华北地区活动地块运动变形的动力学模拟

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.20240167

地震地质 ›› 2026, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (1): 233-256.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.20240167

华北地区活动地块运动变形的动力学模拟

李晨¹⁾(), 邢会林¹^,²⁾^,^*(), 姚琪³⁾, 钟祯祥¹⁾

¹⁾ 中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院, 青岛深海圈层与地球系统教育部前沿科学中心, 海底科学与探测技术教育部重点实验室, 青岛 266100
²⁾ 崂山实验室, 青岛 266237
³⁾ 中国地震局地震预测研究所, 北京 100036

收稿日期:2025-01-26 修回日期:2025-03-20 出版日期:2026-02-20 发布日期:2026-03-14
通讯作者: * 邢会林, 男, 1965年生, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事超级计算地球科学理论、软件研发及其应用等研究, E-mail: h.xing@ouc.edu.cn。
作者简介:
李晨, 男, 2000年生, 现为中国海洋大学海洋地质专业在读硕士研究生, 从事构造变形数值模拟研究, E-mail: lichen5818@stu.ouc.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(92058211); 泰山学者项目(tstp20221112); 高等学校学科创新引智计划(B20048)

DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF DEFORMATION OF ACTIVE BLOCKS IN NORTH CHINA

LI Chen¹⁾(), XING Hui-lin¹^,²⁾^,^*(), YAO Qi³⁾, ZHONG Zhen-xiang¹⁾

¹⁾ Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Pro-specting Techniques, MOE and College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
²⁾ Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
³⁾ Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China

Received:2025-01-26 Revised:2025-03-20 Online:2026-02-20 Published:2026-03-14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

华北地区强震活动频繁, 主要集中分布在鄂尔多斯盆地周缘、渤海湾盆地及华北平原内部等构造活跃区域, 其强震的空间分布格局与该地区活动地块的几何结构及其动力学行为密切相关。文中综合了华北地区活动地块划分方案、 GNSS速度场及强震时空分布等数据, 构建了华北及其周边地区的三维数值模型, 采用有限元方法模拟了华北地区在一级、二级、三级活动地块划分方案下的构造应力场和应变场, 并探讨了华北地区西部海原断裂带、六盘山断裂带、龙门山断裂带的活动对华北地区构造变形的远程效应。模拟结果显示, 华北地区现今的地块构造格局主要受一级、二级活动地块及其边界带的控制, 相较之下, 三级活动地块及其边界带对华北地区构造变形的贡献相对有限。印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞作用及太平洋板块和菲律宾板块的俯冲作用, 在华北地区南部和北部形成了一对剪切力偶, 使得华北地区整体呈现逆时针旋转的运动特征, 但华北地区内部的鄂尔多斯地块、太行山次级地块、冀鲁-豫皖次级地块及鲁东-黄海地块的逆时针旋转程度不同, 以稳定的华南地块为参考系, 这些地块的旋转速率分别为 2.3×10^-9rad/a、 2.2×10^-9rad/a、 2.0×10^-9rad/a、 3.4×10^-9rad/a。华北地区内部活动地块的差异性运动主要受控于2个关键因素: 一方面是华北地区内部应力场在空间上的非均匀性分布, 另一方面是活动地块在运动变形过程中引起的地块边界处的挤压和拉张效应。华北地区内部活动地块间的不协调变形运动, 导致华北地区内部活动地块间及其与周缘地块间的边界带产生了不同程度的应力集中和变形特征, 形成了强震孕育的重要构造背景。此外, 海原断裂带的左旋走滑运动、六盘山断裂带和龙门山断裂带的逆冲推覆作用通过作用于鄂尔多斯地块西南缘或华南地块, 直接或间接地影响了华北地区活动地块的运动变形, 其中海原断裂带的走滑运动和六盘山断裂带的逆冲推覆作用对华北地区构造变形的影响尤为显著。

关键词: 华北地区, 活动地块, 应力场, 地震, 数值模拟

Abstract:

The complex stress field and distinct internal tectonic framework of North China contribute to the frequent occurrence of strong earthquakes, particularly around the Ordos Basin, the Bohai Bay region, and the North China Plain. The generation and spatial distribution of these earthquakes are closely associated with the geometric structure and dynamic behavior of active tectonic blocks. Therefore, understanding the motion and deformation of these blocks is crucial for assessing the timing, location, and intensity of seismic events in the region. Current research on the deformation characteristics and mechanisms behind strong earthquakes in North China mainly focuses on kinematic methods such as fault slip rate and GNSS velocity field inversion. However, the dynamic mechanism underlying these kinematic characteristics remain debated. Moreover, while many active blocks exist in North China, the interaction and dynamic effect among them have received limited attention.

This study integrates active block division data, GNSS velocity fields, and the spatiotemporal distribution of strong earthquakes to construct a three-dimensional finite element model covering North China and adjacent regions. Using this model, we simulate the regional stress and strain fields under varying block division schemes(primary, secondary, and tertiary levels)and assess the influence of tectonic activity along the Haiyuan, Liupanshan, and Longmenshan fault zones on block motion and deformation. The aim is to explore how the geometric configuration and hierarchical structure of active blocks affect the tectonic evolution of North China, thereby providing insight into the mechanisms of strong earthquakes in the region.

The main findings are as follows:

(1)As the number and resolution of active blocks increase, the motion and rotation rates of the Ordos Block, Taihang Mountain Sub-block, Jilu-Yuwan Sub-block, and Ludong-Huanghai block all show upward trends. The simulation results under the three-level block division scheme align best with current observational data. The contribution of secondary blocks to deformation is approximately three times that of tertiary blocks. This suggests that primary and secondary blocks, along with their boundaries, play dominant roles in the current tectonic pattern of North China, while tertiary structures contribute less significantly.

(2)The collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, along with the subduction of the Pacific and Philippine plates, exerts shear forces on North China from the south and north, resulting in a regional counterclockwise rotational pattern. The rotation rates of the Ordos, Taihang, Jilu-Yuwan, and Ludong-Huanghai blocks(referenced to the South China Block)are estimated at 2.3, 2.2, 2.0, and 3.4 nanoradians/year, respectively. These differences arise from two main factors: the heterogeneous distribution of the regional stress field and the compressive and extensional effects at block boundaries due to block interactions. The resulting uncoordinated block deformation leads to stress concentration and strain along fault zones, both within North China and at its margins, potentially triggering strong seismic events.

(3)Since the late Miocene, tectonic extrusion from the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau has influenced the southwestern Ordos region and the South China block through the left-lateral strike-slip motion of the Haiyuan fault, the thrusting of the Liupanshan fault zone, and deformation along the Longmenshan fault zone. The Haiyuan and Liupanshan faults directly enhance stress accumulation along the southwestern margin of the Ordos block, promoting deformation and movement in North China. Meanwhile, the Longmenshan thrusting enhances stress within the western South China block, facilitating its eastward motion. This movement establishes a left-lateral shear zone between the South China and Amur blocks, intensifying tectonic activity in the relatively weak North China region and indirectly driving block deformation across the area.

Key words: North China, active blocks, stress field, earthquake, numerical simulation

李晨, 邢会林, 姚琪, 钟祯祥. 华北地区活动地块运动变形的动力学模拟[J]. 地震地质, 2026, 48(1): 233-256.

LI Chen, XING Hui-lin, YAO Qi, ZHONG Zhen-xiang. DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF DEFORMATION OF ACTIVE BLOCKS IN NORTH CHINA[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2026, 48(1): 233-256.

图/表 13

图1 华北地区周缘地区、华北地区内部活动地块划分及M≥6.5的地震分布(韩竹军等, 2003; 张培震等, 2003; 张国民等, 2005) 地震位置、震级和烈度数据取自中国地震目录(国家地震局震害防御司, 1995; 中国地震局震害防御司, 1999)。华北地区周缘地块: 青藏高原地块(TP)、阿拉善地块(AB)、阴山地块(YSB)、燕山和东北地块(YDB)、扬子地块(YB)、华夏地块(CB); 华北地区内部地块: 一级地块: 华北地块; 二级地块: 鄂尔多斯地块(K1)、华北平原地块(K2)、鲁东-黄海地块(K3); 三级地块: 太行山次级地块(K2-1)、冀鲁次级地块(K2-2)、豫皖次级地块(K2-3)。一级地块边界: 鄂尔多斯西北缘活动构造带(D1-1)、秦岭-大别山活动构造带(D1-2)、张家口-渤海活动构造带(D1-3); 二级地块边界: 山西断陷带(D2-1)、郯庐断裂带(D2-2); 三级地块边界: 安阳-荷泽-临沂活动构造带(D3-1)、唐山-河间-磁县活动构造带(D3-2)。不同级别的地块边界带在空间上存在交叉关系, 为便于分析各级边界带的强震活动特征, 在交叉部位按照次级地块边界带迁就上一级的原则进行了处理

Fig. 1 Distribution of the M≥6.5 earthquakes and active blocks in and around North China (adapted from HAN Zhu-jun et al., 2003; ZHANG Pei-zhen et al., 2003; ZHANG Guo-min et al., 2005).

表1 华北地区及周缘地区地壳分层(Xia et al., 2017)

Table1 Crustal stratification in North China and its surrounding areas

活动地块	TP	AB	YB	K₁	YSB	YDB	CB	K₂	K₃
上地壳厚度/km	26	23	21	22	25	22	17	19	17
下地壳厚度/km	14	17	19	18	15	8	13	11	13
减薄厚度/km	0	0	0	0	0	10	10	10	10

图2 华北地区有限元模型 a 华北地区平面分区图; b华北地区垂向分层图; c 华北地区活动地块三维有限元模型。地块边界: F1 海原断裂带; F2 六盘山断裂带; F3 龙门山断裂带; F4 银川-吉兰泰断裂带; F5 河套断裂带; F6 山西断裂带; F7 渭河断裂带; F8 秦岭-大别山造山带; F8-1 秦岭-大别山造山带西段; F8-2 秦岭-大别山造山带东段; F9 安阳-菏泽-临沂断裂; F10 唐山-河间-磁县断裂; F11 张家口-渤海湾断裂带; F11-1 张家口-渤海湾断裂带西段; F11-2 张家口-渤海湾断裂带东段; F12 郯庐断裂带; F12-1 郯庐断裂带北段; F12-2 郯庐断裂带南段。地块符号见图1

Fig. 2 Finite element model of North China.

表2 华北地区活动地块三维有限元模型介质参数(Li et al., 2006; 刘峡等, 2006; Qu et al., 2019)

Table2 Medium parameters of 3D finite element model of active blocks in North China (Li et al., 2006; LIU Xia et al., 2006; Qu et al., 2019)

分区		杨氏模量E/Pa	泊松比υ	抗压强度/MPa	抗拉强度/MPa	内摩擦角ϕ/(°)
活动地块	上地壳	7.71×10¹⁰	0.27	200	20	50
	下地壳	1.00×10¹¹	0.29	250	30	50
	减薄区	7.71×10⁹	0.27	20	2	50
地块边界	上地壳	7.71×10⁹	0.30	20	2	50
	下地壳	1.00×10¹⁰	0.30	25	3	50

图3 华北地区活动地块划分方案对应的模型红色区域代表能发生变形的地块边界, 深蓝色区域代表华北地区及周缘地区的活动地块, 灰色箭头代表GPS速度场插值, Uxy代表节点在x和y方向的位移固定; 模型A1对应华北地区一级地块的划分方案, 模型A2对应华北地区二级地块划分方案, 模型A3对应华北地区三级地块划分方案(韩竹军等, 2003; 张培震等, 2003; 张国民等, 2005)

Fig. 3 Models of active block division scheme in North China.

表3 华北地区活动地块划分方案对华北地区内部活动地块移动速率的影响模拟结果汇总

Table3 Summary of the simulation results of the influence of the block division scheme on the motion rate of active blocks in North China

模型	华北地区活动地块划分方案	鄂尔多斯地块移动速率V /mm·a^-1	太行山次级地块移动速率V /mm·a^-1	冀鲁-豫皖次级地块移动速率V /mm·a^-1	鲁东-黄海地块移动速率V /mm·a^-1
	现今观测结果	-1.5	-1.8	-1.6	-1.8
A1	华北地块	-1.7	-1.9	-1.5	-1.9
A2	鄂尔多斯地块、华北平原地块、鲁东-黄海地块	-1.9	-2.0	-1.5	-2.0
A3	鄂尔多斯地块、太行山次级地块、冀鲁次级地块、豫皖次级地块、鲁东-黄海地块	-1.9	-2.1	-1.4	-2.1

表4 华北地区活动地块划分方案对华北地区内部活动地块区域旋转速率的影响模拟结果汇总

Table4 Summary of the simulation results of the influence of the block division scheme on the rotation rate of active blocks in North China

模型	华北地区活动地块划分方案	鄂尔多斯地块旋转速率W /rad·a^-1	太行山次级地块旋转速率W /rad·a^-1	冀鲁-豫皖次级地块旋转速率W /rad·a^-1	鲁东-黄海地块旋转速率W /rad·a^-1
	现今观测结果	2.3×10^-9	2.2×10^-9	2.0×10^-9	3.4×10^-9
A1	华北地块	1.0×10^-9	1.4×10^-9	1.0×10^-9	2.6×10^-9
A2	鄂尔多斯地块、华北平原地块、鲁东-黄海地块	1.9×10^-9	2.2×10^-9	1.7×10^-9	3.5×10^-9
A3	鄂尔多斯地块、太行山次级地块、冀鲁次级地块、豫皖次级地块、鲁东-黄海地块	2.2×10^-9	2.3×10^-9	1.9×10^-9	3.9×10^-9

图4 模型A3模拟结果与华北地区现今的GPS速度场、活动地块旋转速率的对比(Hao et al., 2019) a 红色箭头为模拟结果, 蓝色箭头为现今GPS数据; b 模型A3模拟结果与现今华北地区活动地块旋转速率对比, 红色饼图为模拟结果, 蓝色饼图为现今观测结果

Fig. 4 Comparison of simulation results of model A3 with the current GPS velocity field, as well as with the present rotation rates of active blocks in North China.

图5 模型A1—A3的应力模拟结果 a、 b、 c σx应力; d、 e、 f σy应力; g、 h、 i τxy应力

Fig. 5 The simulation results of stress of model A1—A3.

图6 华北地区地块模型3种外部几何结构红色区域代表能发生变形的地块边界, 蓝色区域代表几乎不发生变形的地块边界, 深蓝色区域代表华北地区及周缘地区活动地块; 灰色箭头代表GPS速度场插值, Uxy代表节点在x和y方向位移固定; 模型B1对应海原断裂带走滑运动较弱的情况, 模型B2对应六盘山断裂带走滑运动较弱的情况, 模型B3对应龙门山断裂带走滑运动较弱的情况

Fig. 6 Three external geometrical structures of the block model in North China.

表5 华北地区3种外部几何结构对华北地区内部活动地块移动速率的影响模拟结果汇总

Table5 Summary of the simulation results of the influence of the composition of three external geometries on the moving rate of active blocks in North China

模型	华北地区外部几何结构	鄂尔多斯地块移动速率V /mm·a^-1	太行山次级地块移动速率V /mm·a^-1	冀鲁-豫皖次级地块移动速率V /mm·a^-1	鲁东-黄海地块移动速率V /mm·a^-1
	现今观测结果	-1.5	-1.8	-1.6	-1.8
A3	所有断裂带均可发生变形	-1.9	-2.1	-1.4	-2.1
B1	海原断裂带变形较弱	-2.0	-1.9	-1.3	-2.0
B2	六盘山断裂带变形较弱	-2.1	-1.9	-1.2	-1.9
B3	龙门山断裂带变形较弱	-1.9	-2.0	-1.2	-2.0

表6 华北地区外部几何结构对华北地区内部活动地块旋转速率的影响模拟结果汇总

Table6 Summary of the simulation results of the influence of the composition of three external geometries on the rotation rate of active blocks in North China

模型	华北地区外部几何结构	鄂尔多斯地块旋转速率W /rad·a^-1	太行山次级地块旋转速率W /rad·a^-1	冀鲁-豫皖次级地块旋转速率W /rad·a^-1	鲁东-黄海地块旋转速率W /rad·a^-1
	现今观测结果	2.3×10^-9	2.2×10^-9	2.0×10^-9	3.4×10^-9
A3	所有断裂带均可发生变形	2.2×10^-9	2.3×10^-9	1.9×10^-9	3.9×10^-9
B1	海原断裂带变形较弱	1.4×10^-9	2.1×10^-9	1.8×10^-9	3.8×10^-9
B2	六盘山断裂带变形较弱	3.0×10^-9	2.4×10^-9	1.8×10^-9	3.8×10^-9
B3	龙门山断裂带变形较弱	2.7×10^-9	2.5×10^-9	2.1×10^-9	3.9×10^-9

图7 模型A3、 B1—B3的应力模拟结果

Fig. 7 The simulation results of stress of model A3 and B1—B3.

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华北地区活动地块运动变形的动力学模拟

DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF DEFORMATION OF ACTIVE BLOCKS IN NORTH CHINA

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