考古地震学揭示河洛地区汉代破坏性地震

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2025.04.20240126

地震地质 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4): 1020-1035.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2025.04.20240126

考古地震学揭示河洛地区汉代破坏性地震

胡秀¹^,³⁾(), 鲁鹏²^,³⁾^,^*(), 王鸿驰⁴⁾, 付龙腾⁵⁾, 莫多闻³⁾, 李有利³⁾, 张培震¹⁾, 张会平⁶⁾, 王志铄⁷⁾, 惠格格¹⁾, 陈盼盼²⁾, 郭爱伦³⁾, 罗全星³^,⁶⁾, 赵显刚⁸⁾

1)中山大学地球科学与工程学院, 广东省地球动力作用与地质灾害重点实验室, 广州 510275
2)河南省科学院地理研究所, 郑州 450052
3)北京大学城市与环境学院, 北京 100871
4)郑州市文物考古研究院, 郑州 450000
5)山东大学考古学院, 济南 250100
6)中国地震局地质研究所, 地震动力学与强震预测全国重点实验室, 北京 100029
7)河北省地震局, 石家庄 050021
8)河南省地震局, 郑州 450016

收稿日期:2024-10-25 修回日期:2024-12-21 出版日期:2025-08-20 发布日期:2025-10-09
通讯作者: *鲁鹏, 男, 1978年生, 研究员, 主要从事第四纪地质, 环境考古方面的研究工作, E-mail: bulate_0@163.com。
作者简介:
胡秀, 女, 1992年生, 2022年于北京大学获自然地理学专业地貌演化方向博士学位, 现为中山大学博士后, 研究方向为构造地貌、环境考古、古地震、河流地貌, E-mail: huxiuwuyi@gmail.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFC1521605); 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3008603); 国家自然科学基金(41971002); 国家自然科学基金(41971016); 国家自然科学基金(41671014); 国家自然科学基金(42030301); 国家自然科学基金(42202238); 国家自然科学基金(42502196); 国家自然科学基金(U2039201); 国家社会科学基金(19ZDA227); 中国博士后特别资助项目(2025T180108); 郑州地区环境考古研究项目共同资助

ARCHAEO-SEIMSIC INVESTIGATION REVEALS A DESTRUC-TIVE EARTHQUAKE OCCURRED IN THE HELUO REGION DURING THE HAN DYNASTY

HU Xiu¹^,³⁾(), LU Peng²^,³⁾^,^*(), WANG Hong-chi⁴⁾, FU Long-teng⁵⁾, MO Duo-wen³⁾, LI You-li³⁾, ZHANG Pei-zhen¹⁾, ZHANG Hui-ping⁶⁾, WANG Zhi-shuo⁷⁾, HUI Ge-ge¹⁾, CHEN Pan-pan²⁾, GUO Ai-lun³⁾, LUO Quan-xing³^,⁶⁾, ZHAO Xian-gang⁸⁾

1)School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geodynamics and Geohazards, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
2)Institute of Geography, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450052, China
3)School of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
4)Zhengzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
5)School of Archaeology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
6)Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics and Forecasting, Beijing 100029, China
7)Hebei Earthquake Agency, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
8)Henan Earthquake Agency, Zhengzhou 450016 China

Received:2024-10-25 Revised:2024-12-21 Online:2025-08-20 Published:2025-10-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以郑州、洛阳为核心的河洛地区, 历史上长期作为中国的政治、经济和文化中心, 在华夏文明形成和发展过程中发挥着重要作用。历史记载显示, 该地区在汉代地震频发, 但这些地震的真实性一直备受争议。文中通过历史考古-地震方法对郑州固城遗址的同震液化变形开展了详细调查, 结合AMS ¹⁴C测年和考古定年方法, 明确遗址区域在汉代曾发生一次地震, 伴生一系列同震液化砂脉和砂涌。在此基础上, 汇总河洛地区同期的震害分布, 推测极可能是《后汉书》记载的河洛地区119AD的历史强震造成了广泛分布于郑州—洛阳—平陆一带的同震变形, 推测最可能的发震断裂是封门口-五指岭断裂, 最小震级为 M_S6.8。文中研究凸显了考古地震方法在了解史前和历史地震灾害方面的潜力, 对于认识区域地震危险性及其对人类社会的影响具有重要意义。

关键词: 河洛地震, 汉代地震, 同震液化, 考古地震, 固城遗址

Abstract:

The Heluo region, the cradle of ancient Chinese civilization, has historically served as China’s political, economic, and cultural center. Historical records suggest that earthquake hazards frequently affected this region, particularly during the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, the political motivations of historical record-keeping raise questions about the reliability of these accounts. The buried nature of active faults in the plains complicates the identification of earthquake sources and magnitudes. In areas with abundant liquefaction deposits from historic and prehistoric earthquakes, archaeo-seismic investigations provide crucial information about past seismic activity by identifying liquefaction features related to strong ground motion.

In this study, detailed archaeo-seismic investigations were conducted at the Gucheng archaeological site, located in the Jialu River floodplain(a sub-channel of the Huai River)in central-west Zhengzhou city. Observed liquefaction features above the paleo-cultural surface include sand dikes and sand blows formed by the upward flow of water and entrained sediments. Using AMS ¹⁴C and archaeological dating, this study confirms a catastrophic earthquake occurred during the Han Dynasty. By analyzing coseismic deformation types and distribution, and comparing with previous regional paleo-liquefaction studies, constraints on earthquake sources and magnitudes were established.

The evidence primarily attributes the 119AD Luoyang earthquake to the Fengmenkou-Wuzhiling fault as the most likely seismogenic source, with a minimum magnitude of M_S6.8 based on worldwide liquefaction-magnitude relations. This study demonstrates the potential of archaeo-seismic methods to provide reliable insights into prehistorical and historical earthquake hazards, even with limited evidence. The approach of reconstructing regional paleo-seismic events from liquefaction deposits is broadly applicable to basin zones with buried faults worldwide, particularly in areas with fluvial and lacustrine sediments. Additional archaeo-seismic research may further aid in regional seismic risk assessment and evaluating societal impacts.

Key words: Heluo earthquake, 119AD Luoyang earthquake, coseismic liquefaction, archaeo-seismology, Gucheng archaeological site

胡秀, 鲁鹏, 王鸿驰, 付龙腾, 莫多闻, 李有利, 张培震, 张会平, 王志铄, 惠格格, 陈盼盼, 郭爱伦, 罗全星, 赵显刚. 考古地震学揭示河洛地区汉代破坏性地震[J]. 地震地质, 2025, 47(4): 1020-1035.

HU Xiu, LU Peng, WANG Hong-chi, FU Long-teng, MO Duo-wen, LI You-li, ZHANG Pei-zhen, ZHANG Hui-ping, WANG Zhi-shuo, HUI Ge-ge, CHEN Pan-pan, GUO Ai-lun, LUO Quan-xing, ZHAO Xian-gang. ARCHAEO-SEIMSIC INVESTIGATION REVEALS A DESTRUC-TIVE EARTHQUAKE OCCURRED IN THE HELUO REGION DURING THE HAN DYNASTY[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(4): 1020-1035.

图/表 10

图1 华北平原及周缘地形特征、活动断裂分布和历史地震分布黑色断层指示盆-山边界断裂; 浅灰色断层为盆地内部断裂, 红色方框指示河洛地区位置, 活动断裂引自文献(邓起东, 2007), 历史地震分布数据来自网站①

Fig. 1 Topography and distribution of active faults and historical earthquakes in the North China Plain and its surrounding areas.

图2 河洛地区考古-地震遗址和区域断裂、古地震分布考古-地震遗址来自文献(夏正楷等, 2009; 胡秀等, 2023), 区域断裂来自网站①(断裂名称见表1), 古地震数据来自网站②

Fig. 2 Distribution of the archaeo-seismicsites, active faults and paleo-seismic events in the Heluo region.

表1 河洛地区第四纪断裂活动性

Table1 List of slip rates of the regional faults in Heluo region since the Quaternary Period

名称	最新活动时代	滑动速率/mm·a^-1	数据来源
中条山北麓断裂(F₁)	全新世(564~675ca $l a$ BP)	0.1~0.25	Lu et al., 2014
华山断裂(F₂)	全新世(393cal a BP)	0.5~0.7	Hou,1998; Li et al., 2015
铁炉子-栾川-南召断裂(F₈)	全新世	约1.25	周厚云等,2001;杨晓平等, 2005
封门口-五指岭断裂(F₁₄)	全新世(约3000cal a BP)	0.25~0.45	Hu et al., 2023
商县-丹凤断裂(F₉)	晚更新世	约1.0	Zhang et al., 1995
郑州-开封断裂(F₁₃)	晚更新世		河南省地震局,2016;王志铄等, 2018
盘古寺-薄壁断裂(F₁₅)	晚更新世		秦晶晶等,2016
新乡-商丘断裂(F₁₆)	晚更新世		王斐斐等,2020
扣马断裂(F₁₈)	晚更新世(45~35ka BP)	约0.11	He et al., 2022
温塘断裂(F₄)	早中更新世		Chen et al., 2020
许昌-太康断裂(F₁₂)	早中更新世		王志铄等,2017
小浪底南岸断裂(F₁₇)	早中更新世		Xu et al., 2014
偃师断裂(F₁₉)	早中更新世		祁高,2018

表1 河洛地区第四纪断裂活动性

Table1 List of slip rates of the regional faults in Heluo region since the Quaternary Period

名称	最新活动时代	滑动速率/mm·a^-1	数据来源
中条山北麓断裂(F₁)	全新世(564~675ca $l a$ BP)	0.1~0.25	Lu et al., 2014
华山断裂(F₂)	全新世(393cal a BP)	0.5~0.7	Hou,1998; Li et al., 2015
铁炉子-栾川-南召断裂(F₈)	全新世	约1.25	周厚云等,2001;杨晓平等, 2005
封门口-五指岭断裂(F₁₄)	全新世(约3000cal a BP)	0.25~0.45	Hu et al., 2023
商县-丹凤断裂(F₉)	晚更新世	约1.0	Zhang et al., 1995
郑州-开封断裂(F₁₃)	晚更新世		河南省地震局,2016;王志铄等, 2018
盘古寺-薄壁断裂(F₁₅)	晚更新世		秦晶晶等,2016
新乡-商丘断裂(F₁₆)	晚更新世		王斐斐等,2020
扣马断裂(F₁₈)	晚更新世(45~35ka BP)	约0.11	He et al., 2022
温塘断裂(F₄)	早中更新世		Chen et al., 2020
许昌-太康断裂(F₁₂)	早中更新世		王志铄等,2017
小浪底南岸断裂(F₁₇)	早中更新世		Xu et al., 2014
偃师断裂(F₁₉)	早中更新世		祁高,2018

表2 河洛地区西汉—魏晋时期的主要地震记录

Table2 Records of historical earthquake events during Xihan-Weijin dynasty in Heluo region

时代	震中	震级	烈度	震害区域	资料来源
519BC	34.7°N,112.5°E	5.5	Ⅶ	洛阳	八月丁酉,南宫极震。苌弘谓刘文公曰:“君其勉之,先君之力可济也。周之亡也,其三川震。今西王之大臣亦震,天弃之矣。”^①
46AD	33.0°N, 112.5°E	6.5	Ⅷ	南阳	建武二十二年九月,郡国四十二地震,南阳尤甚,地裂压杀人^②。
119AD		6.5	Ⅷ	洛阳	元初六年二月乙巳,京都、郡国四十二地震,或地坼裂,涌水,坏败城郭、民室屋,压人^②。
121AD		6.5			建光元年九月己丑,郡国三十五地震,或地坼裂,坏城郭房屋,压杀人^②。
122AD					永元四年六月丙辰,郡国十三地震^②。
124AD					延光三年,京都、郡国二十三地震^②。
125AD					延光四年十一月丁巳,京都、郡国十六地震^②。
159AD					延熹二年,地数震裂,众灾频降^②。
294AD	33.7°N,114.2°E	5.5		襄城	元康四年十一月,荥阳、襄城、汝阳、梁国、南阳地皆震;十二月,京都又震^③。
343—344AD	35.4°N,114.3°E	6	Ⅷ	延津西北	建元年间,季龙起河桥于灵昌津……俄而所沈璧流于渚上,地震,水波腾上,津所殿观莫不倾坏,压死者百余人^④。

图3 固城遗址概况和考古-地震遗迹 a 固城遗址东周战国城址(姜楠等, 2023); b 汉代文化地面出露的同震-液化砂涌的空间分布; c 固城遗址多期城墙、地层的叠压关系(姜楠等, 2023)

Fig. 3 Layout of the Gucheng archaeological site and the archaeo-seismic remains.

图4 同震液化变形和空间分布规律 a 同震砂土液化的主要变形类型(修改自Tuttle et al., 2019); b 地震震级-液化发生最远距离的边界曲线(Ambraseys, 1988; Papadopoulos et al., 1993)

Fig. 4 The coseismic-liquefied deformation type and its spatial distribution feature.

图5 固城遗址中的液化砂脉和年龄 a 砂土侵入地层的结构; b 汉代地面液化脉/砂涌分布; c 水平侵入的液化砂体; d 倒锥形的液化喷砂; e 液化脉与灰坑; f 液化脉打破灰坑; g 液化脉侵入的地层与14C年代采样位置; h 汉代地面以上地层与14C年代采样位置

Fig. 5 Distribution of the liquefaction deformation and dating results at the Gucheng site.

表3 固城遗址碳同位素年代结果

Table3 Radiocarbon dating results at the Gucheng archaeological site

野外编号	测试成分	采样位置	炭屑年龄/a BP	校正日历年龄(2δ)(cal)	测年实验室
GC31	木炭	水平侵入砂体下	4520±40	3365—3095BC(95.4%)	Beta Analytic
GC33	木炭	水平侵入砂体上	3510±30	1923—1745BC(95.4%)	Beta Analytic
GC20	木炭	砂脉贯穿地层	2850±20	1108—1093BC(3.2%) 1085—1065BC(4.2%) 1059—927BC(88.1%)	北京大学
ZK-11978	木炭	砂脉贯穿地层	3100±25	1428—1290BC(95.4%)	中国社会科学院
ZK-11979	木炭	砂脉贯穿地层	2285±30	403—351BC(56.1%) 292—208BC(39.3%)	中国社会科学院
ZK-12080	木炭	砂脉贯穿地层	2545±25	796—746BC(47.0%) 689—664BC(13.8%) 644—551BC(34.6%)	中国社会科学院
ZK-11977	木炭	砂涌上覆地层	390±20	1446—1514AD(77.0%) 1590—1620AD(18.5%)	中国社会科学院
GC04	木炭	砂涌上覆地层	620±20	1299—1397AD(95.4%)	北京大学
GC06	木炭	砂涌上覆地层	380±30	1446—1525AD(59.0%) 1558—1632AD(36.4%)	Beta Analytic
GC-C14-4	植物根系	近现代地表	180±30	1722—1814AD(49.9%) 1656—1698AD(19.2%) 1910—1950AD后(19.0%) 1836—1880AD(7.3%)	Beta Analytic

图6 碳同位素年龄(黄色区域)与考古年代(紫色区域)限定的固城遗址地震年代(红色区域)

Fig. 6 The palaeoseismic event age(in red color)constrained from the radiocarbon dates(in yellow color)and the archaeological chronology(in purple color)at the Gucheng site.

图7 河洛地区同震变形时代和推测最大可能地震震源与最小震级(MS) a 固城遗址; b 平陆地区的同震液化; c 洛阳汉魏故城的同震变形; d 封门口-五指岭断裂的最新活动时代; e 历史文献记载的汉代地震; 黄色星形指示同震液化地点, 不同线形的椭圆指示本文推测的可能发震断裂和液化影响范围

Fig. 7 Dates of the coseismic deformation in Heluo region and the inferred seismogenic fault and the minimum magnitude(MS).

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考古地震学揭示河洛地区汉代破坏性地震

ARCHAEO-SEIMSIC INVESTIGATION REVEALS A DESTRUC-TIVE EARTHQUAKE OCCURRED IN THE HELUO REGION DURING THE HAN DYNASTY

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