CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTICAL SLIP RATE EVOLUTION ALONG THE JIAOCHENG FAULT ZONE, SHANXI, SINCE LATE PLEISTOCENE

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.20240051

Abstract

Abstract:

The Jiaocheng fault zone is the largest seismogenic fault and the principal boundary-controlling structure within the Taiyuan Basin, located in the central segment of the Shanxi Graben System. The fault zone extends for approximately 125km, trends overall in a NE direction, and dips to the SE with dip angles ranging from 40° to 80°. It is characterized as an active dip-slip normal fault with a right-lateral strike-slip component. The activity of the Jiaocheng fault zone has played a decisive role in the formation and evolution of the Taiyuan Basin, as well as in strain accumulation and the occurrence of major earthquakes in the region. In recent years, ground fissures have continued to develop along the fault zone, with the Qingxu-Wenshui segment being the most active. This segment has formed a surface rupture zone up to 48km in length and 80-120m in width. Extensive ground cracking has damaged roads, bridges, and buildings, resulting in severe social impacts and economic losses. It has become one of the longest, most destructive, and socially influential ground fissure zones identified in China.

To further clarify the vertical slip rates of the Jiaocheng fault zone since the late Pleistocene and to investigate its evolutionary characteristics, a systematic and comprehensive study was carried out. This study integrated tectonic geomorphological analysis, trench excavation, across-fault leveling, GPS observations, and InSAR measurements. Analyses of vertical slip rates derived from multiple datasets indicate that the Jiaocheng fault zone has experienced pronounced spatial segmentation and significant spatiotemporal variations in vertical slip since the Late Pleistocene. Specifically: 1) since the Late Pleistocene, the vertical slip rates are estimated to be 0.82-0.90mm/a for the Shanglan segment, 0.98-1.17mm/a for the Jinci segment, 0.51-1.66mm/a for the Qingxu-Wenshui segment, and approximately 0.43mm/a for the Fenyang segment; 2) since the Holocene, the overall average vertical slip rate of the fault zone has decreased, with rates reduced to 0.63-1.04mm/a for the Shanglan segment, 0.23-0.45mm/a for the Jinci segment, 0.44-1.54mm/a for the Qingxu-Wenshui segment, and nearly zero for the Fenyang segment; 3)although fault activity shows a general trend of northward propagation, the Qingxu-Wenshui segment has consistently remained the most active portion of the fault zone in terms of vertical slip. This observation is consistent with the widespread development of ground fissures and recent field evidence in the area.

Modern geodetic data further indicate that the Jiaocheng fault zone remains active at present, with significant vertical slip still occurring, particularly along the Qingxu-Wenshui segment. In addition, fault activity exhibits clear interactions with the external environment. Field investigations show that ground fissures predominantly develop along the fault zone, with their planar distribution approximately parallel to the fault trace, directly reflecting the influence of fault activity on surface deformation. Monitoring data reveal similar temporal trends between cross-fault leveling measurements and groundwater level variations, indicating a modulatory effect of groundwater dynamics on fault activity. Although coal mining along the fault zone does not directly trigger fault motion, it may indirectly enhance fault activity through groundwater depletion.

This study provides quantitative constraints on the vertical slip rates of the Jiaocheng fault zone since the late Pleistocene and further clarifies the spatial segmentation and temporal evolution of its vertical slip behavior. The results improve the understanding of the long-term spatiotemporal characteristics of fault motion and provide a scientific basis for evaluating the potential for strong earthquakes along the Jiaocheng fault zone, assessing seismic hazards in the Taiyuan Basin and surrounding areas, and deepening insight into regional tectonic processes and the mechanisms of ground-fissure-related disasters.

Key words: Jiaocheng fault zone, slip rate, geomorphology, across-fault leveling, trench

摘要：

交城断裂带是山西地堑系中部太原盆地内规模最大的发震断层和边界主控断裂, 其活动特征对于太原盆地的形成与演化及强震的孕育与发生均具有决定性作用。为进一步理解晚更新世以来交城断裂带的垂向活动速率及其演化特征, 文中系统开展了沿线构造地貌、开挖探槽、跨断层水准、 GPS及InSAR等综合研究。基于多源数据的断裂带垂向活动速率分析结果表明, 晚更新世以来, 交城断裂带的垂向活动速率具有显著的空间活动分段性与时空演化特征, 具体表现为: 1)晚更新世以来, 交城断裂带上兰段的平均垂向活动速率为0.82~0.90mm/a, 晋祠段为0.98~1.17mm/a, 清徐—文水段为0.51~1.66mm/a, 汾阳段为0.43mm/a; 2)全新世以来, 断裂带整体平均垂向活动速率有所减弱, 上兰段为0.63~1.04mm/a, 晋祠段为0.23~0.45mm/a, 清徐—文水段为0.44~1.54mm/a, 汾阳段近似为0; 3)交城断裂活动存在N向延伸的趋势, 但其垂向活动活跃地段一直围绕清徐—文水段。此外, 基于现代观测手段得到的交城断裂带垂向活动速率的研究结果表明, 现今交城断裂带仍具有较强的垂向活动性, 其活跃区域仍主要集中于中部的清徐—文水段。文中的研究结果进一步阐明了交城断裂带垂向活动的显著空间活动分段性与时空演化特征。

关键词: 交城断裂带, 活动速率, 构造地貌, 跨断层水准, 探槽

LUO Jia-xin, LI Bin, LI Zi-hong, FAN Kun. CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTICAL SLIP RATE EVOLUTION ALONG THE JIAOCHENG FAULT ZONE, SHANXI, SINCE LATE PLEISTOCENE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2026, 48(1): 43-63.

罗嘉鑫, 李斌, 李自红, 范琨. 晚更新世以来山西交城断裂带垂向活动速率演化特征[J]. 地震地质, 2026, 48(1): 43-63.

Figures/Tables 10

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所处分段	测点位置	构造地貌标志	活动时期	平均活动速率 /mm·a^-1	核算时期	核算时间 /ka	核算速率 /mm·a^-1	数据来源
上兰段	呼延村	断层剖面	中更新世以来	约0.55	中更新世以来	190.17±19.1	约0.53	许桂林等,1998
	太原西北	黄土台地	晚更新世以来	约0.86	晚更新世以来	约122	0.82~0.90	马保起等,1999
	思西村	基岩断层坎	全新世	0.63~0.64	全新世以来	8.36~8.56	0.63~0.64	Zou et al., 2021
	上兰镇	基岩断层坎	全新世	0.64~0.67	全新世以来	8.36~8.56	0.64~0.67	Zou et al., 2021
晋祠段	牛家口沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	>1.07	晚更新世以来	16.87±1.42	0.98~1.17	许桂林等,1998
	南峪村	阶地剖面	全新世	0.38~0.45	全新世以来	7.34±0.62	0.38~0.45	江娃利等,2017
清徐—文水段	清徐—交城	湖相层顶面和断距	中更新世以来	0.38	中更新世以来	700	0.38	王乃樑等,1996
	文水南武	湖相层顶面和断距	中更新世以来	0.29	中更新世以来	700	0.29	王乃樑等,1996
	白石沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.92~1.10	晚更新世以来	19.96±1.70	0.92~1.10	江娃利等,2017
	西梁泉	黄土台地	晚更新世以来	0.87	晚更新世以来	17.66	0.87	江娃利等,2017
	耙齿沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.78~0.93	晚更新世以来	23.57±2.00	0.78~0.93	江娃利等,2017
	耙齿沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.51~0.61	晚更新世以来	62.86±5.34	0.51~0.61	江娃利等,2017
	磁窑沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.62~0.74	晚更新世以来	51.80±4.40	0.62~0.74	江娃利等,2017
	磁窑沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.56~0.66	晚更新世以来	58.04±4.93	0.56~0.66	江娃利等,2017
	瓦窑西	黄土台地	晚更新世以来	>(1.15~1.34)	晚更新世以来	52.54±10.42	0.95~1.66	许桂林等,1998
	瓦窑西	黄土台地	晚更新世以来	1.4~1.5	晚更新世以来	约52	1.35~1.54	马保起等,1999
	石壁沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.82~0.97	晚更新世以来	28.68±2.44	0.82~0.97	江娃利等,2017
	洪相村	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	>0.82	晚更新世以来	<61.15	>0.82	江娃利等,2017
	洪相村	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.52	晚更新世以来	16.28~16.55	0.51~0.52	江娃利等,2017
	文峪河	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.89~1.05	晚更新世以来	25.99±2.21	0.89~1.05	江娃利等,2017
	西梁泉	黄土台地	全新世	0.79	全新世以来	10.70	0.79	江娃利等,2017
	大峪沟	洪积扇陡坎	全新世	1.1~1.4	全新世以来	6.97	0.72~1.15	马保起等,1999
	市儿口沟	洪积扇陡坎	全新世		全新世以来	5.81	约1.38	马保起等,1999
	市儿口沟和瓦窑沟	阶地剖面	全新世	1.24	全新世以来	9~10	1.20~1.33	马保起等,1999
	市儿口沟	洪积扇陡坎	全新世	<1.3	全新世以来	5.81±0.63	1.09~1.54	许桂林等,1998
	胡并石沟	阶地剖面	全新世	1.11~1.31	全新世以来	11.83±1.01	1.11~1.31	江娃利等,2017
	沟口村	阶地剖面	全新世	0.73~0.87	全新世以来	12.6±1.07	0.73~0.87	江娃利等,2017
汾阳段	杏花村	湖相层顶面和断距	中更新世以来	0.43	晚更新世以来	700	约0.43	王乃樑等,1996

所处分段	测点位置	构造地貌标志	活动时期	平均活动速率 /mm·a^-1	核算时期	核算时间 /ka	核算速率 /mm·a^-1	数据来源
上兰段	呼延村	断层剖面	中更新世以来	约0.55	中更新世以来	190.17±19.1	约0.53	许桂林等,1998
	太原西北	黄土台地	晚更新世以来	约0.86	晚更新世以来	约122	0.82~0.90	马保起等,1999
	思西村	基岩断层坎	全新世	0.63~0.64	全新世以来	8.36~8.56	0.63~0.64	Zou et al., 2021
	上兰镇	基岩断层坎	全新世	0.64~0.67	全新世以来	8.36~8.56	0.64~0.67	Zou et al., 2021
晋祠段	牛家口沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	>1.07	晚更新世以来	16.87±1.42	0.98~1.17	许桂林等,1998
	南峪村	阶地剖面	全新世	0.38~0.45	全新世以来	7.34±0.62	0.38~0.45	江娃利等,2017
清徐—文水段	清徐—交城	湖相层顶面和断距	中更新世以来	0.38	中更新世以来	700	0.38	王乃樑等,1996
	文水南武	湖相层顶面和断距	中更新世以来	0.29	中更新世以来	700	0.29	王乃樑等,1996
	白石沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.92~1.10	晚更新世以来	19.96±1.70	0.92~1.10	江娃利等,2017
	西梁泉	黄土台地	晚更新世以来	0.87	晚更新世以来	17.66	0.87	江娃利等,2017
	耙齿沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.78~0.93	晚更新世以来	23.57±2.00	0.78~0.93	江娃利等,2017
	耙齿沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.51~0.61	晚更新世以来	62.86±5.34	0.51~0.61	江娃利等,2017
	磁窑沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.62~0.74	晚更新世以来	51.80±4.40	0.62~0.74	江娃利等,2017
	磁窑沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.56~0.66	晚更新世以来	58.04±4.93	0.56~0.66	江娃利等,2017
	瓦窑西	黄土台地	晚更新世以来	>(1.15~1.34)	晚更新世以来	52.54±10.42	0.95~1.66	许桂林等,1998
	瓦窑西	黄土台地	晚更新世以来	1.4~1.5	晚更新世以来	约52	1.35~1.54	马保起等,1999
	石壁沟	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.82~0.97	晚更新世以来	28.68±2.44	0.82~0.97	江娃利等,2017
	洪相村	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	>0.82	晚更新世以来	<61.15	>0.82	江娃利等,2017
	洪相村	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.52	晚更新世以来	16.28~16.55	0.51~0.52	江娃利等,2017
	文峪河	阶地剖面	晚更新世以来	0.89~1.05	晚更新世以来	25.99±2.21	0.89~1.05	江娃利等,2017
	西梁泉	黄土台地	全新世	0.79	全新世以来	10.70	0.79	江娃利等,2017
	大峪沟	洪积扇陡坎	全新世	1.1~1.4	全新世以来	6.97	0.72~1.15	马保起等,1999
	市儿口沟	洪积扇陡坎	全新世		全新世以来	5.81	约1.38	马保起等,1999
	市儿口沟和瓦窑沟	阶地剖面	全新世	1.24	全新世以来	9~10	1.20~1.33	马保起等,1999
	市儿口沟	洪积扇陡坎	全新世	<1.3	全新世以来	5.81±0.63	1.09~1.54	许桂林等,1998
	胡并石沟	阶地剖面	全新世	1.11~1.31	全新世以来	11.83±1.01	1.11~1.31	江娃利等,2017
	沟口村	阶地剖面	全新世	0.73~0.87	全新世以来	12.6±1.07	0.73~0.87	江娃利等,2017
汾阳段	杏花村	湖相层顶面和断距	中更新世以来	0.43	晚更新世以来	700	约0.43	王乃樑等,1996

所处分段	探槽名称	探槽地点	垂直断距 /m	事件发生时间/ka	核算断距 /m	核算起始时间 /ka	核算终止时间 /ka	核算活动速率 /mm·a^-1	数据来源
上兰段	龙王沟 1号探槽	阳曲县泥屯小盆地西界	>3.6	约15.56	约4.6	15.56	至今	约0.30	郭慧等, 2012
			1.0	约4.98	1.0	4.98	至今	约0.20
	龙王沟 3号探槽		>1.6	约10.77	约6.7	8.36~8.56	至今	0.78~0.80
			1.6	<5.69
			3.5	2.91~3.53
	西张探槽	太原市柴村镇西张村北	3.2	8.35~10.66	约8.7	8.36~8.56	至今	1.02~1.04	谢新生等, 2007
			>2.5	3.74~8.35
			3.0	3.06~3.74
晋祠段	冶峪探槽	太原市金胜镇冶峪村	>0.5	109.22~134.52	约7.5	134.52	至今	约0.06	谢新生等, 2008
			>2.0	95.09~109.22
			>3.0	<95.09
			>2.0	<10.73	约2.0	8.36~8.56	至今	0.23~0.24
	上固驿探槽	清徐县上固驿村	>3.0	29.76~64.52	约9.0	29.76~64.52	至今	0.14~0.30
			>1.0	<31.25
			>3.5	<21.21
			1.5	3.19~11.57	1.5	8.36~8.56	至今	约0.18
清徐— 文水段	新民1号探槽	清徐县新民村市儿口沟西侧	1.2	约8.36	2.4	8.36~8.56	3.06~3.53	0.44~0.50	江娃利等, 2004
			1.2	约5.91
	新民2号探槽		>2.0	约8.63	约2.0	8.36~8.56	5.32~6.14	0.62~0.90	郭慧等,2012
			?	<6.14	?	?	?	?
			2.2	2.37~6.00	2.2	3.06~3.53	至今	0.62~0.72
	方山探槽	清徐县北	1.8	10~12	约5.6	10~12	至今	0.47~0.56	赵晋泉等, 2008
			3.3	>5
			0.5	>3
	瓦窑探槽	交城县瓦窑村东北	1.5	<5.32	1.5	5.32~6.14	3.06~3.53	0.49~0.84	郭慧等, 2012

所处分段	探槽名称	探槽地点	垂直断距 /m	事件发生时间/ka	核算断距 /m	核算起始时间 /ka	核算终止时间 /ka	核算活动速率 /mm·a^-1	数据来源
上兰段	龙王沟 1号探槽	阳曲县泥屯小盆地西界	>3.6	约15.56	约4.6	15.56	至今	约0.30	郭慧等, 2012
			1.0	约4.98	1.0	4.98	至今	约0.20
	龙王沟 3号探槽		>1.6	约10.77	约6.7	8.36~8.56	至今	0.78~0.80
			1.6	<5.69
			3.5	2.91~3.53
	西张探槽	太原市柴村镇西张村北	3.2	8.35~10.66	约8.7	8.36~8.56	至今	1.02~1.04	谢新生等, 2007
			>2.5	3.74~8.35
			3.0	3.06~3.74
晋祠段	冶峪探槽	太原市金胜镇冶峪村	>0.5	109.22~134.52	约7.5	134.52	至今	约0.06	谢新生等, 2008
			>2.0	95.09~109.22
			>3.0	<95.09
			>2.0	<10.73	约2.0	8.36~8.56	至今	0.23~0.24
	上固驿探槽	清徐县上固驿村	>3.0	29.76~64.52	约9.0	29.76~64.52	至今	0.14~0.30
			>1.0	<31.25
			>3.5	<21.21
			1.5	3.19~11.57	1.5	8.36~8.56	至今	约0.18
清徐— 文水段	新民1号探槽	清徐县新民村市儿口沟西侧	1.2	约8.36	2.4	8.36~8.56	3.06~3.53	0.44~0.50	江娃利等, 2004
			1.2	约5.91
	新民2号探槽		>2.0	约8.63	约2.0	8.36~8.56	5.32~6.14	0.62~0.90	郭慧等,2012
			?	<6.14	?	?	?	?
			2.2	2.37~6.00	2.2	3.06~3.53	至今	0.62~0.72
	方山探槽	清徐县北	1.8	10~12	约5.6	10~12	至今	0.47~0.56	赵晋泉等, 2008
			3.3	>5
			0.5	>3
	瓦窑探槽	交城县瓦窑村东北	1.5	<5.32	1.5	5.32~6.14	3.06~3.53	0.49~0.84	郭慧等, 2012

方法	地点	活动速率/mm·a^-1	来源
跨断层水准	太原地震台	约1.18	本文
水准观测速率拟合	交城断裂带	3.24	塔拉等,2014
InSAR数据反演	清徐—交城一带	5.00	Liu et al., 2018
GPS观测	清徐一带	约2.30	杜伟吉,2013
GPS观测	中北大学附近	约2.68	李军,2016
GPS观测与数值模拟	交城断裂带	0.50±0.30	Li et al., 2023