ACTIVE FAULTS AND THEIR FORMATION MECHANISM IN THE EAST SEGMENT OF QIULITAGE ANTICLINE BELT, KUQA DEPRESSION

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.02.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on geological and geomorphologic characteristics of the surface faults acquired by field investigations and subsurface structure from petroleum seismic profiles, this paper analyzes the distribution, activity and formation mechanism of the surface faults in the east segment of Qiulitage anticline belt which lies east of the Yanshuigou River and consists of two sub-anticlines:Kuchetawu anticline and east Qiulitage anticline. The fault lying in the core of Kuchetawu anticline is an extension branch of the detachment fault developed in Paleogene salt layer, and evidence shows it is a late Pleistocene fault. The faults developed in the fold hinge in front of the Kuchetawu anticline in a parallel group and having a discontinuous distribution are fold-accommodation faults controlled by local compressive stress. However, trenching confirms that these fold-accommodation faults have been active since the late Holocene and have recorded part of paleoearthquakes in the active folding zone. The fault developed in the south limb near the core of eastern Qiulitage anticline is a low-angle thrust fault, likely a branch of the upper ramp which controls the development of the eastern Qiulitage anticline. The faults lying in the south limb of eastern Qiulitage anticline are shear-thrust faults, which are developed in the steeply dipping frontal limb of the fault-propagation folds, and also characterized by group occurrence and discontinuous distribution. Several fault outcrops are discovered near Gekuluke, in which the Holocene diluvial fans are dislocated by these faults, and trench shows they have recorded several paleoearthquakes. The surface anticlines of rapid growth and associated accommodation faults are the manifestations of the deep faults that experienced complex folding deformation and propagated upward to the near surface, serving as an indicator of faulting at depth. The fold-accommodation faults are merely local deformation during the folding process, which are indirectly related with the deep faults that control the growth of folds. The displacement and slip rate of these surface faults cannot match the kinematics parameters of the deeper fault, which controls the development of the active folding. However, these active fold-accommodation faults can partly record paleoearthquakes taking place in the active folding zone.

Key words: active fault, fold-accommodation fault, thrust-fold belt, eastern Qiulitage anticline, Kuqa depression

摘要：

在详细调查盐水沟以东秋里塔格背斜带地质、地貌特征的基础上，结合地震反射剖面揭示的深部构造形态，讨论了背斜区地表断层的分布特征、活动性及形成机制。盐水沟以东的秋里塔格背斜带包括库车塔吾背斜和东秋里塔格背斜。库车塔吾背斜核部断层是发育于古近系盐膏层中的滑脱断层向地表的延伸，在晚更新世仍持续活动。库车塔吾背斜北翼断层为受局部挤压应力控制而产生的褶皱调节断层，发育于北翼山前活动枢纽内，成组近平行出现，走向上展布不连续；探槽开挖结果表明，该断层全新世有过断错地表的古地震事件。发育于东秋里塔格背斜南翼靠近核部的博斯坦断层为较大规模的低倾角逆冲断层，向下可能与控制表层背斜生长的断坡相连。东秋里塔格背斜南翼断层是发育于断展褶皱陡倾前翼的剪切逆冲断层，亦平行成组出现，断续分布，在哥库洛克一带断层错断了全新世洪积扇。活动褶皱及其褶皱相关断层均为深部断层滑动经过复杂的褶皱变形传播到近地表的表现，是深部断层活动的指示构造。褶皱调节断层仅是褶皱过程中产生的局部变形，与控制褶皱生长的深部断层仅存在间接的关系。此类断层的滑动位移、速率等不代表深部控制背斜生长断层的运动学参数，但这些次级断层部分记录了活动褶皱区的古地震事件。

关键词: 活动断层, 褶皱调节断层, 逆断裂-褶皱带, 东秋里塔格背斜, 库车坳陷

CLC Number:

P315.2

LI Sheng-qiang, ZHANG Ling, YANG Xiao-ping, HUANG Wei-liang, HUANG Xiong-nan, YANG Hai-bo. ACTIVE FAULTS AND THEIR FORMATION MECHANISM IN THE EAST SEGMENT OF QIULITAGE ANTICLINE BELT, KUQA DEPRESSION[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(2): 223-239.

李胜强, 张玲, 杨晓平, 黄伟亮, 黄雄南, 杨海波. 库车坳陷东部秋里塔格背斜带的活动断层及其形成机制[J]. 地震地质, 2016, 38(2): 223-239.

References

邓洪旦, 张长厚, 邓洪菱, 等. 2012. 褶皱相关断裂构造形成条件与发育机制:燕山中部露头尺度变形研究为例［J］. 地学前缘, 19(5):61-75. DENG Hong-dan, ZHANG Chang-hou, DENG Hong-ling, et al. 2012. Deformation mechanisms for the development of fold-accommodation faults:Examples of outcrop-scale structures from central intraplate Yanshan Orogenic Belt, North China［J］. Earth Science Frontiers, 19(5):61-75(in Chinese).
邓洪菱, 张长厚, 李海龙, 等. 2009. 褶皱相关断裂构造及其地质意义［J］. 自然科学进展, 19(3):285-296. DENG Hong-ling, ZHANG Chang-hou, LI Hai-long, et al. 2009. Fold-accommodation faults and their geological significance［J］. Progress in Natural Science, 19(3):285-296(in Chinese).
邓起东, 冯先岳, 张培震, 等. 2000. 天山活动构造［M］. 北京:地震出版社. DENG Qi-dong, FENG Xian-yue, ZHANG Pei-zhen, et al. 2000. Active Tectonics in Tian Shan［M］. Seismological Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
贾承造. 1997. 中国塔里木盆地构造特征与油气［M］. 北京:石油工业出版社. JIA Cheng-zao. 1997. Tectonic Characteristics and Petroleum, Tarim Basin, China［M］. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
贾承造, 卢华复. 2004. 库车-柯坪再生前陆冲断带油气聚集和勘探［M］. 北京:科学出版社. JIA Cheng-zao, Lu Hua-fu. 2004. Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Exploration of the Kuqa-Keping Regenerated Foreland Thrust Belt［M］. Science Press,Beijing (in Chinese).
李安, 杨晓平, 黄伟亮. 2011. 焉耆盆地北缘哈尔莫敦背斜区的活动断裂及其形成机制［J］. 地震地质, 33(4):789-803. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2011.04.005. LI An, YANG Xiao-ping, HUANG Wei-liang. 2011. Active Faults of the Haermodun anticline and their formation mechanism in the north margin of the Yanqi Basin［J］. Seismology and Geology, 33(4):789-803(in Chinese).
李本亮, 管树巍, 陈竹新, 等. 2010. 断层相关褶皱理论与应用:以准噶尔盆地南缘地质构造为例［M］. 北京:石油工业出版社. LI Ben-liang, GUAN Shu-wei, CHEN Zhu-xin, et al. 2010. Fault-related Fold Theory and Application:Case Study on Structural Geology in Southern Junggar Basin［M］. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
李涛. 2012. 帕米尔前缘逆冲推覆系活动断层和活动褶皱作用. 北京:中国地震局地质研究所. LI Tao. 2012. Active thrusting and folding along the Pamir frontal thrust system. Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing(in Chinese).
卢华复, 王胜利, 贾东, 等. 2002. 天山中段南麓的第四纪褶皱作用［J］. 科学通报, 47(21):1675-1679. LU Hua-fu, WANG Sheng-li, JIA Dong, et al. 2002. Quaternary folding in the south piedmont of central segment of Tian Shan Mountains［J］. Chinese Science Bulletin, 47(21):1675-1679(in Chinese).
卢华复, 贾承造, 贾东, 等. 2003. 库车-柯坪再生前陆冲断带构造［M］. 北京:科学出版社. LU Hua-fu, JIA Cheng-zao, JIA Dong, et al. 2003. Structure of Kuqa-Keping Rejuvenated Foreland Thrust Belt［M］. Science Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
冉勇康, 陈立春, 陈文山, 等. 2012. 中国大陆古地震研究的关键技术与案例解析(2):汶川地震地表变形特征与褶皱逆断层古地震识别［J］. 地震地质, 34(3):385-400. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2012.03.001. RAN Yong-kang, CHEN Li-chun, CHEN Wen-shan, et al. 2012. Key techniques and several cases analysis in paleoseismic studies in mainland China(2):Surface deformation characteristics of Wenchuan earthquake and paleoseismic indicators on fold-reverse fault［J］. Seismology and Geology, 34(3):358-400(in Chinese).
沈军, 吴传勇, 李军, 等. 2006. 库车坳陷活动构造的基本特征［J］. 地震地质, 28(2):269-278. SHEN Jun, WU Chuan-yong, LI Jun, et al. 2006. The basic features of the tectonics in the Kuqa depression of southern Tianshan［J］. Seismology and Geology, 28(2):269-278(in Chinese).
王伟, 杨少敏, 谭凯, 等. 2014. 利用GPS资料分析天山现今地壳缩短速率［J］. 大地测量与地球动力学, 34(5):59-63. WANG Wei, YANG Shao-min, TAN Kai, et al. 2014. Present crustal shortening rate of Tianshan Mountains with GPS data［J］. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 34(5):59-63(in Chinese).
汪新, 贾承造, 杨树锋. 2002. 南天山库车褶皱冲断带构造几何学和运动学［J］. 地质科学, 37(3):372-384. WANG Xin, JIA Cheng-zao, YANG Shu-feng. 2002. Geometry and kinematics of the Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt in the southern Tianshan［J］. Chinese Journal of Geology, 37(3):372-384(in Chinese).
吴传勇, 沈军, 陈建波, 等. 2006. 新疆南天山库车坳陷晚第四纪以来地壳缩短速率的初步研究［J］. 地震地质, 28(2):279-288. WU Chuan-yong, SHEN Jun, CHEN Jian-bo, et al. 2006. Preliminary study of late Quaternary crustal shortening rate along Kuqa depression in south Tianshan, Xinjiang［J］. Seismology and Geology, 28(2):279-288(in Chinese).
邬光辉, 罗春树, 胡太平, 等. 2007. 褶皱相关断层:以库车坳陷新生界盐上构造层为例［J］. 地质科学, 42(3):496-505. WU Guang-hui, LUO Chun-shu, Hu Tai-ping et al. 2007. Fold-related faulting:An example from the Cenozoic salt-overlying beds in the Kuqa depression［J］. Chinese Journal of Geology, 47(3):496-505(in Chinese).
杨晓东, 陈杰, 李涛, 等. 2014. 塔里木西缘明尧勒背斜的弯滑褶皱作用与活动弯滑断层陡坎［J］. 地震地质, 36(1):14-27. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.01.002. YANG Xiao-dong, CHEN Jie, LI Tao, et al. 2014. Active folding and active flexural-slip fault scarps on Mingyaole anticline, west margin of Tarim［J］. Seismology and Geology, 36(1):14-27(in Chinese).
杨晓平, 邓起东, 张培震, 等. 2008. 天山山前主要推覆构造区的地壳缩短［J］. 地震地质, 30(1):111-131. YANG Xiao-ping, DENG Qi-dong, ZHANG Pei-zhen, et al. 2008. Crustal shortening of major nappe structures on the front margins of the Tianshan［J］. Seismology and Geology, 30(1):111-131(in Chinese).
杨晓平, 周本刚, 李军, 等. 2001. 新疆南天山亚肯背斜晚更新世以来的隆起和缩短［J］. 地震地质, 23(4):581-587. YANG Xiao-ping, ZHOU Ben-gang, LI Jun, et al. 2001. Shortening and uplift of the active Yaken anticline southern Tianshan, China since late Pleistocene［J］. Seismology and Geology, 27(4):513-529(in Chinese).
张长厚, 邓洪菱, 李程明, 等. 2012. 燕山板内造山带中部 "承德逆冲构造"的褶皱相关断裂构造模型［J］. 地学前缘, 19(5):27-40. ZHANG Chang-hou, DENG Hong-ling, LI Cheng-ming, et al. 2012. An out-of-syncline thrust model for the "Chengde Thrust Sheet" in central intraplate Yanshan Orogenic Belt, North China Craton［J］. Earth Science Frontiers, 19(5):27-40(in Chinese).
张玲, 杨晓平, 黄伟亮, 等. 2015. 褶皱陡坎中相关断层在缩短量计算中的作用:以东秋里塔格背斜为例［J］. 地震地质, 37(3):697-708. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2015.03.003. ZHANG Ling, YANG Xiao-ping, HUANG Wei-liang, et al. 2015. Contributions of fold-accommodation faults in fold scarps to the calculation of shortening increment:A case study from Qiulitage anticline(southern Tian Shan, China)［J］. Seismology and Geology, 37(3):697-708(in Chinese).
张培震, 邓起东, 杨晓平, 等. 1996. 天山的晚新生代构造变形及其地球动力学问题［J］. 中国地震, 12(2):127-140. ZHANG Pei-zhen, DENG Qi-dong, YANG Xiao-ping, et al. 1996. Late Cenozoic tectonic deformation and mechanism along the Tianshan Mountains, northwestern China［J］. Earthquake Research in China, 12(2):127-140(in Chinese).
中国地震局震害防御司. 1999. 中国近代地震目录(公元1912-1990年, M_S≥4.7)［Z］. 北京:中国科学技术出版社. Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention, China Earthquake Administration. 1999. The Catalogue of Modern Earthquakes in China［Z］. China Science and Technology Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
Burbank D W, Anderson R S. 2011. Tectonic Geomorphology［M］. Blackwell Science. 105.
Burchfiel B, Brown E, Deng Q D, et al. 1999. Crustal shortening on the margins of the Tien Shan, Xinjiang, China［J］. International Geology Review, 41(8):665-700.
Deng H L, Zhang C H, Koyi H A. 2013. Identifying the characteristic signatures of fold-accommodation faults［J］. Journal of Structural Geology, 56:1-19.
He D F, Suppe J, Yang G, et al. 2005. Guidebook for fieldtrip in south and north Tianshan foreland basin, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China:International Conference on Theory and Application of Fault-Related Folding in Foreland Basins, Beijing, China.
Huang B C, Piper J, Peng S T, et al. 2006. Magnetostratigraphic study of the Kuche depression, Tarim Basin, and Cenozoic uplift of the Tian Shan Range, western China［J］. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 251:346-364.
Huang B C, Piper J, Peng S T. et al. 2010. Magnetostratigraphic and rock magnetic study of the Neogene upper Yaha section, Kuche depression(Tarim Basin):Implications to formation of the Xiyu conglomerate formation, NW China［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research B:Solid Earth and Planets, 115:1-17.
Hubert-Ferrari A, Suppe J, Gonzalez-Mieres R, et al. 2007. Mechanisms of active folding of the landscape, southern Tian Shan, China［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112:B03S09.
Li T, Chen J, Thompson J, et al. 2015. Active flexural-slip faulting:A study from the Pamir-Tian Shan convergent zone, NW China［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 120. doi:10.1002/2014JB011632.
Lu H F, Howell D G, Jia D, et al. 1994. Rejuvention of the Kuqa foreland basin, northern flank of the Tarim basin northwest China［J］. International Geology Review, 36:1151-1158.
Mitra S. 2002. Fold-accommodation faults［J］. AAPG Bulletin, 86(4):671-694.
Molnar P, Tapponnier P. 1975. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:Effects of a continental collision:Features of recent continental tectonics in Asia can be interpreted as results of the India-Eurasia collision［J］. Science, 189(4201):419-426.
Philip H, Meghraoui M. 1983. Structure analysis and deformation of the EL Asnam earthquake of October 10, 1980［J］. Tectonics, 2(1):17-49.
Tapponnier P, Molnar P. 1979. Active faulting and Cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan, Mongolia, and Baykal regions［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84:3245-3459.
Wang X, Suppe J, Guan S W, et al. 2011. Cenozoic structure and tectonic evolution of the Kuqa fold belt, southern Tianshan, China［J］. AAPG Memoir, 94:215-243.
Wrede V. 2005. Thrusting in a fold regime:Fold accommodation faults in the Ruhr Basin, Germany［J］. Journal of Structural Geology, 27:789-803.
Yeats R S. 1986. Active faults related to folding［M］//Wallace R E(ed). Active Tectonics. National Academy Press. Washington, D C. 63-79.

[1]	WEI Zhan-yu, HE Hong-lin, DENG Ya-ting, XI Xi. THREE-DIMENSIONAL SURFACE COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS FROM DIFFERENCING PRE- AND POST-EARTHQUAKE TERRAIN POINT CLOUDS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(1): 167-188.
[2]	ZHANG Wei-heng, ZHANG Dong-sheng, CHEN Jie, TIAN Qin-jian, HE Wan-tong. THE RANGE OF DEFORMED ZONE BASED BY ACTIVE FAULT OFFSET BASED ON STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE WIDTH [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(1): 345-366.
[3]	WANG Mao-mao, HU Shun-yang, MA Hao-ran, LIANG Bo-yu, ZHANG Jin-yu, LU Ren-qi. 3D STRUCTURAL MODELLING OF THE ANNINGHE-ZEMUHE-XIAOJIANG FAULT ZONE IN THE EASTERN BOUNDARY OF SICHUAN-YUNNAN BLOCK USING MULTI-DATA AND IMPLICIT MODELING METHODS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(1): 19-34.
[4]	WU Xi-yan, LU Ren-qi, ZHANG Jin-yu, SUN Xiao, XU Fang, CHEN Gui-hua. A WEB-BASED PROTOTYPE SYSTEM FOR THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL FAULT MODELS OF THE CHINA SEISMIC EXPERIMENTAL SITE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(1): 35-47.
[5]	SHEN Bai, ZHANG Zhi-liang, REN Zhi-kun, LIU Jin-rui. ACTIVITY PERIOD, FORMATION MECHANISM AND TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE KALAYU’ERGUN FAULT IN THE WESTERN KUQA DEPRESSION [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(6): 1247-1264.
[6]	LI Yi-shi. RESEARCH ON COMPREHENSIVE STANDARDIZATION FOR SURVEYING AND PROSPECTING OF ACTIVE FAULT [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(2): 455-463.
[7]	YANG Chen-yi, LI Xiao-ni, FENG Xi-jie, HUANG Yin-di, PEI Gen-di. SHALLOW STRUCTURE AND QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE TAOCHUAN-HUXIAN FAULT, THE SUB-STRAND OF THE NORTHERN QINLING FAULT ZONE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(2): 464-483.
[8]	ZHANG Hao, WANG Jin-yan, XU Han-gang, LI Li-mei, JIANG Xin, ZHAO Qi-guang, GU Qin-ping. GEOMETRIC STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF XINYI SEGMENT OF ANQIU-JUXIAN FAULT [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1448-1468.
[9]	XU Zhi-ping, ZHANG Yang, YANG Li-pu, XU Shun-qiang, JIANG Lei, TANG Lin, LIN Ji-yan. STUDY ON THE DEEP STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MAIN ACTIVE FAULTS IN HENAN PROVINCE AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1521-1538.
[10]	CAO Jun, LI Yan-bao, RAN Yong-kang, XU Xi-wei, MA Dong-wei, ZHANG Zhi-qiang. TYPICAL CASE ANALYSIS ON SETBACK DISTANCE FOR URBAN BURIED ACTIVE FAULT: AN EXAMPLE SITE ALONG THE TANLU FAULT ZONE IN XINYI CITY [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(4): 1071-1085.
[11]	YI Hu, ZHAN Wen-huan, MIN Wei, WU Xiao-chuan, LI Jian, FENG Ying-ci, REN Zhi-kun. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOURCE EFFECT BASED ON MINI-MULTICHANNEL SEISMIC PROFILE IN MARINE ACTIVE FAULT DETECTION [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(2): 333-348.
[12]	LI Zheng-fang, LI Yan-bao, ZHOU Ben-gang, ZHU Guo-jun, LIU Bao-jin, WU Jian. NEW INSIGHT ON THE HOLOCENE ACTIVITY OF THE EASTERN MARGINAL FAULT OF DAXING UPLIFT, BEIJING PLAIN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY, 2021, 43(6): 1671-1681.
[13]	ZHANG Ling, YANG Xiao-ping, LI Sheng-qiang, HUANG Wei-liang, YANG Hai-bo. STUDY ON PALEO-SEISMIC EVENTS IN TRENCHES OF THE EASTERN QIULITAGE ANTICLINAL BELT [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2020, 42(5): 1039-1057.
[14]	ZHAN Hui-li, ZHANG Dong-li, HE Xiao-hui, SHEN Xu-zhang, ZHENG Wen-jun, LI Zhi-gang. LIMITATION OF CURRENT TECTONIC DEFORMATION MODES IN THE WESTERN MARGIN OF ORDOS BASED ON SEISMIC ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2020, 42(2): 346-365.
[15]	TIAN Xiao-feng, XIONG Wei, WANG Fu-yun, XU Zhao-fan, DUAN Yong-hong, JIA Shi-xu. UPPER CRUSTAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE AND CONSTRAINING FAULT INTERPRETATION FROM SHUNYI-TANGGU REFRACTION EXPERIMENT DATA [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2020, 42(2): 414-434.