双相矿物介质断层泥在同震滑动过程中的弱化、 强化及其转换机制

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2025.04.20240145

地震地质 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4): 1262-1291.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2025.04.20240145

双相矿物介质断层泥在同震滑动过程中的弱化、强化及其转换机制

黄建桦¹⁾(), 张波¹⁾(), 党嘉祥²⁾, 邹俊杰³⁾, 何宏林²⁾, 张进江¹⁾

1)北京大学, 地球与空间科学学院, 造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室, 北京 100871
2)中国地震局地质研究所, 北京 100029
3)中国地震局地震预测所, 北京 100036

收稿日期:2024-11-29 修回日期:2025-01-20 出版日期:2025-08-20 发布日期:2025-10-09
通讯作者: *张波, 男, 1978年生, 副教授, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向为构造地质学和微观构造地质学, E-mail: geozhangbo@pku.edu.cn。
作者简介:
黄建桦, 男, 1990年生, 现为北京大学构造地质学在读博士研究生, 主要研究方向为断裂构造与地震地质, E-mail: huangjianhua1002@126.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(U1939201); 国家自然科学基金(42202255); 中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务专项(CEAIEF20230208)

THE WEAKENING, STRENGTHENING AND TRANSFORMATION MECHANISM OF BINARY MINERAL MIXTURES DURING COSEISMIC SLIP

HUANG Jian-hua¹⁾(), ZHANG Bo¹⁾(), DANG Jia-xiang²⁾, ZOU Jun-jie³⁾, HE Hong-lin²⁾, ZHANG Jin-jiang¹⁾

1)MOE Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
2)Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China
3)Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China

Received:2024-11-29 Revised:2025-01-20 Online:2025-08-20 Published:2025-10-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

断层泥的非均质性是影响或控制断层滑动过程摩擦强度变化的重要因素之一, 但同震滑移过程中断层泥的非均质性在控制断层滑动行为、摩擦强度和速度依赖性等方面的效应仍不清楚。文中采用人工合成的双矿物相断层泥(石英和白云石以不同比例混合), 在1MPa正应力条件下, 开展了低速—高速(0.000 1~1.0m/s)旋转剪切摩擦实验。结果表明, 在滑动速率为1.0m/s的高速滑动实验中, 石英含量不同的白云石断层泥的摩擦行为呈现出显著差异, 并表现出2个阶段弱化的特征; 随石英含量的增加, 白云石断层泥的稳态摩擦系数μ_ss值呈现出先增加后降低的趋势, 而滑动弱化距离D_c值则呈现出指数型增加趋势。微观构造观测结果显示, 高速滑动(≥0.5m/s)时, 主滑动面发育5~10μm厚的纳米颗粒层; 在石英含量≤20wt%的试样中, 主滑动面附近发育熔体斑块; 当石英含量增加到30wt%时, 主滑动面附近出现相互连通的熔体薄膜或熔体层。总结认为, 含石英组分的白云石断层泥在高速滑动过程中, 纳米颗粒润滑和瞬时生热作用共同主导了第1阶段的弱化, 随后主滑动面上石英颗粒的少量熔融和纳米颗粒黏结效应, 导致摩擦强度得以部分恢复。当SiO₂熔体含量不断增加并形成熔体薄膜/熔体层时, 熔体润滑作用导致了第2阶段的滑动弱化。文中实验结果表明, 在同震滑动(m/s级)过程中, 具有不同摩擦特性的非均质断层泥对断层摩擦强度起着重要的控制作用, 自然界中碳酸盐岩断层岩内含有少量的石英(≤20wt%)有助于抑制同震滑动时的断层弱化。

关键词: 非均质性, 断层弱化, 高速摩擦实验, 含石英的白云石断层泥

Abstract:

The heterogeneity of fault gouges and tectonites is widely recognized as a key factor influencing variations in fault strength and instability during slip events. However, the specific role of gouge heterogeneity during coseismic slip, particularly in modulating slip behavior, strength, and fault stability, remains poorly understood.

To investigate the influence of heterogeneous gouges with differing frictional properties on fault strength, we selected dolomite and quartz—two minerals with contrasting frictional behaviors—and prepared synthetic quartz-dolomite gouge mixtures in varying proportions. A series of rotary shear experiments were conducted across a range of slip velocities(0.000 1~1.0m/s) under a constant normal stress of 1MPa.

At a slip velocity of 0.1m/s, all gouge mixtures exhibited broadly similar frictional behavior, marked by a drop in friction coefficient from peak values(μ_P=0.85-1.0) to steady-state values(μ_ss=0.5-0.6) via slip-weakening. In contrast, at 1.0m/s, the frictional response became more complex, displaying a two-stage weakening pattern: an initial weakening phase, followed by transient frictional recovery, and then a secondary weakening phase. The steady-state friction coefficient(μ_ss)exhibited a non-monotonic relationship with quartz content, peaking at 0.43 for 20wt%quartz, then decreasing with further quartz addition. Concurrently, the slip-weakening distance(D_p) increased exponentially with quartz content, from 4.27m to 13.24m.

At slip velocities ≥0.01m/s, gouges containing 20wt%quartz consistently showed slip-weakening behavior. Compared to monomineralic carbonate gouges, this mixture displayed similar μ_ss values at ≤0.1m/s, but significantly higher μ_ss values(0.33-0.43) at higher velocities(0.5~1.0m/s), diverging from the typical exponential decay trend of carbonate gouges.

Microstructural analyses revealed the development of a 5~10μm-thick nanoparticle layer on the slip surface at high velocities(≥0.5m/s), with a top layer composed of micro-to nano-sized particles(50~200μm thick). In samples with low quartz content(≤20wt%), abundant melt patches(10~20μm in diameter)were observed near the slip surface. At 30wt%quartz, these evolved into interconnected melt films or layers.

We infer that during high-velocity slip, frictional melting of quartz and thermal decomposition of dolomite occur. The initial weakening stage is dominated by nanoparticle lubrication and flash heating, while the subsequent partial strength recovery results from limited quartz melting and nanoparticle bonding. As slip progresses, accumulation of SiO₂ melt forms a continuous film or layer, triggering the second weakening phase via melt lubrication.

These results demonstrate that fault gouge heterogeneity—particularly the presence of frictionally strong and weak minerals—can significantly affect fault frictional behavior during coseismic slip(~1m/s). In carbonate-dominated fault zones, even small amounts of quartz(≤20wt%) can suppress dynamic weakening and enhance fault strength, which has important implications for understanding rupture propagation and stability in natural fault systems.

Key words: heterogeneity, slip weakening, high-velocity frictional experiment, quartz-bearing dolomite gouge

黄建桦, 张波, 党嘉祥, 邹俊杰, 何宏林, 张进江. 双相矿物介质断层泥在同震滑动过程中的弱化、强化及其转换机制[J]. 地震地质, 2025, 47(4): 1262-1291.

HUANG Jian-hua, ZHANG Bo, DANG Jia-xiang, ZOU Jun-jie, HE Hong-lin, ZHANG Jin-jiang. THE WEAKENING, STRENGTHENING AND TRANSFORMATION MECHANISM OF BINARY MINERAL MIXTURES DURING COSEISMIC SLIP[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(4): 1262-1291.

图/表 15

表1 非均质性断层泥的低速摩擦实验及摩擦滑动特征

Table1 Summary of the friction experiments using heterogeneous gouges

断层泥类型	实验设备	实验温度 /℃	有效正应力 /MPa	滑动速率 /μm·s^-1	摩擦滑动特征	文献来源
滑石- 蛇纹石	高温高压三轴实验机	200~400	100	0.01~1	少量滑石对蛇纹石断层泥具有弱化作用	Moore等 (2011)
滑石- 石英	高温高压三轴实验机	200	100	0.01~1	石英-滑石断层泥在滑石含量为15wt%时表现出强度弱化的线性降低趋势,在更高含量时则表现出更显著的弱化效果。	Moore等 (2011)
伊利石- 石英	高温高压旋转剪切实验机	140~600	25~200	1~100	在250~400℃范围内伊利石-石英断层泥呈现滑动不稳定性和速度弱化行为,当石英含量增加时,速度弱化向更低温度移动。	Den Hartog等 (2013b)
白云母- 石英	高温高压旋转剪切实验机	100~600	170	1~100	纯白云母断层泥表现出速度强化特征,而白云母-石英断层泥在350~500℃时表现出速度弱化型特征。	Den Hartog等 (2013a)
滑石- 方解石	双轴直剪实验机	室温	5	0.1~1000	少量滑石(约20wt%)的加入显著降低方解石断层泥的摩擦强度,并且从速度减弱型转变为速度增强型。	Giorgetti等 (2015)
石英- 黑云母	高温高压三轴实验机	20~600	200~230	0.05~1.22	含有黑云母夹层的石英断层泥容易产生不稳定滑动,并且少量的黑云母夹层可显著降低断层强度。	Lu等 (2018)
方解石- 页岩	双轴直剪实验机	室温	30~100	0.1~300	随着页岩含量的增加断层泥的摩擦强度和愈合率均呈现出下降的趋势,并且从速度减弱型转变为速度增强型。	Ruggieri等 (2021)
石英- 高岭石	三轴直剪实验机	室温	40	0.3~3	非均质性的石英-高岭石断层泥比均匀混合的石英-高岭石断层泥呈现出强度和摩擦稳定性逐渐降低的趋势。	Bedford等 (2022)
滑石- 石英	双轴直剪实验机	室温	10	0.66~2	随着滑石含量的增加,石英断层泥摩擦强度下降,并伴随着从速度减弱转变为速度增强型。	Hirauchi等 (2023)

表1 非均质性断层泥的低速摩擦实验及摩擦滑动特征

Table1 Summary of the friction experiments using heterogeneous gouges

断层泥类型	实验设备	实验温度 /℃	有效正应力 /MPa	滑动速率 /μm·s^-1	摩擦滑动特征	文献来源
滑石- 蛇纹石	高温高压三轴实验机	200~400	100	0.01~1	少量滑石对蛇纹石断层泥具有弱化作用	Moore等 (2011)
滑石- 石英	高温高压三轴实验机	200	100	0.01~1	石英-滑石断层泥在滑石含量为15wt%时表现出强度弱化的线性降低趋势,在更高含量时则表现出更显著的弱化效果。	Moore等 (2011)
伊利石- 石英	高温高压旋转剪切实验机	140~600	25~200	1~100	在250~400℃范围内伊利石-石英断层泥呈现滑动不稳定性和速度弱化行为,当石英含量增加时,速度弱化向更低温度移动。	Den Hartog等 (2013b)
白云母- 石英	高温高压旋转剪切实验机	100~600	170	1~100	纯白云母断层泥表现出速度强化特征,而白云母-石英断层泥在350~500℃时表现出速度弱化型特征。	Den Hartog等 (2013a)
滑石- 方解石	双轴直剪实验机	室温	5	0.1~1000	少量滑石(约20wt%)的加入显著降低方解石断层泥的摩擦强度,并且从速度减弱型转变为速度增强型。	Giorgetti等 (2015)
石英- 黑云母	高温高压三轴实验机	20~600	200~230	0.05~1.22	含有黑云母夹层的石英断层泥容易产生不稳定滑动,并且少量的黑云母夹层可显著降低断层强度。	Lu等 (2018)
方解石- 页岩	双轴直剪实验机	室温	30~100	0.1~300	随着页岩含量的增加断层泥的摩擦强度和愈合率均呈现出下降的趋势,并且从速度减弱型转变为速度增强型。	Ruggieri等 (2021)
石英- 高岭石	三轴直剪实验机	室温	40	0.3~3	非均质性的石英-高岭石断层泥比均匀混合的石英-高岭石断层泥呈现出强度和摩擦稳定性逐渐降低的趋势。	Bedford等 (2022)
滑石- 石英	双轴直剪实验机	室温	10	0.66~2	随着滑石含量的增加,石英断层泥摩擦强度下降,并伴随着从速度减弱转变为速度增强型。	Hirauchi等 (2023)

图1 低—高速旋转摩擦实验示意图 a 典型的硅质条带白云岩断裂带示意图, 显示断层核内含石英的白云石断层泥形成非均质结构; b 实验前由辉长岩围岩、断层泥样品和特氟龙环组成的装样示意图

Fig. 1 Illustration of the friction experimental system.

表2 石英和白云石双相断层泥摩擦实验条件及实验结果

Table2 Summary of the friction experimental conditions and results for quartz-dolomite mixtures

实验编号	断层泥类型	环境条件	σ_n/MPa	v_eq/m·s^-1	d_final/m	μ_p	μ_ss	D_c/m
LHV2887	纯白云石	室温,干	1.01	1.0	30.55	0.89	0.19	2.90
LHV2888			1.04	0.1	19.96	0.95	0.48	7.28
LHV2889	含10wt%石英的白云石	室温,干	1.02	1.0	29.48	0.84	0.38	3.22
LHV2890			1.03	0.1	19.92	1.00	0.55	6.23
LHV2879	含20wt%石英的白云石	室温,干	1.00	0.0001	0.43		0.75
LHV2883			1.00	0.01	5.92	0.87	0.47	4.05
LHV2880			0.98	0.1	3.03	0.89
LHV2886			1.05	0.1	20.14	0.95	0.45	13.41
LHV2881			1.02	0.5	21.74	0.93	0.33	11.75
LHV2878			0.98	1.0	8.23	0.87
LHV2882			1.00	1.0	24.84	0.84	0.43	4.18
LHV2884	含20wt%石英的白云石	室温,水饱和	1.02	1.0	30.62	0.24	0.07	8.29
LHV2891	含30wt%石英的白云石	室温,干	1.01	1.0	30.98	0.86	0.15	13.34
LHV2892			1.04	0.1	14.10	0.89	0.58	5.08

图2 石英-白云石双矿物相试样的微观结构与组分特征 a 4组试样的矿物相图; b 试样矿物颗粒粒度分布直方图; c 试样矿物组分分布直方图

Fig. 2 Microstructure and composition of quartz-dolomite mixtures for the testing samples.

图3 石英和白云石双相介质高速摩擦实验滑动弱化行为分析, 采用式(1)进行最小二乘法拟合(红色实线)

Fig. 3 Least-squares fit(red solid curve)to the slip weakening behavior of a representative experiment of the quartz-dolomite mixtures with Equation(1).

图4 不同石英含量的白云石断层泥在中速摩擦实验条件下(滑动速率为0.1m/s)的摩擦系数-轴向位移-滑动距离曲线

Fig. 4 Friction coefficient-axial displacement-slip displacement curves for dolomite gouge with varying quartz content in medium slip velocity friction experiments(at a slip velocity of 0.1m/s).

图5 不同石英含量的白云石断层泥在高速摩擦实验条件下(滑动速率为1m/s)的摩擦行为 a、 b 摩擦系数-轴向位移-滑动距离曲线; c 不同石英含量的白云石断层泥摩擦实验中的摩擦系数和稳态摩擦系数关系曲线; d 滑动弱化距离随石英含量的变化

Fig. 5 Slip behaviour for dolomite gouge with varying quartz content in high-velocity friction experiment(at a slip velocity of 1m/s).

图6 不同滑动速率条件下石英含量为20wt%的白云石断层泥的摩擦系数-滑动距离-滑动速率关系曲线 a 摩擦系数-轴向位移-滑动距离曲线; b 不同滑动速率条件下峰值摩擦系数与稳态摩擦系数的对比

Fig. 6 Friction coefficient-sliding distance-sliding velocity curves for 20wt%quartz-bearing dolomite gouges at different slip velocities.

图7 在高速滑动过程中(≥0.5m/s)含石英的白云石断层泥主滑动面的微构造 a 滑动面局部发育断层镜面(LHV2882); b 断层镜面上发育平行于滑动方向的微米—纳米级擦痕; c 主滑动面发育纳米颗粒薄膜; d 断层镜面的球状纳米颗粒和纳米颗粒团簇; e 主滑动面中的SiO2熔体斑块, 能谱分析中的Cr为金属镀膜; f 主滑动面上发育的囊泡状结构(LHV2878)

Fig. 7 Microstructures of the slip surface for quartz-bearing dolomite gouge after high-velocity friction experiments(≥0.5m/s).

图8 含石英的白云石断层泥高速摩擦实验后(LHV2878)主滑动带的微观结构 a 典型的主滑动带可划分为3个结构层。红色单箭头指示剪切方向; b A层由微米级和纳米级颗粒所组成, 发育Y剪切面和微剪切带; c 微剪切带内发育的叶理; d、 e 微剪切带内由较为致密的纳米颗粒所组成。需注意c和d中孔隙度的变化及白色实心箭头所指的小孔洞

Fig. 8 Microstructures of the principal slip zone for quartz-bearing dolomite gouge after friction experiments(from LHV2878).

图9 高速摩擦实验B层微构造特征 a B层发育的R剪切面及碎屑-黏土集合体结构(LHV2887), 插图显示了一个典型的“碎屑-黏土集合体结构”, 核部为白云石碎屑核, 边部为颗粒破碎研磨形成的细粒物质。红色单箭头指示剪切方向; b B层中白云石碎屑及圈层结构, 圈层结构由囊泡状气孔、方解石和方镁石组成(LHV2889); c、 d 白云石碎屑幔部的圈层结构化学成分分布特征; e 白云石碎屑圈层的结构模式图

Fig. 9 Microstructure characteristics of Layer B.

图10 含30wt%石英的白云石断层泥高速摩擦实验(LHV2891)滑动带的微观构造特征 a B层中熔体斑块相互连接, 在滑动面附近形成时断时续的熔体层; b—d 熔体充填于碎屑颗粒之间, 局部发育气孔结构(d)。a—c为背散射图像(BSE), d为2次电子图像(SE)

Fig. 10 Microstructure of the slip zone in 30wt% quartz-bearing dolomite gouge after friction experiment(from LHV2891).

图11 含石英的白云石断层泥的摩擦强度恢复机制及其示意图

Fig. 11 Schematic diagram of frictional strength recovery mechanism for quartz-bearing dolomite gouge.

图12 双介质断层泥(含20wt%石英的白云石)与单矿物相介质(碳酸盐岩)的稳态摩擦系数对比正应力为0.43~25MPa; 方解石大理岩数据来源于文献(Han et al., 2007, 2010; Spagnuolo et al., 2016); 方解石断层泥数据来源于文献(Pozzi et al., 2021); 白云石断层泥数据来源于文献(De Paola et al., 2011; Pozzi et al., 2021); 白云石大理岩数据来源于文献(Han et al., 2010)

Fig. 12 Comparison of steady-state friction coefficients between 20wt% quartz-bearing dolomite gouge and carbonate with single mineral phase at varied slip velocities.

图13 典型的含石英的白云石断层泥在同震滑移过程中的摩擦行为及其作用机制示意图

Fig. 13 Schematic diagram of the frictional behavior and mechanism for typical quartz-bearing dolomite gouge during coseismic slip.

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双相矿物介质断层泥在同震滑动过程中的弱化、强化及其转换机制

THE WEAKENING, STRENGTHENING AND TRANSFORMATION MECHANISM OF BINARY MINERAL MIXTURES DURING COSEISMIC SLIP

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双相矿物介质断层泥在同震滑动过程中的弱化、 强化及其转换机制

THE WEAKENING, STRENGTHENING AND TRANSFORMATION MECHANISM OF BINARY MINERAL MIXTURES DURING COSEISMIC SLIP

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双相矿物介质断层泥在同震滑动过程中的弱化、强化及其转换机制