12:Geotechnical Evaluation and Application of the Seismic Eurocode EC8［M］. Greece:National Technical University. 55-64.
Bray J D, Seed R B, Cluff L S, et al. 1994. Earthquake Fault rupture propagation through soil［J］. J Geotech Engineering, ASCE, 120(3):543-561.
Bray J D. 2001. Developing mitigation measures for the hazards associated with earthquake surface fault rupture［M］//Konagai K(ed). Seismic Fault-Induced Failures-Possible Remedies for Damage to Urban Facilities. Japan Soc Prom Sci, Univ of Tokyo, Japan. 55-79.
Bray J D. 2009. Designing buildings to accommodate earthquake surface fault rupture［R］. USA:ATC & SEI Conference on Improving the Seismic Performance of Existing Buildings and Other Structures. 1-12.
Chen Y G, Chen W S, Lee J C, et al. 2001. Surface rupture of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake yields insights on active tectonics of Central Taiwan［J］. Bull Seismol Soci Amer, 91(5):977-985.
Choi J-H, Edwards P, Ko K, et al. 2016. Definition and classification of fault damage zones:A review and a new methodological approach［J］. Earth-Sciences Reviews, 152:70-87.
Christenson G E, Darlene B L, Nelson C V. 2003. Guidelines for Evaluating Surface-Fault-Rupture in Utah［M］. Utah:Geological Survey:UGS MP 03-6, ISBN-1-55791-696-9. 1-14.
Cluff L S, Niccum M R, Brogan G E, et al. 1976. Surface Fault hazard zoning:Method for regional planning and for specific site investigations［C］//Accession Number:00142672, Serial:Engineering Geology & Soils Engineering Symp Proc. Publisher:Idaho Department of Highways.
Dissen R V, Barrell D, Litchfield N, et al. 2011. Surface rupture displacement on the Greendale Fault during the M_W7.1 Darfield(Canterbury)earthquake, New Zealand, and its impact on man-made structures［J］. Acoustical Society of America Journal, 138(50):8247-8259.
Dissen R V, Heron, D, Becker J, et al. 2006. Mitigating active fault surface rupture hazard in New Zealand:Development of national guidelines, and assessment of their implementation［C］//Proceedings, 8th U S National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, USA:Paper No. 633, 10.
European Committee for Standardization. 1998. Eurocode 8-"Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance. Part 5:Foundations, Retaining Structures, and Geotechnical Aspects."［S］.Brussels:EVN. 14-20.
Faulkner D R, Mitchell T M, Jensen E, et al. 1993. Scaling of fault damage zones with displacement and the implications for fault growth processes［J］. N1n Publications, 116:189-216.
Fraser W A. 2001. California division of safety of dams fault activity guidelines［R］. Division of Safety of Dams, California Department of Water Resources, 1. 5-24.
Guo T, Xu X, Yu G. 2012. Disasters characteristics of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and analysis of buildings destruction［J］. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 204-208:2505-2513.
Haeussler P J, Schwartz D P, Dawson T E, et al. 2004. Surface rupture and slip distribution of the Denali and Totschunda Faults in the 3 November 2002 M7.9 earthquake, Alaska［J］. Bull Seismol Soci Amer, 94(6B):23-52.
Hart E W, Bryant W A. 1999. Fault-rupture hazard zones in California:Alquist-Priolo earthquake fault zoning act with index to earthquake fault zones maps［C］. California:Division of Mines and Geology:Special Publication 42, 1-38.
Hart E W. 1974. Zoning for surface fault hazards in California:The new special studies zones maps［J］. California Geology, 27(10):227-230.
Heermance R, Shipton. K, Evans J P. 2003. Fault structure control on fault slip and ground motion during the 1999 rupture of the Chelungpu Fault, Taiwan［J］. Bull Seism Soc Am, 93:1034-1050.
Jonathan G. 1998. Guidelines for evaluating potential surface fault rupture/land subsidence hazards in Nevada［M/OL］. Nevada Earthquake Safety Council. 1-4. http://www.nbmg.unr.edunescguidelines.htm.
Kazuo K. 2003. An assumed scenario for seismic fault zoning［J］. Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 4:1-10.
Kelson K I, Bray J, Cluff L, et al. 2001. Fault-related surface deformation［J］. Earthquake Spectra, 17(S1):19-36.
Kerr J, Nathan S, Dissen R V, et al. 2004. Planning for development of land on or close to active faults:A guideline to assist resource management planners in New Zealand［R］. Published by the Ministry for the Environment, ME numbers 565. 1-68.
Lai X, Li S. 2010. Exploration of fault-zone trapped waves at Pingtong Town, in Wenchuan earthquake region［J］. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 1(1):29-33.
Lawson A C, Reid H F. 1908. The California earthquake of April 18, 1906［R］. Report of the State earthquake investigation commission.
Lee C T, Kelson K I, Kang K H. 2001. Hanging-wall deformation and its effect to building and structures as learned from the Chelungpu faulting in the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake［C］//Lohan C-H and Kangaroo K H(eds). Proceedings of International Workshop on Annual Commemoration of Chi-Chi Earthquake, 18-20 September 2000, Taibei, Taiwan.
Lian X, Li H, Brodskye, et al. 2013. Continuous permeability measurements record healing inside the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone［J］. Science, 340:1555-1559. doi:10. 1126/science. 1237237.
McCalpin J P. 1987. Recommended setback distances from active normal faults［C］//Proceedings of the Symposium on Engineering Geology and Soils Engineering, 23:35-56.
Nuttli O W. 1982. The earthquake problem in the eastern United States［J］. Journal of the Structural Division, 108(6):1302-1312.
Philip H, Meghraoui M. 1983. Structural analysis and interpretation of the surface deformation of the El Asnam earthquake of October 10, 1980［J］. Tectonics, 2:17-49.
Quigley M, Van Dissen R, Villamor P, et al. 2010. Surface rupture of the Greendale Fault during the M_W7.1 Darfield(Canterbury)earthquake, New Zealand:Initial findings［J］. Bull New Zealand Soci for Earthq Engineer, 43(4):1-7.
Ran Y, Chen W, Xu X, et al. 2014. Late Quaternary paleoseismic behavior and rupture segmentation of the Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault along the Longmen Shan fault zone, China［J］. Tectonics, 33:2218-2232. doi:10.1002/2014TC003649.
Ren J, Xu X, Yeats R S, et al. 2013. Latest Quaternary paleoseismology and slip rates of the Longriba fault zone, eastern Tibet:Implications for fault behavior and strain partitioning［J］. Tectonics, 32:216-238. doi:10.1002/tect.20029.
Robb M E S, Thompson E M, Kieffer D S, et al. 2015. Geotechnical effects of the 2015 Magnitude 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake and aftershocks［J］. Seismological Research Letters, 86(6):1514-1523.
Rockwell T, Ben-zion Y. 2007. High localization of primary slip zones in large earthquakes from paleoseismic trenches:Observations and implications for earthquake physics［J］. JGR, 112:B10304. doi:10.1029/2006JB004764.
Scholz C H. 2002. The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting(2nd Edition)［M］. Cambridge University Press, 504. ISBN:9780521655408.
Shi F, He H, Wei Z. 2012. Coseismic horizontal shortening associated with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake along the Baishahe segment from high resolution satellite images［J］. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 50:164-170.
Shipton Z K, Cowie P A. 2001. Damage zone and slip-surface evolution over μm to km scales in high-porosity Navajo sandstone, Utah［J］. Journal of Structural Geology, 23(12):1825-1844.
Stein R S, King G C P. 1984. Seismic potential revealed by surface folding:1983 Coalinga earthquake［J］. Science, 224:869-872.
Taniyama H, Watanabe H. 2000. Deformation of sandy deposits by fault movement［C］//Proc. 12^th WCEE 2000, Tokyo:McGraw Hill. 1-6.
The Resources Agency of California. 2002. Seismic Hazards and Earthquake Fault Zones［Z/OL］. Public Information, County of Ventura, Resource Management Agency, Planning Division 800 South Victoria Avenue, Ventura, CA 93009·805 654-2488. http://www.ventura.org/rma/planning.
Wang G, Zhou X, Ma Z, et al. 2001. A preliminary study on the randomness of response spectra of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake［J］. Bull Seism Soci Amer, 91(5):1358-1396.
Willis B. 1923. Earthquake risk in California［J］. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, (4):147-154.
Xu C, Xu X, Shen L, et al. 2016. Optimized volume models of earthquake-triggered landslides［J］. Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/srep29797.
Xu X, Deng Q. 1996. Nonlinear characteristics of paleoseismicity in China［J］Journal of Geophysical Research, 101(B3):6209-6231.
Xu X, Tan X, Yu G, et al. 2013. Normal- and oblique-slip of the 2008 Yutian earthquake:Evidence for eastward block motion, northern Tibetan plateau［J］. Tectonophysics, 584:152-165. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.08.007.
Xu X, Wen X, Yu G, et al. 2009. Coseismic reverse- and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008 M_W7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China［J］. Geology, 37(6):515-518.
Xu X, Xu C, Yu G, et al. 2015. Primary surface ruptures of the Ludian M_W6.2 earthquake, southeastern Tibetan plateau, China［J］. Seismological Research Letters, 86(6):1622-1635. doi:10.1785/0220150038.
Xu X, Yu G, Klinger Y, et al. 2006. Reevaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the 2001 Kunlunshan earthquake(M_W7.8), northern Tibetan plateau, China［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 111(B5):303-306.
Yang H W, Beeson J. 2001. The setback distance concept and 1999 Chi-Chi(Taiwan)earthquake［C］//International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. Paper 29. htt://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icrageesd/04 icrageesd/session10/29.
Yann K, Etchebes M, Tapponnier P, et al. 2011. Characteristic slip for five great earthquakes along the Fuyun Fault in China［J］. Nature Geoscience, 4:389-392. doi:10.1038/ngeo1158.
Yeats R S, Sieh K E, Allen C R. 1997. The Geology of Earthquakes［M］. Oxford University Press, New York. 568.
Yu G, Xu X, Klinger Y, et al. 2010. Fault-scarp features and cascading-rupture model for the Wenchuan earthquake(M_W7.9), eastern Tibetan plateau, China［J］. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(5B):2590-2614.
Zhou Q, Xu X, Yu G, et al. 2010. Width distribution of surface ruptures associated with the Wenchuan earthquake:Implication for the setback zone of the seismogenic faults in postquake reconstruction［J］. BSSA, 100(5B), 2660-2668. doi:10.1785/0120090293.
Zielke O, Arrowsmith J R, Ludwig L G, et al. 2010. Slip in the 1857 and earlier large earthquakes along the Carrizo Plain, San Andreas Fault［J］. Science, 327(5969):1119-1122. doi:10.1126/science.1182781.

[1]	WEI Zhan-yu, HE Hong-lin, DENG Ya-ting, XI Xi. THREE-DIMENSIONAL SURFACE COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS FROM DIFFERENCING PRE- AND POST-EARTHQUAKE TERRAIN POINT CLOUDS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(1): 167-188.
[2]	ZHANG Wei-heng, ZHANG Dong-sheng, CHEN Jie, TIAN Qin-jian, HE Wan-tong. THE RANGE OF DEFORMED ZONE BASED BY ACTIVE FAULT OFFSET BASED ON STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE WIDTH [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(1): 345-366.
[3]	NIU Peng-fei, HAN Zhu-jun, GUO Peng, LI Ke-chang, LÜ Li-xing. THE DISASTER MECHANISM OF THE M_S6.9 EARTHQUAKE IN MENYUAN, QINGHAI PROVINCE, 2022 [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(4): 761-782.
[4]	WANG Mao-mao, HU Shun-yang, MA Hao-ran, LIANG Bo-yu, ZHANG Jin-yu, LU Ren-qi. 3D STRUCTURAL MODELLING OF THE ANNINGHE-ZEMUHE-XIAOJIANG FAULT ZONE IN THE EASTERN BOUNDARY OF SICHUAN-YUNNAN BLOCK USING MULTI-DATA AND IMPLICIT MODELING METHODS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(1): 19-34.
[5]	WU Xi-yan, LU Ren-qi, ZHANG Jin-yu, SUN Xiao, XU Fang, CHEN Gui-hua. A WEB-BASED PROTOTYPE SYSTEM FOR THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL FAULT MODELS OF THE CHINA SEISMIC EXPERIMENTAL SITE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(1): 35-47.
[6]	LI Yi-shi. RESEARCH ON COMPREHENSIVE STANDARDIZATION FOR SURVEYING AND PROSPECTING OF ACTIVE FAULT [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(2): 455-463.
[7]	YANG Chen-yi, LI Xiao-ni, FENG Xi-jie, HUANG Yin-di, PEI Gen-di. SHALLOW STRUCTURE AND QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE TAOCHUAN-HUXIAN FAULT, THE SUB-STRAND OF THE NORTHERN QINLING FAULT ZONE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(2): 464-483.
[8]	ZHANG Hao, WANG Jin-yan, XU Han-gang, LI Li-mei, JIANG Xin, ZHAO Qi-guang, GU Qin-ping. GEOMETRIC STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF XINYI SEGMENT OF ANQIU-JUXIAN FAULT [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1448-1468.
[9]	XU Zhi-ping, ZHANG Yang, YANG Li-pu, XU Shun-qiang, JIANG Lei, TANG Lin, LIN Ji-yan. STUDY ON THE DEEP STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MAIN ACTIVE FAULTS IN HENAN PROVINCE AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1521-1538.
[10]	CAO Jun, LI Yan-bao, RAN Yong-kang, XU Xi-wei, MA Dong-wei, ZHANG Zhi-qiang. TYPICAL CASE ANALYSIS ON SETBACK DISTANCE FOR URBAN BURIED ACTIVE FAULT: AN EXAMPLE SITE ALONG THE TANLU FAULT ZONE IN XINYI CITY [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(4): 1071-1085.
[11]	YI Hu, ZHAN Wen-huan, MIN Wei, WU Xiao-chuan, LI Jian, FENG Ying-ci, REN Zhi-kun. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOURCE EFFECT BASED ON MINI-MULTICHANNEL SEISMIC PROFILE IN MARINE ACTIVE FAULT DETECTION [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(2): 333-348.
[12]	LIANG Zi-han, WEI Zhan-yu, ZHUANG Qi-tian, SUN Wen, HE Hong-lin. SEGMENTATION OF SURFACE RUPTURE AND OFFSETS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FUYUN M8.0 EARTHQUAKE BASED ON HIGH-RESOLUTION TOPOGRAPHIC DATA [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY, 2021, 43(6): 1507-1523.
[13]	LI Zheng-fang, LI Yan-bao, ZHOU Ben-gang, ZHU Guo-jun, LIU Bao-jin, WU Jian. NEW INSIGHT ON THE HOLOCENE ACTIVITY OF THE EASTERN MARGINAL FAULT OF DAXING UPLIFT, BEIJING PLAIN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY, 2021, 43(6): 1671-1681.
[14]	ZHAN Hui-li, ZHANG Dong-li, HE Xiao-hui, SHEN Xu-zhang, ZHENG Wen-jun, LI Zhi-gang. LIMITATION OF CURRENT TECTONIC DEFORMATION MODES IN THE WESTERN MARGIN OF ORDOS BASED ON SEISMIC ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2020, 42(2): 346-365.
[15]	TIAN Xiao-feng, XIONG Wei, WANG Fu-yun, XU Zhao-fan, DUAN Yong-hong, JIA Shi-xu. UPPER CRUSTAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE AND CONSTRAINING FAULT INTERPRETATION FROM SHUNYI-TANGGU REFRACTION EXPERIMENT DATA [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2020, 42(2): 414-434.