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DEEP SEISMOTECTONIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE 2021 MADOI MS7.4 EARTHQUAKE SONG Xiang-hui, WANG Shuai-jun, PAN Su-zhen, SONG Jia-jia SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (4): 757-770.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.04.002 Abstract （677）   HTML （197）    PDF（pc） （5271KB）（740）       Knowledge map    Save On May 22, 2021, an MS7.4 earthquake occurred in the Madoi area of Banyan Har block, with a focal depth of about 8km. The seismogenic fault is deduced as the Jiangcuo Fault, a branch of the east Kunlun strike-slip fault. Different with previous strong earthquakes which located at the boundary faults around the Bayan Har block, the Madoi MS7.4 earthquake occurred inside the block and about 70km away from the boundary fault. Furthermore, there is a contradiction between the small strike-slip component of the seismogenic fault and the large earthquake magnitude. The above phenomena indicate that the Madoi earthquake may have special seismotectonic background and seismogenesis. Strong earthquakes in Tibetan plateau are always closely related to the deep crustal structure and dynamic process. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the crustal structure and the distribution of deep faults in the Madoi area in order to reveal the deep tectonic background and genesis of the Madoi MS7.4 earthquake. To research the deep seismotectonic environments of the MS7.4 Madoi earthquake, we reinterpret the deep seismic sounding(DSS)results in Madoi area. The DSS profile reveals fine crustal structure beneath the Madoi area, and divides the crust into 3 crustal layers. From the crustal velocity structure of the Madoi and adjacent area, we found the generation of the Madoi earthquake is closely connected with the deep structure and crustal medium. Through analysis on the velocity structures, we get the following understanding: 1)There is an interface in the upper crust of the Madoi area, which represents the velocity changing from 5.8km/s to 5.6km/s and divides the upper crust into two layers. The upper layer is composed of high velocity structure, indicating a brittle medium environment, while the lower layer consists of low velocity zone and provides the strain accumulation condition for the Madoi earthquake. In addition, the transition between local high velocity zone(HVZ)and the normal crust in the focal area provides an ideal medium environment for earthquake preparation. 2)A wedge-shaped low velocity zone(LVZ)exists in the lower crust south of Madoi, which provides an environment for the movement of weak materials from the SW to NE direction. However, the high-velocity lower crust beneath Madoi area resists the crustal flow and thus transforms the horizontal movement to vertical upwelling, resulting in the stress concentration of the upper crust beneath Madoi area, which may provide dynamic for the preparation of the Madoi MS7.4 earthquake. 3)The Jiangcuo Fault merges into the East Kunlun Fault in the deep crust, forming a reverse thrust fault structural style dominated by the East Kunlun strike-slip fault. As a branch of the East Kunlun Fault, the strike slip of the Jiangcuo Fault is the adjustment results of strain and movement of the East Kunlun Fault. Moreover, the Jiangcuo Fault and adjacent faults constitute the horsetail-shaped fault zone, combined with the imbricated thrust fault zone profile, reflecting the compressive stress of Modoi area that facilitates the strain concentration. Therefore the occurrence of the Madoi earthquake is related to the left-lateral strike-slip movement of the East Kunlun Fault and the special imbricated thrust fault assemblages. On the other hand, the upwelling of the lower crustal flow and the corresponding sliding of the upper crust may be related with the occurrence of the Madoi earthquake. In conclusion, the Madoi MS7.4 earthquake is closely related to the ideal medium environment of the upper crust, the lower crustal flow and vertical upwelling beneath Madoi area, as well as the left-lateral strike-slip of the East Kunlun Fault. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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CHARACTERISTICS OF LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE SOUTHERN RIYUESHAN FAULT ZHANG Chi, LI Zhi-min, REN Zhi-kun, LIU Jin-rui, ZHANG Zhi-liang, WU Deng-yun SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2022, 44 (1): 1-19.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.01.001 Abstract （741）   HTML （111）    PDF（pc） （22131KB）（660）       Knowledge map    Save Due to the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate, the Tibetan plateau has experienced violent uplift and strong intraplate deformation inside the plateau, which has a great impact on the tectonic evolution of the surrounding areas. The northeastern edge of the Tibetan plateau is the forefront of the northeastward expansion of the Tibetan plateau, which is the ideal place to study the deformation of the plateau as well as the far-field deformation associated with continental collision between the Eurasia and India plates. In recent years, scholars have gained a certain understanding of the characteristics of late Quaternary tectonic activity in the northeast margin of Tibetan plateau. Within the northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau, there are two major fault systems: One is the near EW-trending left-lateral strike-slip fault system, including the Kunlun, Haiyuan and western Qinling faults, the other one is the NNW-trending right-lateral strike-slip fault system, including the Elashan and Riyueshan faults. They are sub-parallel to each other. Since the Riyueshan Fault is one of the major right-lateral strike-slip faults in the northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau, its activity is of great significance for understanding the plateau expansion. Previous studies mainly focused on its northern part which is believed to be active during Holocene. However, its southern part is believed to be active during late Pleistocene, but not active since Holocene. Therefore, there are little studies focusing on the late Quaternary activities of the southern part of the Riyueshan Fault. Hence, our understanding about the characteristics of the late Quaternary activity is insufficient. During our preliminary field survey along the southern Riyueshan Fault, we found distinct deformation of Holocene landforms, such as the young alluvial fan, terrace risers and channels, which indicate its late Quaternary activity. In this study, we firstly analyze the fault geometry of the southern Riyueshan Fault based on high-resolution Superview-1 remote sensing images and carry out field verification. Based on fault geometry characteristics, fault strike orientation etc., we divided the southern Riyueshan Fault into two segments from north to south. One is the Guide segment(generally trending in NW 20°)and the other is the Duohelmao segment(generally striking in NS). During our field investigation, we found two typical sites for slip rate studies, the Rixiaolongwa site on the Guide segment and the Niemari site on the Duohemao segment, respectively. We collected high-resolution images using UAV, and then generated high-resolution DEM of these two sites. By measuring the offsets and corresponding dating results of multi-level terrace risers, we obtained the displacements of the three-level and two-level terraces at Rixiaolongwa and Niemari site, respectively. Then we collected the OSL and 14C samples on different terrace risers to constrain the age of each terrace. In the Rixiaolongwa area, the corresponding offsets of T1, T2 and T3 terraces are(26.3±3.1)m, (32.7±7.1)m and(38.6±8)m, and the age sequence is(7840±30)a BP, (9 350~10 700)a BP and(11.9±1.3)ka BP, respectively. In the Nimari area, the corresponding offsets of T1 and T2 terraces are(6.3±0.7)m and(9.7±1.7)m, and the ages are(2 860±30)a BP and(3 460±30)a BP, respectively. By applying Monte Carlo method, we obtained the corresponding slip rates of(3.37+0.55/-0.68)mm/a and(2.69+0.41/-0.38)mm/a for the Guide and Duohemao segment, which is comparable to the previously suggested slip rate of northern Riyueshan Fault. Finally, we discussed the role of the Riyueshan Fault in the tectonic deformation of northeastern Tibetan plateau. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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SEISMOGENIC FAULT AND COSEISMIC SURFACE DEFORMATION OF THE MADUO MS7.4 EARTHQUAKE IN QINGHAI, CHINA: A QUICK REPORT LI Zhi-min, LI Wen-qiao, LI Tao, XU Yue-ren, SU Peng, GUO Peng, SUN Hao-yue, HA Guang-hao, CHEN Gui-hua, YUAN Zhao-de, LI Zhong-wu, LI Xin, YANG Li-chen, MA Zhen, YAO Sheng-hai, XIONG Ren-wei, ZHANG Yan-bo, GAI Hai-long, YIN Xiang, XU Wei-yang, DONG Jin-yuan SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2021, 43 (3): 722-737.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.03.016 Abstract （996）   HTML    PDF（pc） （18089KB）（634）       Knowledge map    Save At 02:04 a.m. on May 22, 2021, a MS7.4 earthquake occurred in the Maduo County, Qinghai Province, China. Its epicenter is located within the Bayan Har block in the north-central Tibetan plateau, approximately 70km south of the eastern Kunlun fault system that defines the northern boundary of the block. In order to constrain the seismogenic fault and characterize the co-seismic surface ruptures of this earthquake, field investigations were conducted immediately after the earthquake, combined with analyses of the focal parameters, aftershock distribution, and InSAR inversion of this earthquake. This preliminary study finds that the seismogenic fault of the Maduo MS7.4 earthquake is the Jiangcuo segment of the Kunlunshankou-Jiangcuo Fault, which is an active NW-striking and left-lateral strike-slip fault. The total length of the co-seismic surface ruptures is approximately 160km. Multiple rupture patterns exist, mainly including linear shear fractures, obliquely distributed tensional and tensional-shear fractures, pressure ridges, and pull-apart basins. The earthquake also induced a large number of liquefaction structures and landslides in valleys and marshlands. Based on strike variation and along-strike discontinuity due to the development of step-overs, the coseismic surface rupture zone can be subdivided into four segments, namely the Elinghu South, Huanghexiang, Dongcaoarlong, and Changmahexiang segments. The surface ruptures are quite continuous and prominent along the Elinghu south segment, western portion of the Huanghexiang segment, central portion of the Dongcaoarlong segment, and the Huanghexiang segment. Comparatively, coseismic surface ruptures of other portions are discontinuous. The coseismic strike-slip displacement is roughly determined to be 1~2m based on the displaced gullies, trails, and the width of cracks at releasing step-overs. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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GEOLOGICAL DISASTERS AND SURFACE RUPTURES OF JANUARY 23, 2024 MS7.1 WUSHI EARTHQUAKE, XINJIANG, CHINA ZHANG Bo-xuan, QIAN Li, LI Tao, CHEN Jie, XU Jian-hong, YAO Yuan, FANG Li-hua, XIE Chao, CHEN Jian-bo, LIU Guan-shen, HU Zong-kai, YANG Wen-xin, ZHANG Jun-long, PANG Wei SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2024, 46 (1): 220-234.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2024.01.013 Abstract （794）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （14676KB）（580）       Knowledge map    Save The MS7.1 earthquake in Wushi, Xinjiang on January 23, 2024, represents the largest earthquake in the Tianshan seismic belt since the 1992 Suusamyr MS7.3 earthquake in Kyrgyzstan. Preliminary precise aftershock localization and initial field investigations indicate an NE-trending aftershock zone with a length of 62km that is concentrated at the mountain-basin transition area. This event produced geological hazards, including slope instability, rockfalls, rolling stones, and ground fissures, primarily within a 30-kilometer radius around the epicenter. The epicenter, located approximately 7 kilometers north of the precise positioning in this study, witnessed a rapid decrease in geological hazards such as collapses, with no discernible fresh activity observed on the steep fault scarp along the mountainfront. Consequently, it is inferred that the causative fault for this main shock may be an NW-dipping reverse fault, with potential rupture not reaching the surface. Moreover, a surface rupture zone with a general trend of N60°E, extending approximately 2 kilometers, and displaying a maximum vertical offset of 1m, was identified on the western side of the micro-epicenter at the Qialemati River. This rupture zone predominantly follows the pre-existing fault scarp on higher geomorphic surfaces, indicating that it is not new. Its characteristics are mainly controlled by a southeast-dipping reverse fault, opposite in dip to the causative fault of the main shock. The scale of this 2-kilometer-long surface rupture zone is notably smaller than the aftershock zone of the Wushi MS7.1 earthquake. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate whether or not the MS5.7 aftershock and the relationship between the SE-dipping reverse fault responsible for the surface rupture and the NW-dipping causative fault of the main shock produced it. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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THE SEISMOGENIC FAULT OF THE 2021 YUNNAN YANGBI MS6.4 EARTHQUAKE LI Chuan-you, ZHANG Jin-yu, WANG Wei, SUN Kai, SHAN Xin-jian SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2021, 43 (3): 706-721.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.03.015 Abstract （1176）   HTML    PDF（pc） （16261KB）（566）       Knowledge map    Save The May 21, 2021 Yangbi MS6.4 earthquake occurred at the western boundary of the Chuandian tectonic block in southeast Tibetan plateau. The structural background is complex, with multiple active faults distributed around the epicenter area. Focal mechanism and seismic waveform inversion reveal that this earthquake is right-lateral strike-slip type with a NW-trending rupture plane. This accords with the strike and motion directions of the Weixi-Qiaohou and Red River faults along the western boundary of the Chuandian block. We made a careful field investigation along the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault and around the epicenter area, and did not find any obvious earthquake surface rupture. But we observed a NW-trending ground fissure zone near the epicenter area to the west of the Yangbi County. This zone is divided into two sections, the Yangkechang-Paoshuitian section in the northwest and the Xiquewo-Shahe section in the southwest. These sections have a length of 2.5~3km and 3~3.5km, respectively, and are separated by a ~6km gap. They are characterized by NW-trending ground fissures with a width of several meters to tens meters. The formation of these fissures is inferred to be related to the tectonic movement under the ground, and the fissures have the following features: 1)they are not affected by the topography and cut the slope and range upward; 2)they are continuous and concentrated in a zone with a strike of NW 310°~320°, which is consistent with the belt of aftershocks and differs from the gravity fissures that usually have no regular strikes; 3)they usually have a plane dipping towards upslope(southwest), opposite to the valley; 4)they present shear property, not tensional. This zone thus is interpreted to be the surficial expression of the seismogenic fault of the Yangbi MS6.4 earthquake. Moreover, satellite image and field observation suggest that a~30km long linear structure with a NW strike traverses the epicenter area, which may suggest an undiscovered fault. Relocation of small earthquakes shows that the aftershocks are concentrated in a NW-trending belt that is consistent with the linear structure. Furthermore, the fissure zone lies in the northeast side of the aftershock belt, which suggests that the earthquake fault dips SW. Such a dip direction coincides with that of the observed fissure plane, and also agrees with the results from the focal mechanism and InSAR inversion. Both the focal mechanism and the waveform inversion result suggest that the Yangbi earthquake is a right-lateral strike-slip type, which is consistent with the type of the observed ground fissures. No displacement is observed on the fissures, with is also consistent with the InSAR inversion results that suggest the rupture did not break the surface. In addition, there is no coseismic deformation observed along the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault, which may indicate this fault did not move during this earthquake. Based on our field investigation, in combination with the focal mechanism, aftershock distribution, and InSAR and GNSS inversion results, the seismogenic fault for this Yangbi MS6.4 earthquake is believed to be a NW-trending(310°~320°)fault with a length of~30km, named as the Yangkechang-Shahe Fault. According to the location, size, and motion of the fault, it is suggested that the Yangkechang-Shahe Fault is a secondary fault of the Weixi-Qiaohou fault system. This fault has a slightly SW-dipping plane, and is dominated by right-lateral strike-slip motion, which may be a younger fault developed during the westward expansion of the western boundary of the Chuandian block. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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TYPICAL CASE ANALYSIS ON SETBACK DISTANCE FOR URBAN BURIED ACTIVE FAULT: AN EXAMPLE SITE ALONG THE TANLU FAULT ZONE IN XINYI CITY CAO Jun, LI Yan-bao, RAN Yong-kang, XU Xi-wei, MA Dong-wei, ZHANG Zhi-qiang SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2022, 44 (4): 1071-1085.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.04.016 Abstract （1007）   HTML （73）    PDF（pc） （11099KB）（523）       Knowledge map    Save With the acceleration of urbanization process, solving the earthquake and its associated disasters caused by buried active fault in urban areas has been a difficult issue in the construction of urban public security system. It is difficult to deal with the anti-seismic issues of cross-fault buildings using the existing techniques, therefore, reasonable setback distance for buried active fault in urban area is the only method for the planning and construction at the beginning. At present, theoretical research about setback for active fault is becoming more and more mature, and the mandatory national standard “Setback distance for active fault” will be enacted soon. As a result, how to work on the basis of these theories and national standards is in urgent. In recent years, the exploration of urban active faults was successively completed. However, there are no typical cases of how to make full use of the achievements of urban active fault projects in the follow-up work, and how to guide urban construction based on the project conclusions, so as to ensure urban safety and rational development of urban economy. In this paper, taking a site along the Anqiu-Juxian Fault in the Tanlu fault zone in Xinyi city as an example, based on the results of 1︰10 000 active fault distribution map, and referring to the stipulation of national standard “Setback distance for active fault”, 12 shallow seismic survey lines with a spacing of less than 50m were laid out firstly, and the results of shallow seismic exploration show the existence of two high-dip faults in the site. Secondly, considering the shallow seismic survey results and the geologic site conditions, five rows of borehole joint profiles were selected along five of the shallow seismic survey lines. Based on the location of the faults and stratigraphy in the site revealed by the borehole joint profiles, and considering the latest research results of Quaternary stratigraphy and the conclusion of urban active faults detection, the west branch fault is constrained to be a Holocene active fault and the east branch fault is an early Quaternary fault. As a result, we precisely mapped the trace, dip and upper breakpoint of the fault in the site based on the shallow seismic exploration and joint borehole profile. The accurate positioning of the plane position of the active fault differs by about 200m from the 1:1000 strip distribution map. According to the relevant national standards and scientific research results, active faults in the site shall be avoided. Based on the surface traces of active faults revealed by the accurate detection in the site, the active fault deformation zone was delineated, and the range of setback distance for active fault was defined outside the deformation zone. The detection results accurately determined the plane distribution of the active fault in the site, which meets the accuracy of the development and utilization of the site. Based on the accurately located active fault trace, and complying with the forthcoming national standard “Setback distance from active fault”, this study not only scientifically determines the setback distance for active fault in the site, but also releases the scarce land resources in the city. This result achieves the goal of scientifically avoiding potential dangerous urban hidden active fault and making full use of land. The case detection process confirms that the results of urban active fault detection are still difficult to meet the fault positioning accuracy required for specific site development, and the range of active fault deformation zone within the site must be determined based on the precise positioning method for hidden active faults as stipulated in the national standard “Setback distance for active fault”. The national standard “Code for seismic design of buildings” only specifies the setback distance for active faults under different seismic intensity, but does not provide any clear definition of the accuracy of active fault positioning, so it is difficult to define the required active fault positioning degree and boundary range of the deformation zone of active fault in practice. The national standard “Setback distance for active fault” clearly defines various types of active fault detection and positioning methods, determines the scope of active fault deformation zone and the accurate setback distance for active fault in different cases. The specific case proves that before developing and utilizing specific sites along urban concealed active faults, relevant work shall be carried out according to the national standard “Setback distance for active fault” to effectively resolve the issue about the relations between urban development and urban safety, so the promulgation and implementation of national standard should speed up. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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COSEISMIC DEFORMATION FIELD, SLIP DISTRIBUTION AND COULOMB STRESS DISTURBANCE OF THE 2021 MW7.3 MADUO EARTHQUAKE USING SENTINEL-1 INSAR OBSERVATIONS HUA Jun, ZHAO De-zheng, SHAN Xin-jian, QU Chun-yan, ZHANG Ying-feng, GONG Wen-yu, WANG Zhen-jie, LI Cheng-long, LI Yan-chuan, ZHAO Lei, CHEN Han, FAN Xiao-ran, WANG Shao-jun SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2021, 43 (3): 677-691.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.03.013 Abstract （853）   HTML    PDF（pc） （9842KB）（489）       Knowledge map    Save InSAR coseismic deformation fields caused by the Maduo MW7.3 earthquake occurring on May 22, 2021 were generated using the C-band Sentinel-1A/B SAR images with D-InSAR technology. The spatial characteristics, magnitude of coseismic deformation and segmentation of the seismogenic fault were analyzed. The surface rupture trace was depicted clearly by InSAR observations. In addition, the coseismic slip distribution inversion was carried out constrained by both ascending and descending InSAR deformation fields and relocated aftershocks to understand the characteristics of deep fault slip and geometry of the seismogenic fault. The regional stress disturbance was analyzed based on coseismic Coulomb stress change. The results show that the Maduo MW7.3 earthquake occurred on a secondary fault within the Bayan Har block which is almost parallel to the main fault trace of the Kunlun Fault. According to field investigation, geological data and InSAR surface rupture traces, the seismogenic fault is confirmed to be the Kunlunshankou-Jiangcuo Fault. The rupture length of seismogenic fault is estimated to be~210km. The NWW direction is followed by the overall displacement field, which indicates a left-lateral strike-slip movement of seismogenic fault. The maximum displacement is about 0.9m in LOS direction observed by both ascending and descending InSAR data. The inversion result denotes that the strike of the seismogenic fault is 276°and the dip angle is 80°. The maximum slip is about 6m and the average rake is 4°. The predicted moment magnitude is MW7.45, which is overall consistent with the result of GCMT. An obvious slip-concentrated area is located at the depth of 0~10km. The coseismic Coulomb stress change with the East Kunlun Fault as the receiver fault shows that the Maduo earthquake produced obvious stress increase near the eastern segment of the East Kunlun Fault. Thus the seismic risk increases based on the high interseismic strain rate along this segment, which should receive more attention. In addition, the coseismic Coulomb stress change with the Maduo-Gande Fault as the receiving fault indicates that the Maduo earthquake produced an obvious stress drop near the western part of the Maduo-Gande Fault, which indicates that the Maduo earthquake released the Coulomb stress of the Maduo-Gande Fault, and its seismic risk may be greatly reduced. However, there is a stress loading effect in the intersection area of the Maduo-Gande Fault and the Kunlunshankou-Jiangcuo Fault. Considering that aftershocks of Maduo earthquake will release excess energy, the greater earthquake risk may be reduced. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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DISTRIBUTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE DEFORMATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE 2021 MW7.4 MADOI EARTHQUAKE, QINGHAI, CHINA LIU Xiao-li, XIA Tao, LIU-ZENG Jing, YAO Wen-qian, XU Jing, DENG De-bei-er, HAN Long-fei, JIA Zhi-ge, SHAO Yan-xiu, WANG Yan, YUE Zi-yang, GAO Tian-qi SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2022, 44 (2): 461-483.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.02.012 Abstract （358）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （23227KB）（479）       Knowledge map    Save Earthquake surface ruptures are the key to understand deformation pattern of continental crust and rupture behavior of tectonic earthquake, and the criteria to directly define the active fault avoidance zone. Traditionally, surface fissures away from the main rupture fault are usually regarded as the result triggered by strong ground motion. In recent years, the earth observation technology of remote sensing with centimeter accuracy provides rich necessary data for fine features of co-seismic surface fractures and fissures. More and more earthquake researches, such as the 2019 MW7.3 Ridgecrest earthquake, the 2016 MW7 Kumamoto earthquake, the 2020 MW6.5 Monte Cristo Range earthquake, suggest that we might miss off-fault fissures associated with tectonic interactions during the seismic rupture process, if they are simply attributed to effect of strong ground motion. Such distribution pattern of co-seismic surface displacement may not be isolated, it encourages us to examine the possible contribution of other similar events. The 22 May 2021 MW7.4 Madoi earthquake in Qinghai Province, China ruptured the Jiangcuo Fault which is the extension line of the southeastern branch of the Kunlun Fault, and caused the collapse of the Yematan bridge and the Cangmahe bridge in Madoi County. The surface rupture in the 2021Madoi earthquake includes dominantly ~158km of left-lateral rupture, which provides an important chance for understanding the complex rupture system. The high-resolution UAV images and field mapping provide valuable support to identify more detailed and tiny co-seismic surface deformation. New 3 to 7cm per pixel resolution images covering the major surface rupture zone were collected by two unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in the first months after the earthquake. We produced digital orthophoto maps (DOM), and digital elevation models (DEM) with the highest accuracy based on the Agisoft PhotoScanTM and ArcGIS software. Thus, the appearance of post-earthquake surface displacement was hardly damaged by rain or animals, and well preserved in our UAV images, such as fractures with small displacement or faint fissures. These DOM and DEM data with centimeter resolution fastidiously detailed rich details of surface ruptures, which have been often easily overlooked or difficult to detect in the past or on low-resolution images. In addition, two large-scale dense field investigation data were gathered respectively the first and fifth months after the earthquake. Based on a lot of firsthand materials, a comprehensive dataset of surface features associated with co-seismic displacement was built, which includes four levels: main and secondary tectonic ruptures, delphic fissures, and beaded liquefaction belts or swath subsidence due to strong ground motion. Using our novel dataset, a complex distributed pattern presents along the fault guiding the 158km co-seismic surface ruptures along its strike-direction. The cumulative length of all surface ruptures reaches 310km. Surface ruptures of the MW7.4 Madoi earthquake fully show the diversity of geometric discontinuities and geometric complexity of the Jiangcuo Fault. This is reflected in the four most conspicuous aspects: direction rotation, tail divarication, fault step, and sharp change of rupture widths. We noticed that the rupture zone width changed sharply along with its strike or geometric complexity. Near the east of Yematan, on-fault ruptures are arranged in ten to several hundred meters. Besides clearly defined surface ruptures on the main fault, many fractures near the Dongo section and two rupture endpoints are mainly along secondary faulting crossing the main fault or its subparallel branches. Lengths of fracture zones along two Y-shaped branches at two endpoints are about 20km. At the rupture endpoints, the fractures away from the main rupture zone are about 5km. Some authors suggested the segment between the Dongcao along lake and Zadegongma was a “rupture gap”. In our field investigation, some faint fractures and fissures were locally observed in this segment, and these co-seismic displacement traces were also faintly visible on the UAV images. It is also worth noting that near the epicenter, Dongo, and Huanghexiang, a certain amount of off-fault surface fissures appear locally with steady strike, good stretch, and en echelon pattern. Some fissures near meanders of the Yellow River, often appear with beaded liquefaction belts or swath subsidences. In cases like that, fissure strikes are, in the main, orthogonal to the river. Distribution pattern of these fissures is different from usual gravity fissures or collapses. But they can’t be identified as tectonic ruptures because clear displacement marks are always absent with off-fault fissures. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the mechanism of off-fault co-seismic surface fissures. Some research results suggested, that during the process of a strong earthquake, a sudden slip of the rupturing fault can trigger strain response of surrounding rocks or previous compliant faults, and result in triggering surface fractures or fissures. Because of regional tectonic backgrounds, deep-seated physical environments, and site conditions(such as lithology and overburden thickness), the pattern and physicalcause of co-seismic surface ruptures vary based on different events. Focal mechanisms of the mainshock and most aftershocks indicate a near east-west striking fault with a slight dip-slip, but focal mechanisms of two MS≥4.0 aftershocks show a thrust slip occurring near the east of the rupture zone. On the 1︰250000 regional geological map, the Jiangcuo Fault is oblique with the Madoi-Gande Fault and the Xizangdagou-Cangmahe Fault at wide angles, and with several branches near the epicenter and the west endpoint at small angles. Put together the surface fissure distribution pattern, source parameters of aftershocks and the regional geological map, we would like to suggest that besides triggered slip of several subparallel or oblique branches with the Jiangcuo Fault, inheritance faulting of pre-existing faults may promote the development of off-fault surface fissures of the 2021Madoi earthquake. Why there are many off-fault distributed surface fissures with patterns different from the gravity fissures still needs further investigation. The fine expression of the distributed surface fractures can contribute to fully understanding the mechanism of the seismic rupture process, and effectively address seismic resistance requirements of major construction projects in similar tectonic contexts in the world. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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HOLOCENE ACTIVITY AND PALEOEARTHQUAKES OF THE WEIXI-QIAOHOU FAULT CHANG Zu-feng, CHANG Hao, LI Jian-lin, MAO Ze-bin, ZANG Yang SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (4): 881-898.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.04.009 Abstract （795）   HTML （45）    PDF（pc） （18555KB）（476）       Knowledge map    Save The Weixi-Qiaohou Fault is located in the west boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block, and also the north extension segment of active Red River fault zone. Strengthening the research on the late Quaternary activity of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault is of great theoretical and practical significance for further understanding the seismogeological background in northwest Yunnan and the structural deformation mechanism of the boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan block. Based on the 1︰50 000 active fault mapping and the research results of the National Natural Science Fund project, this paper mainly elaborates the latest active times of the fault and paleoseismic events along it revealed by exploration trenches at Matoushui, Shiyan, and Yushichang. Matoushui trench revealed three faults developed in late Pleistocene and Holocene pluvial fan accumulation, and the latest ages of faulted strata are(638±40)a BP and(1 335±23)a BP, respectively. The Shiyan trench revealed six faults, three in the western section and three in the eastern section. The three faults in the western section dislocated the late Pleistocene and Holocene accumulation, and the 14C ages of the latest faulted strata are(4 383±60)a BP, (4 337±52)a BP and(4 274±70)a BP, respectively; the other three faults revealed in the eastern part of the trench offset the Holocene fluvial facies accumulation, the 14C age of the latest faulted strata in the footwall of the main fault is(9 049±30)a BP, and the 14C ages of two sets of faulted sag pond deposits in the hanging wall are(1 473±41)a BP and(133±79)a BP, separately. Five active faults are revealed in Yushichang trench. Among them, the F1 and F2 dislocated the gray-white gravelly clay layer and the black peat soil layer. The 14C age of the gray-white gravelly clay layer is(1 490±30)a BP, and 14C ages of the upper and lower part of the black peat soil layer are(1 390±30)a BP and(1 190±30)a BP, respectively. The F3 and F4 faults offset the gray-white gravelly clay layer, the black peat soil layer and the brown yellow sand bearing clay, and the OSL age of brown yellow sand bearing clay is(0.6±0.2)ka. The F5 fault dislocated the gray-white gravelly clay layer, its 14C age is(1 490±30)a BP. According to the relationship between strata and the analysis of dating data, the Yushichang trench revealed two seismic events, the first one occurred at(1 490±30)~(1 390±30)a BP, as typified by the faulting of F5, the second paleoseismic event is represented by the faulting of F1, F2, F3 and F4.The F1 and F2 faulted the gray-white gravelly clay layer and the black peat soil. Fault F3 and F4 dislocated the gravelly clay, the peat soil and the sandy clay, and a seismic wedge is developed between fault F3 and F4, which is filled with the brownish yellow sandy clay. The OSL dating result of the brownish yellow sandy clay layer is(0.6±0.2)ka. Judging from the contact relationship between strata and faults, F3 and F4may also faulted the upper brownish yellow sandy clay layer, but the layer was eroded due to later denudation. Therefore, fault F1, F2, F3 and F4 represent the second event. Combined with the analysis of fault scarps with a height of 2~2.5m and clear valley landform in the slope near the fault, it is estimated that the time of the second paleoearthquake event is about 600 years ago, and the magnitude could reach 7. The trench at Gaichang reveals that the seismic wedge, soft sedimentary structure deformation and the medium fine sand uplift(sand vein)and other ancient seismic phenomena are well developed near the fault scarp. All these phenomena are just developed below the fault scarp. The vertical dislocation of the strata on both sides of the seismic wedge is 35cm, and 14C ages of the misinterpreted peat clay are(36 900±350)a BP and(28 330±160)a BP, respectively, so, the occurrence time of this earthquake event is estimated to be about 28 000a BP. If the fault scarp with a height of 2m was formed during this ancient earthquake, and considering the 0.35m vertical offset revealed by the trench, the magnitude of this ancient earthquake could reach 7.The Matoushui trench revealed three faults, which not only indicated the obvious activity of the faults in late Pleistocene to Holocene, but also revealed two paleoseismic events. Among them, the OSL age of the faulted sand layer by fault F1 is(21.54±1.33)ka, which represents a paleoearthquake event of 20 000 years ago. The faulted strata by fault F2 and F3 are similar, which represent another earthquake event. The 14C dating results show that the age of the latest faulted strata is(638±40)Cal a BP, accordingly, it is estimated that the second earthquake time is about 600 years ago. A clear and straight fault trough with a width of several ten meters and a length of 4km is developed from Meiciping to Matoushui. Within the fault trough, there are fault scarps with different heights and good continuity, the height of which is generally 3~5m, the lowest is 2~3m, and the highest is 8~10m. Tracing south along this line, the eastern margin of Yueliangping Basin shows a fault scarp about 5m high. After that, it extends to Luoguoqing, and again appears as a straight and clear fault scarp several meters high. In addition, in the 2km long foothills between Hongxing and Luoguoping, there are huge rolling stones with diameters of 2~5m scattered everywhere, the maximum diameter of which is about 10m, implying a huge earthquake collapse occurred here. According to the length, height, width and dislocation of the rupture zone, and combined with the experience of Yiliang M≥7 earthquake and Myanmar Dongxu M7.3 earthquake, this earthquake magnitude is considered to be ≥7. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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THE CO-SEISMIC DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS AND SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE YANGBI MS6.4 EARTHQUAKE XU Xiao-xue, JI Ling-yun, ZHU Liang-yu, WANG Guang-ming, ZHANG Wen-ting, LI Ning SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (4): 771-789.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.04.003 Abstract （646）   HTML （196）    PDF（pc） （11808KB）（473）       Knowledge map    Save A MS6.4 earthquake occurred on May 21th, 2021 at Yangbi, Yunnan. In this paper, high resolution InSAR coseismic deformation fields were obtained based on the ascending and descending track of Sentinel-1 SAR images. Based on the InSAR-derived deformation fields, the geometric model of the seismogenic fault was determined according to the aftershock relocation results. Then the fine coseismic slip distribution of the fault plane of Yangbi earthquake was inversed using a distributed sliding inversion method. Finally, the regional strain distribution and the Coulomb stress variation on the surrounding faults caused by coseismic dislocations and viscoelastic relaxation effect after earthquake were calculated, and the seismic risk of the seismogenic structure and the surrounding faults was discussed. The results show that the descending track co-seismic deformation field shows that the NE wall of the seismogenic fault moves close to the satellite, while the SW wall moves far away from the satellite, and the coseismic deformation is symmetrically distributed. The maximum LOS vectors were 8.6cm and 7.9cm, respectively, and the descending track profile showed a coseismic displacement up to 15cm. The fringes on the southwest side of the ascending track interferograms are relatively clear, showing movement close to the satellite, and the maximum LOS deformation magnitude is 5.7cm, while the interference fringes on the northeast side are not clear and the noise is obvious. The fault co-seismic dislocation is mainly of dextral strike-slip with a small amount of normal fault component. The coseismic slip mainly distributes at depths 2~10km, and the coseismic sliding rupture length is about 16km with the maximum slip of approximately 0.46m at a depth 6.5km. The average slip angle is 180° and the inverted magnitude is approximately MW6.1. The causative fault did not rupture the surface. From the analysis of regional strain distribution and tectonic dynamic background, the Yangbi earthquake occurred in the region where the Sichuan-Yunnan rhomboid block is blocked in its process of SE movement by the South China block and deforms strongly. Combined with the analysis of the geometric occurrence and movement properties of faults, our study suggests that the causative fault of the Yangbi earthquake maybe is a branch of the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault or an unknown fault that is nearly parallel to it on the west side. This earthquake has a significant impact on the Coulomb stress of the Longpan-Qiaohou Fault, Chenghai Fault and Red River Fault in the southwestern Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block. The Coulomb stress in the northern section of Red River Fault is the most significant. The cumulative Coulomb stress variations of the coseismic and 10 years after the earthquake show that the Coulomb stress variation has increased in the northwestern Yunnan tectonic area. This earthquake is another typical seismic event occurring in the southwest of the Sichuan-Yunnan block after the Lijiang MS7.0 earthquake in 1996 and the Mojiang MS5.9 earthquake in 2018. The risk of strong earthquakes in the regional extensional tectonic system in northwest Yunnan and in the north section of the Red River fault zone cannot be ignored. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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STUDY ON THE LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE WEST XIADIAN FAULT IN BEIJING PLAIN SHEN Jun, DAI Xun-ye, XIAO Chun, JIAO Xuan-kai, BAI Qilegeer, DENG Mei, LIU Ze-zhong, XIA Fang-hua, LIU Yu, LIU Ming SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2022, 44 (4): 909-924.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.04.006 Abstract （447）   HTML （57）    PDF（pc） （12117KB）（471）       Knowledge map    Save Beijing plain is a strong earthquake tectonic area in China, where the Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake with M8 occurred in 1679.The seismogenic fault of this earthquake is the Xiadian Fault. An about 10km-long earthquake surface fault is developed, striking northeast. Deep seismic exploration reveals that this surface fault is a direct exposure of a deep fault cutting through the whole crust, and it is concealed in the Quaternary layers to both ends. Previous studies have not yet revealed how the deep fault with M8 earthquake extended to the southwest and northeast. In the study of Xiadian Fault, it is found that there is another fault with similar strike and opposite dip in the west of Xiadian Fault, which is called the West Xiadian Fault in this paper. In this study, six shallow seismic profiles data are used to determine the location of this fault in Sanhe city, and the late Quaternary activity of the fault is studied by using the method of combined drilling, magnetic susceptibility logging and luminescence dating. The results of shallow seismic exploration profiles show that the fault is zigzag with a general strike of NE and dip NW. In vertical profile, it is generally of normal fault. It shows the flower structure in one profile, which indicates that the fault may have a certain strike-slip property. On two long seismic reflection profiles, it can be seen that the northwest side of the fault is a half graben structure. This half graben-like depression, which has not been introduced by predecessors, is called Yanjiao fault depression in this paper. The maximum Quaternary thickness of the graben is 300m. The West Xiadian Fault is the main controlling fault in the southern margin of the sag. The Xiadian Fault, which is opposite to the West Xiadian Fault in dips, controls the Dachang depression, which is a large-scale depression with a Quaternary thickness of more than 600m. The West Xiadian Fault is opposite to the Xiadian Fault, and there is a horst between the West Xiadian Fault and the Xiadian Fault. The width of the horst varies greatly, and the narrowest part is less than 1km. The West Xiadian Fault may form an echelon structure with Xiadian Fault in plane, and they are closely related in depth. According to the core histogram and logging curves of ten boreholes and eight effective dating data, the buried depth of the upper breakpoint of the concealed fault is about 12m, which dislocates the late Pleistocene strata. The effective dating result of this set of strata is(36.52±5.39)ka. There is no evidence of Holocene activity of the fault, but it is certain that the fault is an active fault in the late Pleistocene in Sanhe region. The vertical slip rate is about 0.075mm/a since late Pleistocene, and about 0.03mm/a since the late period of late Pleistocene. These slip rates are less than those of the Xiadian Fault in the same period. According to our study, the vertical slip rate of Xiadian Fault since late Pleistocene is about 0.25mm/a. Although the latest active age, the total movement amplitude since Quaternary and the sliding rate since late Pleistocene of West Xiadian Fault are less than those of Xiadian Fault, its movement characteristics is very similar to that of Xiadian Fault, and the two faults are close to each other in space, and closely related in deep structure. It can be inferred that the fault is probably a part of the seismogenic structure of the 1679 Sanhe-Pinggu M8 earthquake. In a broad sense, the Xiadian fault zone is likely to extend to the southwest along the West Xiadian Fault. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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ANALYSIS ON THE SEISMIC CHARACTERISTIC DISPLACEMENT OF ANQIU-JUXIAN FAULT BASED ON DEXTRAL HORIZONTAL DISLOCATION OF GULLY JI Hao-min, LI An, ZHANG Shi-min SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2021, 43 (3): 471-487.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.03.001 Abstract （829）   HTML    PDF（pc） （11209KB）（451）       Knowledge map    Save The Tanlu fault zone(TLFZ)is the largest strike-slip fault system in eastern China, which is composed of five main faults in Shandong and Jiangsu Provinces. Among them, the Anqiu-Juxian Fault(AJF)is the only fault with obvious activity since the late Quaternary, and it is also the seismogenic structure of the Anqiu M7 earthquake in 70BC. It is of great significance to understand the tectonic activity of the TLFZ by analyzing the co-seismic displacement of this earthquake and studying the long-term activity behavior of the fault. According to the spatial distribution characteristics and seismic activity, the northern segment of the AJF between Juxian and Changyi(NAJF)is divided into four sub-segments, which are, from south to north, the Juxian-Mengyan segment, the Qingfengling segment, the Anqiu-Mengtong segment and the Changyi-Nanliu segment, respectively. However, paleoearthquake studies in the NAJF are not ideal, and only suggested that this segment was active in the Holocene. In addition, there is also no competent evidence of coseismic displacement in the previous researches. In this study, we interpreted the geomorphic trace of the fault through remote sensing images and found that there were a large number of gullies where dextral horizontal dislocations are discovered, which are concentrated in the Anqiu-Mengtong segment and Qingfengling segment. Later, we used the high-resolution UAV-SfM photogrammetry technology to map the typical geomorphic areas from Anqiu to Juxian in the field investigation, and obtained the DEM of areas with offset gullies. Then we measured the offsets of the gullies by the measurement software, LaDiCao_v2, and acquired 79 horizontal dislocations. Combined with 5 measurement results from the previous research, we finally obtained 84 horizontal dislocations, including 26 data in the Anqiu-Mengtong segment and 58 in the Qingfengling segment. According to the statistical results of the cumulative offset probability distribution(COPD), the horizontal displacements in the Anqiu-Mengtong segment mainly concentrated in 5 intervals with the peak values of 5m, 10.4m, 15.5m, 20.6m and 25m, respectively; the horizontal displacements in the Qingfengling segment mainly concentrated in 4 intervals with the peak values of 5m, 9.7m, 16m and 19.7m, respectively. The bigger data is of less statistical significance due to large time span and small amount. The smallest dextral horizontal displacements of gullies on these two segments are both about 5m, and the larger offsets are also multiples of 5m. In addition, as the increase of the interval peak value, the number of gullies in the interval decreases. Therefore, the minimum dislocation of 5m should represent the latest activity event of these two secondary faults and be the coseismic displacement of the earthquake; the large dislocations represent the cumulative displacements of multiple seismic events, which reveal the characteristic displacement of about 5m for the two secondary faults. However, due to the unclear paleoearthquake sequence, it is also unclear whether these sub-segments were active at the same time. In addition, based on the statistical analysis on the strike-slip seismic events, there are a series of empirical formulas among the coseismic displacement, magnitude, and surface rupture length about the strike-slip faults. We used the coseismic displacement of 5m to infer the magnitude and surface rupture length of the Anqiu earthquake, and the results show that the earthquake magnitude mostly ranges from 7.5 to 7.7 and the surface rupture length is about 100km. According to previous historical records, when the 70BC Anqiu earthquake struck, the quake was felt strongly in the city of Xi 'an, hundreds of kilometers away. Therefore, combined with the calculation results and the fact that only the 70BC Anqiu earthquake was recorded in the NAJF, if the coseismic displacement of 5m was caused by the Anqiu earthquake, its magnitude may be undervalued, and the actual magnitude should be above 7.5. At the same time, the latest paleoearthquake event on Juxian-Mengyan segment is(2 140±190)a BP ago, close to the Anqiu earthquake in 70BC. Therefore, due to the calculation results of the surface rupture length of 100km, the Anqiu earthquake may have caused the cascade rupture of Anqiu-Mengtong, Qingfengling, and Juxian-Mengyan segments. Or the characteristic displacement of 5m indicates another paleoearthquake event, and the seismogenic fault of the 70BC Anqiu M7 earthquake is the Changyi-Nanliu segment, because there are more evidences of Holocene activity observed in this segment. However, since there has been no strong earthquake in this segment for more than 2 000a and various evidences have indicated that this segment has the ability of generating strong earthquake, high attention should be paid to the seismic risk in this area in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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STUDY ON THE RECENT DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTIC AND STRUCTURAL DEFORMATION MODEL OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN MARGIN OF ORDOS BLOCK LIU Rui-chun, ZHANG Jin, GUO Wen-feng, CHEN Hui, ZHENG Ya-di, CHENG Cheng SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2021, 43 (3): 540-558.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.03.005 Abstract （429）   HTML    PDF（pc） （5275KB）（450）       Knowledge map    Save The southeastern margin of the Ordos block is a key area for dynamic transformation from collision and compression in the western part of the Chinese mainland to extension in the east, and also is the junction of the NE-SW trending structure in the north and near the E-W trending structure in the south of the North China block. The tectonic activity in the southeastern margin of the Ordos block is intense. In this region, the Houma-Yuncheng section is a noteworthy area for medium- and long-term large earthquake risk determined by China Earthquake Administration, which involves three tectonic units: Linfen Basin, Yuncheng Basin and Emei Platform. The potential seismogenic faults include the Hancheng Fault, the southern margin fault of Emei Platform and the piedmont fault of Zhongtiao Mountains. Because the neotectonic movement in this region is mainly dominated by strong differential movement, it is important to estimate the fault kinematics parameters based on the high-resolution vertical crustal movement observation constraints. Fault locking depth and slip rate are important indicators to judge the risk of future earthquakes. When the accumulation time of fault seismic moment and fault length are given, the larger fault locking depth and higher slip rate will cause the greater energy accumulation and stronger future earthquakes risk of the fault. Based on the traditional leveling and GPS data, previous studies found that the southeastern margin of the Ordos block is perhaps experiencing strong tectonic movement. However, the measuring point density of the above technical means is difficult to satisfy the quantitative study of the current activity characteristics of specific faults. Therefore, the interferogram stacking technique is used to obtain the spatial high-resolution InSAR average deformation rate field of the study area based on the Radarsat -2 wide-mode image in this paper firstly. At the same time, the three-component velocity of GPS continuous station in the study area is projected into the radar line of sight direction. After unifying the reference datum, comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of InSAR results. The results show that the standard deviation of the difference between the short-term InSAR and the long-term GPS observation values is 2.7mm. The annual crustal deformation field obtained by using the interferogram stacking technology in the study area has a high accuracy, which can reflect the characteristics of regional crustal movement. It also indicates that the regional crustal short-term deformation is consistent with the long-term deformation. Secondly, the dip-slip fault dislocation model and particle swarm optimization(PSO)were used to invert the main fault slip rate and locking depth, the inversion was repeated 1 000 times, and the optimum estimate of parameters was obtained by statistical analysis of results and uncertainty. The fault slip rate and locking depth data approximately obey the normal distribution, and the stability is good; the dip angles of faults are skewed but concentrated. The above results show that the fault movement parameters obtained from InSAR deformation field inversion are reliable and can be used for regional tectonic movement analysis. Finally, based on the data of regional geological structure, fault slip rate, fault locking depth and present seismic activity, this paper analyzes the variation characteristics of InSAR deformation field, and discusses the fault tectonic movement mode, future seismic risk and regional tectonic deformation pattern in the southeastern margin of Ordos. The results show that the tectonic and nontectonic deformations are superimposed on the southeastern margin of Ordos. Tectonic deformation mainly occurs near active faults, which is related to fault slip rate and closure depth. Nontectonic deformation mainly occurs in the Quaternary strata inside the basin, which is related to the thickness of the aquifer and the amount of groundwater extraction, and the maximum can reach 5cm/a. The slip rate of the fault at the northern foot of the Zhongtiao Mountains and the northern margin of the Emei Platform is 0.37mm/a and 0.74mm/a, and the blocking depth is 3.4km and 4.3km, which are relatively shallow. It may indicate that the fault was not completely closed after the last strong earthquake and is dominated by shallow seismic activity. The slip rate of the fault on the southern margin of the Emei Platform is 0.47mm/a, and the closure depth is 0.95km, indicating that the faults are mainly creepy. The counterclockwise rotation of the Ordos block and the eastward extrusion and escape of the Qinling Mountains formed a quasi-triple junction structural area on the southeastern margin of Ordos, characterized by strike-slip-extension transition. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH ON SURFACE RUPTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 2022 QINGHAI MENYUAN MS6.9 EARTHQUAKE GAI Hai-long, LI Zhi-min, YAO Sheng-hai, LI Xin SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2022, 44 (1): 238-255.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.01.015 Abstract （876）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （22330KB）（433）       Knowledge map    Save At 01:45 on January 8, 2022, Beijing Time, an MS6.9 earthquake occurred in Menyuan County, Haibei Prefecture, Qinghai Province, with a focal depth of 10km. The microscopic(instrument)epicenter is located at 37.77°N latitude and 101.26°E longitude in the intersection between the Toleshan fault zone and the Lenglongling fault zone in the northern Qilian-Qaidam block. The epicenter is 54km away from Menyuan County in Qinghai, 99km away from Qilian County, 100km away from Haiyan County, 83km away from Minle County in Gansu Province, 83km away from Yongchang County, and 141km away from Xining City. When the earthquake occurred, Menyuan County and Xining City, the capital of Qinghai Province, were strongly felt, and Yinchuan, Lanzhou, Xi'an and many other places were felt. At the same time, affected by the earthquake, the Lanxin high-speed rail line, an important railway transportation hub of the Belt and Road, was suspended. This earthquake is the largest earthquake in the world since 2022. It is also another earthquake of magnitude 6.0 or above in Qinghai Province following the Maduo MS7.4 earthquake on May 22, 2021. Besides, this earthquake is the event with the highest magnitude and the longest surface rupture in the region after the two M6.4 Menyuan earthquakes of August 26, 1986 and January 21, 2016. Therefore, this earthquake has attracted much attention from the society. The coseismic surface rupture distribution, combination characteristics, development properties and coseismic displacement of this earthquake were identified in time to help to have a correct understanding of the earthquake seismogenic structure, rupture process, and assessment of short-term earthquake hazards. It is also of great significance for major project route selection, earthquake fortification and rescue and disaster relief. On the basis of the on-site seismic geological investigation, based on the interpretation and analysis of high-resolution satellite remote sensing images, and combined with the low-altitude photogrammetry of unmanned aerial vehicles(DJI PHANTOM 4RTK), the author obtained the coseismic rupture data of five typical sites along the surface rupture zone generated by the earthquake. Using Agisoft Metashape Professional software to process the aerial photos of each section indoors, a high-resolution orthophoto map(DOM)was generated. At the same time, the five typical earthquake surface rupture sections were described in detail in ArcGIS Pro software based on the orthophoto map. Preliminary research shows that the surface rupture zone of the Menyuan MS6.9 earthquake is more than 22km long and consists of the main rupture of the northern branch and the secondary rupture of the southern branch. The north branch main rupture zone is distributed in the middle-western segment of the Lenglongling Fault of central Haiyuan fault zone, with a length of more than 18km and an overall strike of 295°. The maximum co-seismic horizontal displacement is located in the middle of the rupture zone at Liuhuangou(37.799°N, 101.2607°E), which is about 3.1m and gradually decays towards both ends. The secondary rupture of the southern branch is distributed on the local segments of the eastern Toleshan Fault in the central-western Haiyuan fault zone, with a length of about 4km and a strike of 275°, constituting a secondary branch rupture zone arranged in a left-stepped en-echelon pattern to the western segment of the main rupture zone. There are en-echelon extensional stepovers between the two rupture zones of the north and south branches. The whole surface rupture zone is mainly composed of linear shear cracks, oblique tension cracks, tension-shear cracks, compressional bulges and other structural types. The coseismic surface rupture has the characteristic of typical left-lateral strike-slip motion with a thrust component, and the maximum vertical dislocation is 0.8m. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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STUDY ON FOCAL MECHANISM SOLUTION AND STRESS FIELD CHARACTERISTICS IN SICHUAN AND YUNNAN AREA ZHANG Zhi-wei, LONG Feng, ZHAO Xiao-yan, WANG Di SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2022, 44 (1): 170-187.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.01.011 Abstract （796）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （10401KB）（429）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the focal mechanism solutions of 2 600 ML≥3.0 earthquakes in Sichuan and Yunnan area from January 2000 to March 2017, the focal mechanism quantitative classification and stress field inversion are carried out for the sub blocks and fault zones with relatively dense focal mechanisms. Using the focal mechanism solutions of 727 ML≥4.0 earthquakes from January 1970 to March 2017, the regional stress tensor damping method is used to inverse the spatial distribution of principal compressive stress in Sichuan and Yunnan area before and after Wenchuan MS8.0 and Lushan MS7.0 earthquakes, and the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of current stress field are discussed. The focal mechanisms are distributed mainly in Longmenshan fault zone, Xianshuihe-Anninghe-Zemuhe-Xiaojiang fault zone, Mabian-Yanjin fault zone, Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault zone, the central Yunnan block, the west Yunnan block and the southwest Yunnan block in Sichuan and Yunnan area. The focal mechanism is mainly strike slip type in Sichuan and Yunnan area, but there are local differences. The Longmenshan fault zone is dominated by thrust type earthquakes, while in the Mabian-Yanjin fault zone, there are relatively more strike slip and thrust type earthquakes. The types of earthquakes in Sichuan Basin are complex, and there is no obvious dominant type. In general, the focal mechanisms of the Longmenshan fault zone and Sichuan Basin earthquakes are affected by strong earthquake and other factors, and the focal mechanism types have good inheritance in Sichuan and Yunnan area. The stress field in Sichuan and Yunnan area has obvious subarea characteristics, and it rotates clockwise from north to south. The compressive stress in Longmenshan fault zone and Sichuan Basin shows nearly EW direction. It shows NWW direction in the eastern boundary of Sichuan and Yunnan rhombic block and NNW direction in the inner part of rhombic, while it shows NNE direction in the western and southern Yunnan blocks. The principal compressive stress in Sichuan is more complex than that in Yunnan. The principal compressive stress direction in Sichuan experiences EW-NW-EW rotation from west to east, the dip angle is steep in the west and slow in the east, and the stress regime also experiences the transition from normal faulting to strike-slip to thrust. The principal compressive stress direction in Yunnan is NNE in the west and NNW in the east, forming an inverted “V” shape in space, the stress regime is mainly strike-slip and the dip angle is horizontal. Before and after the Wenchuan MS8.0 and Lushan MS7.0 strong earthquakes, the stress field in the Longmenshan fault zone changed greatly, followed by the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas, and there was no obvious change in other areas of Sichuan and Yunnan. The stress field in the Longmenshan fault zone experienced a complete transformation process from basic stress field to variable stress field to basic stress field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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SURFACE RUPTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MENYUAN MS6.9 EARTHQUAKE ON JANUARY 8, 2022, QINGHAI PROVINCE LIANG Kuan, HE Zhong-tai, JIANG Wen-liang, LI Yong-sheng, LIU Ze-min SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2022, 44 (1): 256-278.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.01.016 Abstract （969）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （24460KB）（427）       Knowledge map    Save At 1:45 on January 8, 2022, a MS6.9 earthquake occurred in Menyuan County, Haibei Prefecture, Qinghai Province. The epicenter(37.77°N, 101.26°E)is located in the western segment of the Lenglongling Fault of the Qilian-Haiyuan fault zone, with a focal depth of 10km. The earthquake is located in the northwest of the MS6.4 Menyuan earthquake on January 21, 2016. According to the survey results of China Earthquake Administration, the highest intensity of this earthquake is IX degree, and the long axis of the isoseismic line is NWW-striking. The earthquake caused serious damage to the Daliang Tunnel between Haomen Station and Junmachang Station, and the Lanxin high-speed railway was interrupted. After the earthquake, the distribution of the earthquake surface rupture zone was quickly determined by interpreting the GF-7 satellite post-earthquake images, and the field surface rupture investigation was carried out at the epicenter site in the first time. The field investigation mainly includes the identification of surface rupture zones, the investigation of rupture characteristics, the survey of fault geomorphology, the high-precision aerial photogrammetry of typical rupture points, the identification and measurement of coseismic dislocation, and the investigation of earthquake disasters. Aerial photogrammetry realizes real-time difference through UAV linked network RTK, and takes high-definition photos from multiple angles. Pix4D software is used to complete calculation and point cloud encryption, etc. DSM (Digital Surface Model) and DOM (Digital Orthophoto Map) are generated for surface rupture space reproduction and feature measurement and analysis. According to the interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing images by GF-7 satellite and field investigation, the surface rupture of MS6.9 Menyuan earthquake can be divided into NW-striking western segment of Lenglongling Fault and EW-striking eastern segment of Tuolaishan Fault. The two surface ruptures are 291° and 86.9°, respectively, and their lengths are not less than 26km and 3.5km respectively. We made detailed observation and measurement on the Jingyangling site, Daogou site, east Daogou site, Shixiamen site, the seven sites along the Liuhuanggou on the Lenglongling Fault, and the Yangchangzigou site on the Tuolaishan Fault. The surface rupture zone is mainly a complex coseismic surface deformation zone formed by the combination of multiple types of fractures, such as tensional fracture, tensional shear fracture, compression bulge and seismic depression, and characterized by sinistral strike-slip motion and partly by thrusting. Generally, the NW-striking ruptures exhibit left-lateral strike-slip characteristics, while NW-striking branch ruptures exhibit a small amount of right-lateral strike-slip characteristics. At Shixiamen site, four pasture fences were continuously offset left-laterally by 2.0~2.15m. At the Daliang Tunel site, the rut was offset left-laterally by 2.77m measured by UAV, which is the largest co-seismic left-lateral displacement of this earthquake. Based on high-resolution remote sensing image interpretation, field investigation, InSAR inversion of focal mechanism, fault rupture model and small earthquake precision location, it is determined that the earthquake occurred at the deep intersection of the Tuolaishan Fault and Lenglongling Fault, and the main seismogenic structure is the western segment of Lenglongling Fault(strike 112°, dip 88°). The Tuolaishan Fault on its west side ruptured simultaneously at the east end. According to the distribution characteristics of the surface ruptures and the field investigation of this earthquake, we believe that the Lenglongling Fault continues to extend westward after passing through the Liuhuanggou No. 1 site until the Jingyangling site, and the NWW-striking Lenglongling Fault has a “Y”-shaped contact relationship with the EW-striking Tuolaishan Fault. The 1986 MS6.4 earthquake occurred at the northwestern end of the Lenglongling North Fault, which protrudes in an arc toward NE, and the 2016 MS6.4 earthquake occurred at the southeastern end of the fault. Affected by the left-lateral strike-slip movement of the Lenglongling Fault, the small block bounded by the Lenglongling Fault and the Lenglongling North Fault also moves in the direction of SEE relative to the northern block. Therefore, the 1986 MS6.4 earthquake showed tensile properties, and the 2016 MS6.4 earthquake showed compression properties. The seismogenic structure of the Menyuan MS6.9 earthquake is the Lenglongling Fault, so the earthquake is mainly characterized by left-lateral strike-slip. The MS6.4 earthquake in 1986, MS6.4 earthquake in 2016 and MS6.9 earthquake in 2022all occurred in the western section of Lenglongling Fault. Three strong earthquakes of M>6 occurred in a short period of time, indicating that this area is still an accumulation area of stress and deformation, and has the potential risk of large earthquakes. Due to the limitation of the data range of the Gaofen-7 satellite image and the inconvenience of traffic caused by the icing of the river, the location of the easternmost end point of the rupture and the exact length of the rupture have not been determined in this field investigation. We hope that follow-up studies will be carried out to confirm the rupture length when weather conditions are appropriate. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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CRUSTAL VELOCITY STRUCTURE BENEATH THE SOUTHERN LIAONING PROVINCE DERIVED FROM DOUBLE DIFFERENCE TOMOGRAPHY WANG Liang, JIAO Ming-ruo, QIAN Rui, ZHANG Bo, YANG Shi-chao, SHAO Yuan-yuan SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2022, 44 (2): 378-394.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.02.007 Abstract （440）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （14665KB）（419）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the southern Liaoning Province is the main area of seismic activity in Liaoning Province, and the main geological structure units in this area include the Liaohe rift and Liaodong uplift in the east. As an important manifestation of modern tectonic activity, earthquakes are less distributed in Liaohe rift. Most of the seismic activities are concentrated in eastern Liaoning uplift area on the east side of Liaohe rift. The structure in this area is relatively complex. The revival of old faults during Quaternary is obvious, and there are more than 10 Quaternary faults. Among them, Haichenghe Fault and Jinzhou Fault are the faults with most earthquakes. The 1975 Haicheng MS7.3 earthquake occurred in the Haichenghe Fault and the 1999 Xiuyan MS5.4 earthquake occurred in the east of the fault. In this paper, the seismic phase bulletins are used for earthquakes from August 1975 to December 2017 recorded by 67 regional seismic stations of Liaoning Province. These stations were transformed during the Tenth Five-year Plan period. Using the double-difference tomography and tomoDD program, we relocated the earthquakes and inversed the velocity structures of the southern Liaoning area. In the study, grid method is used for model parameterization of seismic tomography, ART-PB is used for forward calculation, damped least square method is used in inversion, and checkerboard test is used for the solution evaluation. The theoretical travel time is forward calculated by taking the checkerboard velocity model of imaging meshing and plus or minus 5% of anomaly as the theoretical model. The checkerboard test results show that the checkerboard P-wave velocity model at the depths of 4km, 13km, 24km and 35km in the study area can be restored completely, and most areas at the depth of 33km can also be restored completely. We calculated and got the relocations of almost all of the earthquakes in southern Liaoning area and obtained a better distribution of P wave velocities at the depth of 4km, 13km, 24km and 33km. The results show that earthquakes mainly concentrated in two areas: the Haicheng aftershock area and the Gaizhou earthquake swarm activity area. The distribution of seismicity in this area is obvious in NW direction. The result of P-wave tomography in 4km depth indicates the consistent characteristics of shallow velocity structure with the surface geological structure in southern Liaoning Province area. The two sides of the Tanlu fault zone are characterized by different velocity structures. The high and low velocity discontinuities are located in the Tan Lu fault zone, which is in good agreement with the geological structure of the region. In Haichenghe Fault in the Haicheng aftershock area, there are high-velocity zone in the shallow layer and low-velocity zone in the depth of 4~12km, and the low-velocity zone intrudes and deepens eastward. The Xiuyan earthquake with MS5.4 in 1999 occurred on the boundary section of high and low velocity zones. At the same time, there is a gap between Xiuyan and Haicheng sequences, which is located at the junction of high and low velocities, and there is a significant low-velocity zone underground in the region. From the perspective of mechanism of the seismogenic model, this velocity structure model may generate large earthquakes. There are high-velocity zones at the ends of different segments of Jinzhou Fault, and the Gaizhou earthquake swarm occurred in the high-velocity area at the end of the fault. It is speculated that the activity of the Gaizhou earthquake swarm may be caused by the rise of water saturation in rocks due to the intrusion of liquid under the condition of stress accumulation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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STUDY OF CRUSTAL TOMOGRAPHY AND PRECISE EARTHQUAKE LOCATION IN YANGBI AREA, YUNNAN PROVINCE YIN Xin-xin, JIANG Chang-sheng, CAI Run, GUO Xiang-yun, JIANG Cong, WANG Zu-dong, ZOU Xiao-bo SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (4): 864-880.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.04.008 Abstract （574）   HTML （36）    PDF（pc） （11709KB）（410）       Knowledge map    Save The occurrence of strong earthquake is closely related to the distribution of crustal velocity anomalies. Some studies have shown that strong earthquakes occur in the transition zone between high-velocity anomalies and low-velocity anomalies in the middle and upper crust or inside the low-velocity anomaly zone. Thus, high-resolution imaging of the velocity structure in the seismic source area and accurate earthquake location can assist the evaluation of seismogenic settings of strong earthquakes. On May 21, 2021, an MS6.4 earthquake occurred in Yangbi, Yunnan with casualties and property losses. The epicenter region of the Yangbi earthquake is in the western Yunnan area of the Sichuan-Yunnan block, which is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and characterized with intensive tectonic activity. Previous studies in this area are mostly on regional scales, and lacking on the three-dimensional fine crustal velocity structure in the Yangbi earthquakes area. To investigate the seismogenic environment and source characteristics of the 2021 Yangbi MS6.4 sequence in Yunnan, we used the P-wave and S-wave arrival data of 12 652 earthquakes recorded by both the Yunnan regional digital network and the mobile observation arrays over a 10-year period(May 1, 2011, to May 31, 2021) and obtained the average VP/VS ratio of 1.79 via fitting the P-wave and S-wave arrival-time curves with the Wadati method. The magnitude ranges from MS0.0 to MS6.4, and the original focal depth ranges from 0 to 35km. To ensure the reliability of the calculation results, at least 4 stations records are required, and the maximum station azimuth gap allowed is 120°. Furthermore, the event-station distance is restricted to 400km and only earthquakes with travel time residuals<0.5s are retained. Our final velocity model is further refined via gridding(i.e., nodes)with an optimal horizontal grid of 0.25°×0.25° and a range between 0~65km vertically. A checkerboard test is also conduced to validate our inversion results. The test results showed that the recovery degree is high except for the depths of 0 and 65km, which were impacted by the uneven seismic distribution and rays. The high degree of recovery of 5~45km suggests high-resolution and robust imaging at these depths. Finally, the double-difference tomography method(TomoDD)was used to invert the three-dimensional P-wave and S-wave velocity structures in the Yangbi and its surrounding areas(24.5°~26.5°N, 99°~101°E). According to the result of precise location, the MS6.4 main shock is located at 99.89°E, 25.70°N with a focal depth of 7.9km. The Yangbi MS6.4 earthquake sequence is mainly distributed along the NW direction. Least-squares fitting prefers a~20km long axis with a strike of 312°, and the hypocenter depths are 5~20km. In general, the studied sequence is shallow and located within the upper crust, consistent with the depth distribution characteristics of historical earthquakes in this area. According to the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the aftershock sequence, the aftershocks of the MS6.4 earthquake mainly spread unilaterally toward SE direction. Thus, we speculate that the overall medium in the NW of the mainshock is rigid and hinders aftershocks evolution. On the north side of the MS6.4 mainshock epicenter, a group of earthquakes spread along the NNE direction and extended to the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault that hosted the MS4.1 earthquake on May 27, 2021. Considering the geological and structural background, we believe this earthquake occurred on a parallel but unmapped fault on the SE side of the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault. In contrast, the earthquakes spreading in the NNE direction on the north side of the main shock maybe occurred on an unknown fault in the NNE direction. Therefore, the two faults form a conjugate structure. From the imaging results, the upper crustal velocity structure in the study area is consistent with the geological structure changes and the active faults, where the velocities are low. At 0km depth, the extremely low P-wave and S-wave velocities may reflect impacts from surface sediments. A velocity contrast is observed at a depth of 5km near the mainshock. In addition, a high-velocity anomaly was observed to the southeast side of the mainshock at 10-km depth, with a length of about 0.6°(EW)and a width of about 0.2°(SN). Within the depth range of 10~20km, the distribution of earthquakes near the mainshock shows a clear strip-like distribution, delineating the geometry of the fault. The velocity structure and seismic relocation results at 10-km depth suggest that majority of the events locate around the high-velocity anomaly on the west side of the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault. From the AA' profile, both P- and S-wave velocities suggest high-velocity anomalies in the SE direction of the mainshock. Combining with the distribution characteristics of aftershocks, the non-uniform variations of velocity structure are probably the major factor controlling the distribution of aftershocks, leading to the aftershock distribution extending along the SE direction. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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PROGRESS AND RESEARCH OF PALEOALTITUDE RECON-STRUCTION OF CENOZOIC BASINS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN TIBET PLATEAU TANG Mao-yun, LIU-ZENG Jing, LI Cui-ping, WANG Wei, ZHANG Jin-yu, XU Qiang SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2021, 43 (3): 576-599.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.03.007 Abstract （636）   HTML    PDF（pc） （6314KB）（381）       Knowledge map    Save The elevation evolution history of the southeastern Tibet Plateau is of great significance for examining the deformation mechanism of the plateau boundary and understanding the interior geodynamic mechanics. It provides an important window to inspect the uplift and deformation processes of the Tibet Plateau, and also an important way to test two controversial dynamic end-element models of the Plateau boundary. In recent years, some breakthroughs have been made in the study of paleoaltitudes in the southeastern Tibet Plateau, which allows us to have a clearer understanding of its evolution process and dynamic mechanism. By reviewing and recalculation of the latest achievements of paleo-altitude studies of the basins in the southeastern Tibet Plateau from north to south, including the Nangqian Basin, Gongjue Basin, Mangkang Basin, Liming-Jianchuan-Lanping Basin, Eryuan Basin, Nuhe Basin and Chake-Xiaolongtan Basin, we discuss the surface elevation evolution framework of the Cenozoic geomorphology and dynamics in the southeastern Tibet Plateau. The results show as follows: (1)There was an early Eocene-Oligocene quasi plateau with an altitude of at least 2.5km from the north to middle of the southeastern Tibet Plateau(north of Dali), while the surface elevation in the south(south of Dali to Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau)was relatively low, even close to sea level. Until Miocene, the north to middle of the southeastern Tibet Plateau reached the present altitude, while the southern part of the Tibet Plateau showed a differential surface uplift trend, which established the present geomorphologic pattern. But it cannot be completely ruled out that this trend was probably caused by the accuracy of the calculation results. (2)The quantitative constraints on the uplift process of the southeastern Tibet Plateau during Cenozoic provide certain constraints for the dynamic mechanism of geomorphic evolution in the southeastern Tibet Plateau. The northern and central parts of the southeastern Tibet Plateau can be well explained by the plate extrusion model. In this model, the collision and convergence between India and Eurasia plate or Qiangtang block and Songpan-Ganzi block resulted in the shortening and thickening of the upper crust in the region, and making the early stage(early Eocene)surface uplift. Subsequently, due to delamination or the continuous convergence between the Qiangtang block and the Songpan-Ganzi block resulting in the shortening and thickening of the crust, the plateau continued to grow northward and rose to its present altitude around Miocene. In the Eocene, the area from the south of the southeastern Tibetan plateau to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau mainly showed a low altitude. It seems that it may be in the peripheral area not affected by the shortening and thickening of the upper crust during the early stage India-Eurasia plate collision or plate extrusion and escape. In addition, as proposed by the lower crustal channel flow model, the lower crust material made the low-relief upland surface extending thousands of kilometers in the region uplift gradually towards the southeast, which seems to explain the low elevation landform of the region in the early stage, but it could not explain the whole uplift process of the southeastern Tibet Plateau. Therefore, a single dynamic model may not be able to perfectly explain the Cenozoic complex uplift process of the southeastern Tibet Plateau, and its process may be controlled by various dynamic processes. (3)According to the paleoaltitude reconstruction results, if most areas of the ancient southeastern Tibet Plateau, especially the area to the north of Jianchuan Basin, had been uplifted in a certain scale and became part of the early plateau in the early Cenozoic, and reached to the current surface altitude around Miocene, the widely rapid surface erosion in this area since Miocene probably would be a continuous lag response to the finished surface uplift process, and the lag time may correspond to the sequential response process of surface uplift, the decline of river erosion base level and the gradual enhancement of river erosion capacity. Therefore, it is not proper to regard the rapid denudation and rapid river undercutting as the starting time of plateau uplift, as proposed in the previous thermochronological study. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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RESEARCH ON IDENTIFICATION OF SEISMIC EVENTS BASED ON DEEP LEARNING: TAKING THE RECORDS OF SHANDONG SEISMIC NETWORK AS AN EXAMPLE ZHOU Shao-hui, JIANG Hai-kun, LI Jian, QU Jun-hao, ZHENG Chen-chen, LI Ya-jun, ZHANG Zhi-hui, GUO Zong-bin SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2021, 43 (3): 663-676.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.03.012 Abstract （766）   HTML    PDF（pc） （3002KB）（381）       Knowledge map    Save In order to realize the rapid and efficient identification of earthquakes, blasting and collapse events, this paper applies the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)in deep learning technology to design a deep learning training module based on single station waveform recording of single event and a real-time test module based on multiple stations waveform recording of single event. On the basis of ensuring that the data is comprehensive, objective and original, the three-component waveforms of the first five stations that recorded the P-wave arrival time of each event are input, and the current mainstream convolutional neural network structures are used for learning test. The four main convolutional neural network structures of AlexNet, VGG16, VGG19 and GoogLeNet are used for learning training, and the learning effects of different network structures are compared and analyzed. The results show that in the training process of various convolutional neural network structures, the accuracy rate and the cost function curve of the training set and the test set of each network are basically the same. The accuracy rate increases gradually with the increase of the training times and exceeds 90%, and finally stabilizes around a certain value. The cost function curve decreases rapidly with the increase of the training times, and eventually the stability does not change near a relatively small value. At the same time, over-fitting occurred in all convolutional neural network structures during training, except for AlexNet. In the end, the cost function of each type of structural training set and test set is finally lower than 0.194, and the recognition accuracy of each type of structure for training sets and test sets is over 93%. Among them, the recognition accuracy of AlexNet network structure is the highest, the accuracy of the training set of AlexNet network structure is as high as 100%, the test set is 98.51%, and no overfitting occurred; the accuracy of VGG16 and VGG19 network structure comes second, and the recognition accuracy of GoogLeNet network structure is relatively low, and the trend curves of the accuracy and cost function in training and test set of each network in the training process are basically the same. Subsequently, in order to test the event discrimination efficiency of the CNN in deep learning in the real-time operation of the digital seismic network, we select the trained AlexNet convolutional neural network to perform event type determination test based on the waveform recording of multiple stations of a single event. The final result shows that the types of a total of 89 events are accurately identified in the 110 events with M ≥0.7 recorded by Shandong seismic network, and the accuracy rate is about 80.9%. Among them, the accuracy rate of natural earthquake is about 74.6%, that of explosion is about 90.9%, and that of collapse is 100%. The recognition accuracy of collapse and explosion events is relatively high, and it basically reaches or exceeds the recognition accuracy of manual determination in the daily work of the seismic network. The accuracy of natural earthquake identification is relatively low. Among the 18 misidentified natural earthquakes, up to 13 events were judged as blasting or difficult to identify due to distortion of waveforms recorded by some stations(They are determined to be explosion and earthquake each by the records of two of the five stations). If sloughing off the recognition type error events caused by waveform distortion due to the background noise interference that overwhelms the real event waveform or waveform drift, the recognition accuracy of earthquake will become 91.4%, and the recognition accuracy of all events will increase from 80.9%to 91.7%, which is basically equivalent to the recognition accuracy of manual judgment in the daily work of the seismic network. This indicates that deep learning can quickly and efficiently realize the type identification of earthquake, blasting and collapse events. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACTIVITY OF JINSHA RIVER FAULT ZONE AND LARGE-SCALE LANDSLIDES: A CASE STUDY OF THE SECTION BETWEEN NARONG AND RONGXUE ALONG THE JINSHA RIVER CHANG Hao, CHANG Zu-feng, LIU Chang-wei SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (6): 1435-1458.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.06.006 Abstract （846）   HTML （24）    PDF（pc） （19495KB）（365）       Knowledge map    Save The relationship between large-scale landslides and active faults has attracted much attention. From the point of view of active tectonics and disaster geology, the late Quaternary activity of the Jinsha River fault zone is investigated and studied, and the relationship between large-scale landslides and activity of the Jinsha River fault zone is emphatically analyzed. The Jinsha River fault zone was formed during the closure of the Paleotethys Ocean. According to the distribution of the 5km-wide ophiolitic melange zone, the ultramafic rock zone, and the local migmatization and progressive metamorphism around the Variscan intermediate acid intrusive rock mass distributed along the fault, it is inferred that the fault zone was once a strongly active superlithospheric fault zone with obvious compressive properties. The Jinsha River fault zone is a large-scale, long-term active suture structure, with many branches, forming a 50km wide structural fracture zone. Affected by the eastward compression of the Tibet Plateau, it has changed into a strike-slip fault zone characterized by dextral shear since Pliocene. In the study area, the fault landforms are clear along the Zengdatong, Xulong, Nizhong, Lifu-riyu, Langzhong and Guxue faults, which are mainly manifested as straight fault trough, linear ridge, fault scarp, and directional aligned fault facets. Results of field geological and geomorphological investigation and chronology show that the late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits are faulted, indicating the faults are active during the late Quaternary and dominated by dextral strike-slip with an average horizontal slip rate of 3.5~4.3mm/a in Holocene. The study area is located in the middle and north of the world-famous Jinsha River suture of the north-south structural belt in Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet, and the geological structural conditions are very complex. The main structural line is distributed in NS direction, interwoven with NE and NW faults and fold axes in network shape, and the structure is complex. Strong neotectonic movement, huge topographic elevation difference, steep mountains, dry-hot valleys microclimate and other factors have caused serious internal dynamic geological disasters on both banks of Jinsha River. The landslide in the area has the characteristics of high frequency, large scale and serious damage. There are 23 large-scale and super large-scale landslides in the main stream and its tributaries of Jinsha River within the 38km-long section from Narong to Rongxue. Most of them are super large-scale landslides with a volume of more than 10 million cubic meters, even have a volume of more than 100 million cubic meters. Most of the landslides are located within 1km on both sides of faults, and many of them are developed on the fault zone. The occurrence of these large-scale landslides is closely related to the long-term activity, evolution history and complex structure of Jinsha River fault zone along the river, as a result, the rock mass structure gets fragmented and the continuous tectonic activity becomes the main cause of landslides. Active faulting is the fundamental controlling factor for the occurrence of large landslides along the river, especially for large landslides, and is an important internal dynamic condition for the formation of landslides. Further analysis of the fault structure shows that landslide is closely related to the movement evolution history of Jinsha River fault zone. Special structural combination parts(mechanical mechanism)such as closely adjacent faults, acute angle area of fault intersection, right turning parts of the faults and the intersection area between the main faults and the transverse faults are the key sites where the tectonic stress is easy to concentrate, thus conducive to generating large-scale landslides. Many large landslides occur in these structural parts. The controlling effect of active faults on landslides is not only embodied in the process of large earthquakes, but also can lead to the intensive occurrence of large and super large landslides in a natural state(non seismic action). This research has positive scientific significance for understanding the formation mechanism and development law of landslides on both sides of Jinsha River, and for understanding the relationship between fault activities and large landslides. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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ZHANG Zhi-liang, LIU Jin-rui, ZHANG Hao-bo, ZHANG Zhong-bao, HA Guang-hao, MIN Wei, NIE Jun-sheng, REN Zhi-kun SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (6): 1351-1367.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.06.001 Abstract （873）   HTML （203）    PDF（pc） （3722KB）（361）       Knowledge map    Save As the key area of interaction between land and sea, continental shelf is important for the tectonic evolution of continent, sea-land change, sea level eustacy and climate change. Due to the limits of different methods, the understanding of the chronology and potential geological information of the sediments on the continental shelf is not enough. The South China Sea, as the largest marginal sea of the West Pacific, is not only one of the most active areas of marine sedimentation in the world, but also the typical region of the interaction between land and sea. As the main sedimentary area of the East Asia, the South China Sea has received increasing academic research attention. At present, the researches mostly focus on the deep-sea sediments because they are continuous and can record stable signals, even though the relative slow deposition and low resolution. Comparatively, the shallow continental shelf deposits with faster sedimentary rate and higher resolution can provide important geological materials for studying the high-resolution chronology and paleoenvironment. However, the sedimentary signals recorded by the continental shelf sediments are unstable and even missing due to the turbulence of the sedimentary environment of the continental shelf. There are relatively few studies on the continental shelf sediments of the South China Sea, especially the high-resolution chronology of cores, thus limiting the understanding of tectonic and climate evolution of the South China Sea. In order to better constrain the geological chronology of the Late Pleistocene continental shelf sediments in northern South China Sea, study the paleoenvironmental signals in the continental shelf sediments and discuss the driving mechanism of the climate changes in East Asia and provide the chronological framework for the study of marine active tectonics in the South China Sea, the comparison between magnetic susceptibility and Marine Oxygen Isotope based on microscopic paleonotological fossils and carbon isotopic age(14C)was studied on the Core DG in this paper. Additionally, the results of sediments color and pollens were used to study the paleoclimatic implications. The results of magnetic susceptibility suggest that the chronology of the sediments of Core DG can be constrained from MIS 1 to MIS 9, with the age of the bottom being about 300ka. The relative high and low values of magnetic susceptibility correspond to interglacial and glacial periods, respectively. This is consistent with the paleoclimatic signals evidenced by the changes of pollen and color parameters in the DG core sediments. Therefore, we suggest that the magnetic susceptibility of continental shelf sediments can be affected by the changes of climate. During glacial periods, the relative cold weather, shallow water and increased transportation distance of the sediments resulted in the enhanced oxidation and the formation of minerals with weak magnetic susceptibility(such as hematite), thus the magnetic susceptibility decreased and the redness increased in the sediments. However, during interglacial periods, the relative warm and wet climate, together with the decreased transportation distance of the sediments, led to the formation of minerals with strong magnetic susceptibility(such as magnetite), thus the magnetic susceptibility enhanced significantly and the redness decreased in the sediments. Therefore, the variations of the magnetic susceptibility in the continental shelf sediments in the northern part of the South China Sea can reflect the glacial-interglacial cycles in the East Asia since the late Pleistocene. In conclusion, as a relative dating method used in the unconsolidated sediments in the late Quaternary, the comparison between magnetic susceptibility and Marine Oxygen Isotope is applicative and reliable in constraining the chronology of the Late Pleistocene continental shelf sediments in northern South China Sea, thus providing a new reference for studying and correlating the continental shelf sediments, which can be used reasonably in the Quaternary chronology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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TECTONIC GEOMORPHIC FEATURES AND GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SHIDIQUAN ANTICLINE IN THE NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE QAIDAM BASIN DONG Jin-yuan, LI Chuan-you, ZHENG Wen-jun, LI Tao, LI Xin-nan, REN Guang-xue, LUO Quan-xing SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2021, 43 (3): 521-539.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.03.004 Abstract （518）   HTML    PDF（pc） （11794KB）（356）       Knowledge map    Save In the process of intense compression and shortening of the orogenic belt, a series of thrust faults and folds related to reverse faults developed in the piedmont. Determining the kinematic characteristics of these reverse faults and folds is of great significance for understanding the deformation mode of the orogenic belt. The Qilian Shan is located on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau and is the front edge of the plateau expansion. The area has undergone strong tectonic activity since the Late Quaternary, with developed active structures and frequent earthquakes. There are a series of piedmont thrust faults and thrust related folds in the northern and southern margins of Qilian Shan. Compared with a large number of research results of active folds in Tian Shan area, the study of active folds in Qilian Shan is relatively weak. In the northern margin of the Qilian Shan, in addition to the study of individual active folds, most previous studies focused on the thrust faults in the northern margin of the Qilian Shan and the Hexi Corridor, and obtained the active characteristics of these faults. In the southern margin of Qilian Shan, that is, the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin, some studies have been carried out on paleoearthquakes and slip rate of the fault in the southern margin of Zongwulong Shan. However, the study on the late Quaternary folds in this area is relatively weak and there are only some sporadic works. Shidiquan anticline is located in the intermountain basin surrounded by Zongwulong Shan and Hongshan in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin. It forms the first row fold structure in front of Zongwulong Shan with Huaitoutala and Delingha anticline. Constraining the tectonic geomorphic features of the Shidiquan anticline is of great significance for studying the crustal shortening in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin and the expansion of the Qilian Shan to the Qaidam Basin. In this paper, the tectonic and geomorphic characteristics of Shidiquan anticline are obtained by means of geological mapping, high-precision differential GPS topographic profile survey, geological profile survey and cosmogenic nuclide dating. Field investigation shows that Shidiquan anticline is an asymmetric fold with steep south limb and gentle north limb, and is controlled by a blind reverse fault dipping northward. The age of the alluvial fan3 obtained from cosmogenic nuclide dating is(158.32±15.54)ka. This age coincides with the Gonghe Movement, indicating that the formation of Shidiquan anticline responds to the Gonghe Movement in the northeast margin of Tibetan plateau. The uplift rate of Shidiquan anticline since 158ka is(0.06±0.01)mm/a, and the shortening rate is(0.05±0.01)mm/a. The folding effect of Shidiquan anticline indicates that the folding of the intermountain basin in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin, similar to the thrust shortening of the piedmont fault, plays an important role in regulating the shortening of the foreland crust. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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RELOCATION AND FOCAL MECHANISM SOLUTIONS OF THE 2021 MADUO, QINGHAI MS7.4 EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE ZHAO Tao, WANG Ying, MA Ji, SHAO Ruo-tong, XU Yi-fei, HU Jing SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (4): 790-805.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.04.004 Abstract （1765）   HTML （52）    PDF（pc） （5589KB）（353）       Knowledge map    Save On May 22, 2021, an MS7.4 earthquake occurred in Maduo County, Guoluo Prefecture, Qinghai Province, which is the biggest earthquake in mainland China since the 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake. It occurred in the Bayan Har block in the northern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, indicating that the Bayan Har block is still the main area for strong earthquakes activity in mainland China. In order to study the source characteristics and seismogenic structure of the Maduo earthquake, we used the double-difference location method to analyze the spatial distribution of earthquake sequences within 15 days after the mainshock. At the same time, the focal mechanism solutions of 15 aftershocks with MS≥4.0 are also obtained by full-waveform moment tensor inversion. We hope to provide seismological evidences with reference value for the study of the dynamic process of the Madao MS7.4 earthquake and the geological tectonic activities on the northern side of the Bayan Hala block. The results of moment tensor inversion show that the moment magnitude of the Maduo earthquake is about 7.24, the centroid depth is 13km, and the best double-couple solution is strike 283°, dip 59° and slip -4° for the nodal plane I, and strike 15°, dip 86° and slip -149° for the nodal plane Ⅱ, which indicates a strike-slip earthquake event. According to the strike of the fault and the distribution of aftershocks in the source area, we infer that the nodal plane I, which strikes NWW, is the seismogenic fault plane. The focal mechanism results of 15 aftershocks show that the aftershock sequence is mainly strike-slip type, which is consistent with the main shock. Meanwhile, there are also some other types reflecting the local complex structure. The differences in the direction and type of focal mechanism may reveal changes in the direction and characteristic of the fault from north to south. The azimuth of the P-axis is NE-SWW, and the azimuth of the T-axis is NNW-SSE. Both plunge angles are within 30° and close to horizontal, which shows that the activities of the Maduo earthquake sequence are mainly controlled by the horizontal compression stress field in the northeast-southwest direction. From NWW to SEE, the dip angle of fault plane increases gradually from 77° to 88°, and the northern segment dips to SW. Based on the results of relocation, moment tensor inversion and geological structure, preliminary conclusion can be drawn that the seismogenic fault of the Maduo earthquake may be the Kunlun Mountain Pass-Jiangcu Fault, which is a left-handed strike-slip fault. At the same time, there are certain segmental differences along the fault. The strike of the northern section is mainly NW, that of the middle section is NWW, and the southern section is near E-W, and the fault plane dips to the southwest with the dip angle increasing gradually from NWW to SEE. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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SIMULATION OF POST-SEISMIC EFFECTS OF THE MADUO MS7.4 EARTHQUAKE IN 2021 TAN Hong-bo, WANG Jia-pei, YANG Guang-liang, CHEN Zheng-song, WU Gui-ju, SHEN Chong-yang, HUANG Jin-shui SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (4): 936-957.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.04.013 Abstract （464）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （16933KB）（352）       Knowledge map    Save Using the fault model issued by the USGS, and based on the dislocation theory and local crust-upper-mantle model layered by average wave velocity, the co-seismic and post-seismic deformation and gravity change caused by the 2021 Maduo MS7.4 earthquake in an elastic-viscoelastic layered half space are simulated. The simulation results indicate that: the co-seismic deformation and gravity change show that the earthquake fault is characterized by left-lateral strike-slip with normal faulting. The changes are concentrated mainly in 50km around the projection area of the fault on the surface and rapidly attenuate to both sides of the fault, with the largest deformation over 1 000mm on horizontal displacement, 750mm on the vertical displacement, and 150μGal on gravity change. The horizontal displacement in the far field(beyond 150km from the fault)is generally less than 10mm, and attenuates outward slowly. The vertical displacement and gravity change patterns show a certain negative correlation with a butterfly-shaped positive and negative symmetrical four-quadrant distribution. Their attenuation rate is obviously larger than the horizontal displacement, and the value is generally less than 2mm and 1 micro-gal. The post-seismic effects emerge gradually and increase continuously with time, similar to the coseismic effects and showing an increasing trend of inheritance obviously. The post-seismic viscoelastic relaxation effects can influence a much larger area than the co-seismic effect, and the effects during the 400 years after the earthquake in the near-field area will be less than twice of the co-seismic effects, but in the far-field it is more than 3 times. The viscoelastic relaxation effects on the horizontal displacement, vertical displacement and gravity change can reach to 100mm, 130mm and 30 micro-gal, respectively. The co-seismic extremum is mainly concentrated on both sides of the fault, while the post-earthquake viscoelastic relaxation effects are 50km from the fault, the two effects do not coincide with each other. The post-seismic horizontal displacement keeps increasing or decreasing with time, while the vertical displacement and gravity changes are relatively complex, which show an inherited increase relative to the co-seismic effects in the near-field within 5 years after the earthquake, then followed by reverse-trend adjustment, while in the far-field, they are just the opposite, with reverse-trend adjustment first, and then the inherited increase. The horizontal displacement will almost be stable after 100 years, while the viscoelastic effects on the vertical displacement and gravity changes will continue to 300 years after the earthquake. Compared with the GNSS observation results, we can find that the observed and simulated results are basically consistent in vector direction and magnitude, and the consistency is better in the far-field, which may be related to the low resolution of the fault model. The simulation results in this paper can provide a theoretical basis for explaining the seismogenic process of this earthquake using GNSS and gravity data. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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THE 2022 M6.8 LUDING EARTHQUAKE: A COMPLICATED EVENT BY FAULTING OF THE MOXI SEGMENT OF THE XIANSHUIHE FAULT ZONE LI Chuan-you, SUN Kai, MA Jun, LI Jun-jie, LIANG Ming-jian, FANG Li-hua SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2022, 44 (6): 1648-1666.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.06.017 Abstract （789）   HTML （75）    PDF（pc） （16086KB）（348）       Knowledge map    Save The September 5, 2022, M6.8 Luding earthquake occurred along the southeastern segment of the Xianshuihe fault zone. Tectonics around the epicenter area is complicated and several faults had been recognized. Focal mechanisms of the main shock and inversions from earthquake data suggest that the earthquake occurred on a northwest-trending, steeply dipping strike-slip fault, which is consistent with the strike and slip of the Xianshuihe fault zone. We conducted a field investigation along the fault sections on both sides of the epicenter immediately after the earthquake. NW-trending fractures that were recognized as surface ruptures during the earthquake, and heavy landslides along the fault section between Ertaizi-Aiguocun village were observed during the field investigations. There are no surface ruptures developed along the fault sections north of the epicenter and south of Aiguocun village. Thus it can be concluded that there is a 15.5km-long surface rupture zone developed along the Moxi Fault(the section between Ertaizi and Aiguo village). The surface rupture zone trends northwest and shows a left-lateral strike slip, which is consistent with the strike and motion constrained by the focal mechanism. The coseismic displacements were measured to 20~30cm. Field observations, focal fault plane, distribution of the aftershocks, GNSS, and InSAR observation data suggest that the seismogenic structure associated with the M6.8 Luding earthquake is the Moxi Fault that belongs to the southeastern segment of the Xianshuihe fault zone. Slip along the segment south of the epicenter generated this earthquake, and also triggered slip along a northeast-trending fault and the northwestern section of the Moxi Fault in the epicenter. So, the M6.8 Luding earthquake is an event that is nucleated on the section south of the epicenter and then triggered an activity of the whole fault segment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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THE DEEP STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE SEIS-MOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE YANGBI EARTHQUAKE REGION AND ITS SURROUNDING AREAS WU Gui-ju, YU Bing-fei, HAO Hong-tao, HU Min-zhang, TAN Hong-bo SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (4): 739-756.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.04.001 Abstract （832）   HTML （236）    PDF（pc） （9559KB）（329）       Knowledge map    Save Three earthquakes occurred in Yangbi County, Dali, Yunnan Province with the maximum magnitude M6.4, on May 21, 2021, and caused huge economic losses and human casualties. In this paper, the existing high-precision gravity data, mobile gravity survey data and EGM2008 model data were fused into high-precision grid data with 2.5km point distance to clarify the seismogenic structure and seismogenic environment of Yangbi earthquake. With the Yangbi earthquake as the center location, two long gravity profiles and 10 short gravity profiles are extracted, and the three-dimensional crustal imaging characteristics in the study area are obtained by the normalized full gradient imaging method, and the deep and shallow contact relationship and deep seismogenic environment along the northern section of Honghe fault zone, Weixi-Weishan Fault, Yongsheng-Binchuan Fault, Eryuan-Heqing Fault in the Yangbi earthquake area are analyzed. In this paper, the vertical and transverse characteristics of the upper crustal structure of the northern section of Red River Fault in Yangbi and its surrounding areas along the gravity profiles were obtained, the deep structural differences of the southern Yunnan block, Sichuan-Yunnan block and large faults were revealed, and the seismogenic structure and environment of the three Yangbi earthquakes were analyzed and discussed. The results of the study are as follows: (1)The sudden change zone of dip angle and dip direction of the normalized gravity gradient is in good agreement with the medium and large geological faults, such as Nujiang Fault, Lancangjiang Fault, Red River Fault, Anninghe Fault, and Zemuhe Fault, etc. (2)When the continuity of normalized gravity gradient of the middle and lower crust is good, and the middle and upper crust is in the high-low transition zone, earthquakes greater than M6.0 will occur frequently, especially in the intersection area of Weixi-Weishan Fault, Yongsheng-Binchuan Fault and the northern section of Red River Fault. (3)Near the epicenter of Yangbi earthquake, there is a strong deformation belt of high and low normalized gravity gradients in the upper crust converging at a depth of about 15km, and the epicenter projection intersected with the Weixi-Weishan Fault and the secondary fault at a depth of about 10km, the continuity of normalized gravity gradient values is very well below the depth of 20km in the crust, it is inferred that the seismogenic structure of the three earthquakes in Yangbi are the Weixi-Weishan Fault and its secondary fault. (4)Earthquakes of M6.0 or higher normally occur where the geological strata connect and are relatively young. Strong earthquakes occurred at the junction of the Triassic and Permian in the east of Dali. At the same time, analyzing the distribution characteristics of the normalized gravity gradient value(Gh)can provide a reference for the division and correction of stratigraphic boundaries. (5)In the deformation process of geological structure, when the high-low gradient deformation zones of Gh value are formed in the middle and upper crust, whilst Gh values have good continuity in the middle and lower crust, earthquakes of M6.0 or higher normally occur. These features can be used as an important marker to judge the preparation and occurrence of strong earthquakes. Based on the geological and geophysical characteristics and the distribution characteristics of M≥6.0 earthquakes, the relationship between the change of Gh values and the occurrence of moderate and strong earthquakes, the stratigraphic boundary, the strike and dip angle of structural faults in the study area were analyzed, and the seismogenic structure and environment of the three Yangbi earthquakes on May 21 in 2021 were discussed. This study can provide a scientific basis and important reference value for determining the seismogenic mechanism and location of moderate-strong earthquakes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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NEW INSIGHT ON THE HOLOCENE ACTIVITY OF THE EASTERN MARGINAL FAULT OF DAXING UPLIFT, BEIJING PLAIN LI Zheng-fang, LI Yan-bao, ZHOU Ben-gang, ZHU Guo-jun, LIU Bao-jin, WU Jian SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (6): 1671-1681.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.06.018 Abstract （1399）   HTML （47）    PDF（pc） （8302KB）（318）       Knowledge map    Save The eastern marginal fault of Daxing Uplift is located in the southeast of the Beijing Plain, which is a boundary fault that controls the Daxing Uplift and the Langgu Sag. It intersects obliquely with the NNE-trending Xiadian Fault in the north where a magnitude 8 earthquake occurred in 1679. The overall strike of the fault is northeast, dipping southeast. Previous studies have suggested that the youngest stratum of the fault is the Mid Pleistocene of the Quaternary and it is not an active fault since the Late Quaternary. Based on high-precision shallow seismic exploration data, this study carried out high-density composite drilling geological section surveys and obtained evidence of obvious activity of the fault since the Late Quaternary. The fault is shown as an active normal fault in the composite drilling geological section. The top of the footwall of the fault is the 7m-thick silty clay marker layer buried at the depth of 74m and the top of the hanging wall is 102m deep, the amount of dislocation is about 28.0m. Fault slip surfaces were found in the cores of two of the boreholes, with depths of 54.2m and 39.4m, respectively. The buried depths of the top surface of the marker layer in the two boreholes with a horizontal distance of 2m are 8m and 10m, respectively, the dislocation amount is 2m. Combined with the observation of core deformation characteristics of the two boreholes, it is believed that the buried depth of the upper breakpoint of the fault may be shallower. This research has changed the understanding that the fault zone on the eastern margin of the Daxing Uplift is not active. This new discovery not only has great application value for understanding the risk of large earthquakes of this fault zone and the risk of earthquake disasters in Beijing, but also has scientific significance for the study of fault development and evolution and the deep-shallow coupling process in North China since the late Cenozoic. The main knowledge gained is as follows: 1)Through high-precision shallow seismic exploration, it is found that the Neogene and above strata in the study area generally show an inclined morphology which is deep in the south and shallow in the north. The strata below the Neogene are in angular unconformity contact with the bottom interface of the Neogene, and the depth of the shallowest upper breakpoint is about 38~43m. 2)The combined drilling geological section exploration reveals rich dislocation information of stratigraphic markers and further confirms the existence of active faults by borehole stratigraphic correlation. In the drill cores, fault slip surfaces were observed in the late Pleistocene strata at the depth of 39.4m, 51.5m and 54.2m, respectively. The stratigraphic comparison of the boreholes 5# and 9# with a hole spacing of 2m further reveals a fault throw of about 2m in the stratum at the buried depth of 8~10m, thus, it is inferred that the depth of the upper breakpoint on the fault may be 8m or shallower. According to the stratigraphic age data of adjacent boreholes in this area, it is considered that the fault is a Holocene active fault. The specific age of the latest activity and its activity parameters will be further studied through the subsequent borehole chronological tests and large-scale trench excavation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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NEW DISCOVERY OF XIARIHA FAULT ZONE AROUND DULAN AREA, QINGHAI PROVINCE AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS HA Guang-hao, REN Zhi-kun, LIU Jin-rui, LI Zhi-min, LI Zheng-fang, MIN Wei, ZHOU Ben-gang SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2021, 43 (3): 614-629.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.03.009 Abstract （684）   HTML    PDF（pc） （19276KB）（317）       Knowledge map    Save The deformation pattern in the northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau is characterized by NE compression, clockwise rotation and eastward extrusion, forming the NNE trending dextral strike-slip faults which further divide the region into several sub-blocks. The deformation of Qaidam secondary block is dominant by northwestward extrusion and rotation, which is controlled by the Elashan and East Kunlun faults. However, the deformation style of Dulan area, the junction of these two faults, remains unclear. We discovered a new active fault zone with a length of 60~70km west to Elashan Fault during our recent field geological survey around Dulan area, named Xiariha fault zone(XFZ), which is a dextral strike-slip fault zone trending NW, consisting of the Xiariha and Yingdeerkang faults. According to the remote sensing interpretation and field investigation, it is found that the Xiariha fault zone showed distinct linear characteristics, reverse scarp, sag pond and ridge dislocation on the satellite images and displaced multi-levels of alluvial fans and river terraces. According to previous studies, the exposed age of T1 terraces is Holocene in the Elashan area, which is located at east of Dulan. During the field investigation, we used the unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)to get the fine geomorphology features along the XFZ. Also, to define the active era, we tried to find the fault section of the XFZ that could provide the information of the contact between the fault and late Quaternary strata. Based on the high-resolution DEM obtained by UAV, the offset of T1 is about 2.5m, indicating its activity in Holocene compared with the Elashan area. Along the XFZ, the fault displaced late Quaternary strata revealed on the section. The geomorphic features and fault section show that the XFZ is a late Pleistocene to Holocene active fault. The Dulan area is located at the convergence of East Kunlun Fault and Elashan Fault, the southeastern end of Qaidam secondary block, which is affected by the regional NE and SW principal compressive stress and shear stress. Under this circumstance, the Qaidam block is experiencing extrusion and rotation and there are a series of NW-trending dextral strike-slip faults parallel to the Elashan Fault and EW-trending sinistral strike-slip faults parallel to the East Kunlun Fault, such as Reshui-Taosituo River Fault, developed in the Dulan area. Therefore, we suggest that the Xiariha Fault and the nearly EW trending, Holocene sinistral Reshui-Taosituo River Fault adjust the extrusion rotation deformation jointly at the southeast end of the Qaidam block under the control of the Elashan Fault and the East Kunlun Fault, respectively. Meanwhile, the new discovery of Xiariha Fault and its activity in Holocene is not only of great significance to understand the regional tectonic deformation model, but also leads to a great change in the understanding of regional seismic risk because of its capabliliby of generating strong earthquakes. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out further research work in this area, improve the understanding of regional strain distribution mode, and provide reference for regional seismic safety issues. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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GEOMORPHIC ANALYSIS OF STRIKE-SLIP FAULTING AT THE TOP OF ALLUVIAL FAN: A CASE STUDY AT AHEBIEDOU RIVER ON THE EASTERN MARGIN OF TACHENG BASIN, XINJIANG, CHINA MIAO Shu-qing, HU Zong-kai, ZHANG Ling, YANG Hai-bo, YANG Xiao-ping SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2021, 43 (3): 488-503.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.03.002 Abstract （767）   HTML    PDF（pc） （11430KB）（315）       Knowledge map    Save The top of the piedmont alluvial fan has the characteristic of fan-shaped terrain and gradually descending terrain in the downstream direction. Faulting of various natures will result in different geomorphic features of alluvial fan surface. The variation of slope aspect and height of the pure sinistral fault scarp at the top of the alluvial fan is analyzed firstly under the three conditions, namely, the fault plane is vertical, the fault plane inclines toward the upper stream of the river, and the fault plane inclines toward the downstream of the river. We have also analyzed the variation of slope aspect and height of the fault scarps at the top of the alluvial fan under different fault inclination conditions of inverse sinistral strike-slip fault and the sinistral strike-slip normal fault. The seven geomorphic types we analyzed above cover the geomorphic features caused by the activity of strike-slip faults at the top of alluvial fans, which can help us to analyze the formation of the landforms. Based on drone-measured terrain data, Google satellite images and field investigations, we found that the Dongbielieke Fault, which strikes northeast-southwest and is located in the eastern margin of the Tacheng Basin, Xinjiang, almost vertically passes through the Ahebeidou River which develops from southeast to northwest. The direction of central axis of the alluvial fan at Ahebedou River is northwest, with a north-facing slope. The fault activity has caused the development of an uphill-facing scarp that has a height of~5.2m and a slope aspect facing southeast on the top of the alluvial fan at the Ahebiedou River section of the Dongbielieke Fault. And on the piedmont alluvial fan 1km away on both sides of the river bed, the sinistral fault scarps have a northwest-facing slope aspect and a height of 1~5m. The river terraces are divided into five levels, the T2 on the left bank, T4 on the right bank and T5 terraces on the left and right banks of Ahebeidou River were affected by fault activity. Sinistral offsets and southeast-facing fault scarps were developed on the geomorphic surface. By using DispCalc_Bathy_v2, a script based on Matlab, we get the offsets of the river terraces from the high-resolution DEM data obtained by using UAV photogrammetry technology. The sinistral horizontal offsets of T2 on the left bank, T4 on the right bank and T5 terraces on the left and right banks of Ahebeidou River are(10.1±0.2)m, (10.6±0.7)m, (29.1±0.2)m and(20.0±0.7)m, respectively. The vertical displacements are(1.5±0.1)m, (3.6±0.3)m, (4.7±0.2)m and(5.2±0.1)m, respectively. The asymmetrical development of terrains on both sides of the river is affected by topography and fault activity. The terraces on the lower elevation right bank of the river are misplaced into the channel by sinistral strike-slip faulting to receive more erosion, so the offsets we measured on the left bank of the river are more reliable than that on the right bank. Through field surveys, we found two fault outcrops, indicating that the fault plane is inclined to the southeast. The young river terrace T2 was effected by faulting and a uphill-facing scarp was developed, which indicates that the latest faulting was of sinistral strike-slip with a normal component, but the fault scarp's aspect changed twice within a short area of two kilometers, which is not consistent with the geomorphological type caused by the strike-slip faulting on the top of the alluvial fan as we previously analyzed. According to the landform features and the strike-slip fault geomorphic model, a model for the geomorphic surface development of the Ahebiedou River section is established. In this model, we think the Dongbielieke Fault was an inverse sinistral strike-slip fault after the formation of an older phase geomorphic surface S1 in the area. The early fault activity formed a northwest-facing fault scarp at S1, the height of the scarp is about 10m. Then the alluvial fan(Fan1)began to develop, and the material brought by the flowing water deposited and buried the fault scarp at the exit of piedmont, resulting in the disappearance of the existing fault scarp in the piedmont. Then the characteristic of fault changed into left-lateral strike-slip with a normal component. The activity of normal fault with the fault plane dipping to SE would form a fault scarp facing SE on the geomorphic surface. With the gradually cutting of the river, river terraces began to form on both sides of the river, and the corresponding geomorphic features were formed under the influence of fault activities. A fault scarp with a slope facing southeast formed at both banks of the river's mountain outlet with a height of about 5.2m through several fault activities, and sinistral horizontal offsets of river terraces increased at the same time. And the height of the pre-existing northwest-facing scarp 1~2km away from both banks of the river's mountain outlet decreased to about 5m, which can be observed in the field. The eventual geomorphic surface is characterized by the features of downhill-facing scarp-no scarp-uphill-facing scarp-no scarp-downhill-facing scarp from southeast to northeast. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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DETAILED MAPPING OF THE SURFACE RUPTURE NEAR THE EPICENTER SEGMENT OF THE 2021 MADOI MW7.4 EARTHQUAKE AND DISCUSSION ON DISTRIBUTED RUPTURE IN THE STEP-OVER HAN Long-fei, LIU-ZENG Jing, YAO Wen-qian, WANG Wen-xin, LIU Xiao-li, GAO Yun-peng, SHAO Yan-xiu, LI Jin-yang SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2022, 44 (2): 484-505.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.02.013 Abstract （403）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （12092KB）（307）       Knowledge map    Save Detailed mapping of coseismic surface rupture can provide valuable information for understanding the geometrical complexities, dynamic rupture processes and fault mechanisms. Fault geometrical complexities, such as bends, branches, and stepovers are common in strike-slip fault systems and can control the coseismic surface rupture characteristics to a certain extent. Observational studies of surface ruptures in past earthquakes suggested that special rupture characteristics would form distributed ruptures and rupture gaps. The detailed mapping has become an important way to study the surface rupture. According to the China Earthquake Networks Center(CENC), the MW7.4 earthquake occurred at 2:04 PM on May 22, 2021, in Madoi County, Qinghai Province. The epicenter is about 70km south of the eastern Kunlun Fault on the northern boundary of the Bayan Kera block. It is the largest earthquake that hit the Chinese mainland since the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake in 2008. After field investigation and rupture mapping on the computer, Yao et al.(2022)estimated that the length of surface rupture of this earthquake is 158km. Surface ruptures of the MW7.4 Madoi earthquake broke through the geometric discontinuities such as step-overs and bends, and formed various coseismic surface fractures, especially in the middle segment. In the survey of the Madoi earthquake, we rapidly acquired aerial image data using UAV aerial photogrammetry and obtained high-resolution digital orthograph models(DOMs)and digital elevation models(DEMs)using PhotoScan software based on the SfM algorithm processing. Those data provide an opportunity for detailed mapping of seismic rupture and also provide an important reference for fieldwork. Based on high-resolution topographic data, we carried out detailed surface rupture mapping, classification, geometric structure and strike analysis for the ~30km section of the epicenter segment. At the same time, we conducted field work to supplement and proofread the maps. According to the characteristics of surface ruptures in the epicenter area, we divided the ruptures into six segments. The surface ruptures along segment S1 and segment S6 are concentrated near the main fault, while the surface ruptures in the stepover(segment S3, S4, and S5)are distributed dispersively, and the secondary ruptures along the segment S2 are also distributed scatteredly, with the main rupture missing. To reveal the distribution characteristics of surface fractures more clearly, the surface ruptures are divided into the main rupture, secondary rupture, surface rupture and collapse rupture, among which the genesis of the surface rupture is uncertain. There are a lot of typical tensile ruptures with left-lateral component in segment S1, the strike of the ruptures is consistent with the strike of the main fault or intersects the main fault with a small angle. The maximum width of the main rupture in segment S1 is ~50m. The main ruptures in segment S6 are developed along with the preexisting tectonic topography and the offset of the left-lateral displaced gully is up to tens of meters in magnitude. The surface ruptures are distributed in an echelon pattern, and all intersected with the strike of the main fault at a large angle. The location and size of the step-over are determined according to the topography and rupture morphology of faults in segment S1 and segment S6. The surface ruptures on the floodplain and banks of the Yellow River are in various forms and difficult to classify accurately. Therefore, only the typical seismic ruptures developed along the accumulated tectonic topography are labeled as main ruptures, and other typical seismic ruptures inconsistent with the location of the main fault are labeled as secondary ruptures. The typically collapse ruptures distributed along the river bank or lake bank are labeled as collapse ruptures, while the rest are labeled as surface ruptures. Surface ruptures in segment S3 are distributed on the planar graph, but they have a dominant strike in the NE direction that can be seen from the diagram map. In the floodplain of the Yellow River, there are typical “grid” cracks, “explosive” cracks, and tensile cracks, and many cracks are accompanied by sand liquefaction which is beadlike, single, and distributed along the cracks. After the earthquake, the geodesic and geophysical data obtained quickly from the InSAR co-seismic deformation map and precise positioning of aftershocks revealed the basic morphological characteristics of earthquake rupture and provided valuable information such as earthquake rupture length, which provided an important reference for the design of UAV aerial photography and fieldwork. Compared with the rupture trace in field investigation by Pan et al.(2021), the surface rupture coverage obtained by mapping based on UAV aerial photogrammetry technology in this study is more extensive and accurate. In general, surface ruptures of the Madoi earthquake are widely distributed, and we have classified those ruptures into the main seismic ruptures, secondary seismic ruptures, collapse cracks, and other surface ruptures. In addition to the seismic rupture with the same strike, there are also a variety of distributed surface ruptures with different strikes from the main fault. In these distributed surface ruptures, there are also many surface ruptures whose cause is not clear and they may be affected by tectonics or strong quake. For example, the “grid” and “explosive” surface ruptures on the Yellow River floodplain may be related to the strong quake near the epicenter or may also be related to the three-dimensional dynamic ruptures process in the initial stage. In this study, the characteristics of earthquake surface rupture in the step-over and adjacent sections near the epicenter has been described in detail, which provides a deeper understanding of the distributed coseismic surface rupture in the strike-slip fault. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A STUDY ON THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF GAOYOU-BAOYING MS4.9 EARTHQUAKE ZHAO Qi-guang, SUN Ye-jun, HUANG Yun, YANG Wei-lin, GU Qin-ping, MENG Ke, YANG Hao SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2021, 43 (3): 630-646.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.03.010 Abstract （629）   HTML    PDF（pc） （10586KB）（303）       Knowledge map    Save The Gaoyou-Baoying MS4.9 earthquake on July 20, 2012 occurred in the Gaoyou Sag in the Subei Basin. This earthquake was a relatively rare medium-strength earthquake in the weak seismicity region of eastern China. Although studies on the seismogenic structure of this earthquake have been conducted previously, the seismogenic structure itself is still under debate and needs to be further studied. This paper uses the methods such as distribution of seismic intensity, precise positioning of earthquake sequence, focal mechanism, regional tectonic stress, seismic exploration, etc. to comprehensively study the seismogenic structure of this earthquake. The characteristics of earthquake sequence show that the seismic structure is a high dip-angle fault spreading along the NNE direction, dipping ESE. The result of focal mechanism solutions shows that the strike of one of the two nodal planes is NNE, and the fault plane shows high dip angle. The earthquake is mainly characterized by strike-slip motion. Through the seismic exploration lines(GYL1, GYL2)laid at the epicenter area of the earthquake, a fault structure is identified, which strikes nearly NNE and dips near ESE. This fault is located between the Linze sag and the Liubao low uplift, coinciding with the distribution of the Liuling Fault, the boundary fault in the northwest of the Gaoyou Sag, so it can be judged that all the detected breakpoints belong to the Liuling Fault. The “Y-shaped” breakpoints detected by the two seismic exploration lines are characterized by high dip angle. There is a very obvious wave group disorder area at the distance of 6 500~9 000m on the GYL1 seismic exploration line. This area is about 2.5km in width displayed on the post-stack migration profile and shows an uplifting trend. The disordered uplifting of wave group is caused by intrusion of soft material into the structural breakage and weakness, squeezed by horizontal stress. The GYL2 post-stack migration profile shows obvious uplift appearing in the reflection wave group(Tg)on the top of the bedrock. This arc-shaped uplift also reflects the effect of strong compression of horizontal stress. In order to further discuss the seismogenic structure of the Gaoyou-Baoying MS4.9 earthquake, we used the focal mechanism data to invert the modern tectonic stress field in the Northern Jiangsu-South Yellow Sea Basin where the earthquake occurred. The maximum principal stress in this area is NE-SW, while the minimum principal stress is NW-SE; both of them are nearly horizontal, and the intermediate principal stress is nearly vertical. According to Zoback's rule for dividing the types of dislocation in the direction of the force axis, the distribution of principal stresses in the Northern Jiangsu-South Yellow Sea Basin is equivalent to a strike-slip dislocation. To sum up, the stress characteristics reflected by the Liuling Fault are consistent with the horizontal forces on the P-axis and T-axis shown by the focal mechanism solution results, and also consistent with the horizontal state of the stress in the tectonic stress field in this region. The above characteristics indicate that the development of the Liuling Fault is affected and controlled by modern tectonic activities. At the same time, the characteristics of the strike and dip of the seismic fault reflected by the methods of seismic intensity investigation, precise earthquake positioning, focal mechanism solution and seismic exploration, etc. are consistent with each other. Therefore, the occurrence of this earthquake may be the result of continuous stress accumulation and sudden instability and rupture of the NNE-trending Liuling Fault under the long-term compression of the NE-direction principal stress. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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SEGMENTATION OF SURFACE RUPTURE AND OFFSETS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FUYUN M8.0 EARTHQUAKE BASED ON HIGH-RESOLUTION TOPOGRAPHIC DATA LIANG Zi-han, WEI Zhan-yu, ZHUANG Qi-tian, SUN Wen, HE Hong-lin SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (6): 1507-1523.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.06.009 Abstract （670）   HTML （32）    PDF（pc） （9539KB）（302）       Knowledge map    Save The spatial distribution and deformation characteristics of the coseismic surface rupture zone are the direct geomorphological expressions of deep fault activities on the surface, which not only record the information of seismic rupture and fault movement but also reflect regional stress and crustal movement. Therefore, prompt investigation on the surface rupture zone after the earthquake is helpful to understand tectonic activities of the seismogenic fault. However, fieldwork is limited by hazardous environments and secondary disasters in the earthquake zone. High-precision geomorphological observation technology can obtain unprecedented high temporal and spatial resolution of the earth's surface features without being restricted by natural conditions, and provide high-quality data for identifying historical earthquake surface ruptures, extracting surface coseismic displacement, and geological mapping of active structures, thus help to understand the rupture processes deeply. The photogrammetric method based on SfM(Structure from Motion)technology provides an effective technical way for fast acquisition of high-resolution post-earthquake topographic data and obtaining 3D geomorphic characteristics in a short time without the limitation of topography. Fuyun Fault is located on the southwest edge of the Altai Mountains. Fuyun M8.0 earthquake occurred in 1931 and produced a coseismic surface rupture zone with obvious linear characteristics. There also developed a large number of right-lateral gully offset, extrusion uplifts, pull-apart basins and a series of tectonic landforms related to strike-slip activities, which are still well preserved after several decades. In this study, the surface rupture zone of the 1931 Fuyun earthquake is selected as the study area. Based on aerial photogrammetry SfM method, a digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 1m is generated, which can reflect micro-structural geomorphology and is suitable for fine geomorphology research in a small area. Combined with the shadow and color change of DEM data, the surface deformation characteristics such as seismic cracks and seismic mole tracks are identified, the surface rupture tracks are drawn in detail, and the surface rupture zone of Fuyun earthquake is segmented through the distribution of its geometric and tectonic geomorphological features. Using gullies as geomorphological markers, the smallest regional offset is regarded as the coseismic offset in the 1931 earthquake. We finally identified the right-lateral horizontal offset of gully along the rupture zone and measured it with software. The results show that the Fuyun earthquake surface rupture zone can be divided into 4 sections from north to south, each of which has different length, connected by compression uplift or pull-apart basin. The main type of surface rupture is shear crack, and there are also transpressional cracks, tension cracks, and tectonic geomorphological expressions such as mole track, ridge, and pull-apart basin. Based on the measurement of the horizontal offset of 194 groups of gullies, it is found that the average coseismic offset in the 1931 earthquake is(5.06±0.13)m, which is equivalent to the coseismic offset produced by similar magnitude earthquake. The area where the local absence or sudden change of coseismic offset occurs also has a good corresponding relationship with the geometry of stepover, which reflects the geometric location of the stepover to a certain extent. The results fill up the gap of the fine morphology of the Fuyun earthquake surface rupture zone and further demonstrate the good application value of high-resolution topographic data in the study of active structures. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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DISCUSSION ON COSEISMIC SURFACE RUPTURE LENGTH OF THE 2021 MW7.4 MADOI EARTHQUAKE, QINGHAI, CHINA YAO Wen-qian, WANG Zi-jun, LIU-ZENG Jing, LIU Xiao-li, HAN Long-fei, SHAO Yan-xiu, WANG Wen-xin, XU Jing, QIN Ke-xin, GAO Yun-peng, WANG Yan, LI Jin-yang, ZENG Xian-yang SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2022, 44 (2): 541-559.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.02.016 Abstract （461）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （13089KB）（300）       Knowledge map    Save Coseismic surface rupture length is one of the critical parameters for estimating the moment magnitude based on the empirical relationships and later used in assessing the potential seismic risk of a region. On 22 May 2021, the MW7.4 Madoi earthquake occurred in the northeastern part of the Tibetan plateau(Madoi County in Qinghai Province, China)and ruptured the poorly known Jiangcuo Fault along the extension line of the southeastern branch of the Kunlun Fault. We began our data acquisition using aerial photogrammetry by UAV three days after the earthquake. Between 24 May and 15 June 2021, more than 40000 high-resolution low-altitude aerial photos were acquired covering a total length of 180km along the surface rupture. Based on detailed field investigations, combined with a fine interpretation of sUAV-derived orthophotos and high-resolution DEMs, we determined a total length of~158km of the coseismic surface rupture extending to the eastern end at 99.270°E, which is basically consistent with the position given by previous geophysical methods. Although the extending segment is located beyond the end of the continuous surface rupture trace near Xuema Township, it should be included in the calculation of the length of the surface rupture as part of the tectonic surface rupture. The surface rupture is segmented into four sections, named from west to east: the Eling Lake, Yematan, Yellow River, Jiangcuo branch sections. Additionally, to the east of Dongcaoa’long Lake, we mapped semi-circular arc-shaped continuous tension-shear fractures in the dune area with a short gap(~3km)connecting to the east of the Jiangcuo branch. The surface ruptures along the southeastern Youyunxiang segment also sporadically appear in several sites, locally relatively continuous, covered by the sand dune with vertical displacements of up to 30cm. After passing through the dunes, the surface rupture of the Youyunxiang segment began to spread widely, extending continuously with a strike of nearly east-west. However, it should be noted that the rupture lengths of the Youyunxiang segment and other branches are not counted in the total earthquake rupture length. By comparing the current research results, we believe that the critical factors causing the significant differences of the measured length of coseismic surface ruptures would depend on: 1)more extensive and detailed field investigations combined with a fine interpretation of high-resolution images; 2)avoidance of repeated calculation of superimposed sections on both sides of the complex geometrical area. In this study, combined with the fine interpretation of high-precision image data, many surface rupture traces in the dunes of the Youyunxiang segment were identified(verified and confirmed by field inspection)and more continuous surface rupture segments on the F1 fault, which is difficult to reach by human beings, were discovered, also highlights the important role of digital photogrammetry in the study of active tectonics. The studies of the strong historical earthquakes around the Bayan Har block show that the coseismic surface rupture length is larger than that estimated by the empirical relationships. Further research thus is highly necessary to uncover its mechanism and indicative significance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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SEDIMENTARY PROCESS AND TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF WUWEI BASIN DURING THE QUATERNARY HE Xiang, DU Xing-xing, LIU Jian, LI Yi-hao, LI Qun SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2022, 44 (1): 76-97.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.01.006 Abstract （813）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （13184KB）（299）       Knowledge map    Save The Wuwei Basin is located in the eastern part of the Hexi Corridor Basin group. It belongs to the frontier of uplift and expansion of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Quaternary sedimentary strata in the Wuwei Basin are hundreds of meters thick, which records the geological information of uplift and expansion of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the Quaternary period. In order to study the sedimentary process of the Wuwei Basin since Quaternary and the characteristics of the uplift and extension of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the sedimentary stratigraphy and stratigraphic chronology methods are applied to analyze the Quaternary sedimentary strata in the Wuwei Basin. Firstly, the Quaternary sedimentary sequence of the Wuwei Basin is established by studying the stratum characteristics and OSL ages of the Quaternary sedimentary strata. Secondly, through the analysis of the paleocurrent direction and zircon U-Pb isotopic age of the sedimentary gravel, the paleocurrent direction of different deposition periods and sediment source are restored. Finally, based on the above analysis, the sedimentary process of Quaternary strata in the Wuwei Basin and its response to the uplift and extension of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are discussed. The Quaternary sedimentary strata in the Wuwei Basin are the lower Pleistocene Yumen conglomerate, the middle Pleistocene Jiuquan gravel bed and the Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Gobi gravel bed from bottom to top. The Gobi gravel bed can be subdivided into the Upper Pleistocene gravel bed, the Upper Pleistocene-Holocene loess layer and the Holocene gravel bed. In the early Pleistocene, the Yumen conglomerate’s source material is mainly Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks. The main provenance area of the Yumen conglomerate is located in the Qilian Mountains south to the Wuwei Basin. The main sedimentary area of the Yumen conglomerate is located in the Zoulang Nan Shan located in the southern part of the Wuwei Basin and the southern part of the northern fault basin. In the middle Pleistocene, the Jiuquan gravel bed’s source material is mainly Cenozoic and Mesozoic rocks. In the early sedimentary stage of the Jiuquan gravel bed, the main provenance area is located in the Zoulang Nan Shan and the main sedimentary area is located in the northern part of Wuwei Basin. In the late sedimentary stage, the main provenance area of the Jiuquan gravel bed is located in the Zoulang Nan Shan and the Fenmen Mountain located in the northwestern margin of the Wuwei Basin, and the main sedimentary area is located in most of the northern fault basin and the surrounding area of the Fenmen Mountain. Since late Pleistocene, the Gobi gravel bed’s source material is mainly early Paleozoic rocks. The main provenance area of the Gobi gravel bed is located in the Zoulang Nan Shan, the Fenmen Mountain and the Longshou Mountain, and the main sedimentary area is located around the source area. The uplift boundary of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau continued to expand towards the northeast direction. The uplift boundary was located in the Qilian Mountains south to the Wuwei Basin in the early Pleistocene. It extended northward to the Zoulang Nan Shan and the Fenmen Mountain in the middle Pleistocene, and reached the Longshou Mountain north to the Wuwei Basin in the late Pleistocene. The main provenance and sedimentary areas of the Quaternary sediments in the Wuwei Basin show the migration characteristics from south to north, which indicates the uplift and expansion of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The uplift time was early in the south and late in the north, and the uplift intensity was strong in the south and west and weak in the north and east. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPLICATIONS OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY AROUND MINSHAN ACTIVE BLOCK IN EASTERN MARGIN OF QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU LI Jia-ni, HAN Zhu-jun, LUO Jia-hong, GUO Peng SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (6): 1459-1484.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.06.007 Abstract （790）   HTML （24）    PDF（pc） （10954KB）（299）       Knowledge map    Save Minshan active block is located in Bayan Har block of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is bounded by the Huya Fault and Minjiang Fault on the east and west sides of the block. In less than 100 years, there have been four earthquakes with MS≥7.0 occurring along the eastern and western boundary faults, namely, the Diexi earthquake with M7.5 in 1933, two Songpan earthquakes with MS7.2 in 1976, the Jiuzhaigou earthquake with MS7.0 in 2017, and several earthquakes with M6.0~6.9. Such intensity and frequency of seismicity on either side of a relatively small intraplate active block is rare. Because the landforms along the active fault are mostly relatively gentle valleys with dense population and there is large terrain difference between the two sides of the valleys, each of the major earthquakes and the large-scale landslides it triggered were liable to cause serious casualties and property losses. Therefore, how does the destructive seismic activity around the active block migrate in space, and is it closely related to the segmentation and coalescence of active faults?And what are the temporal development characteristics of major earthquake activities and earthquake sequences?The discussion of these questions will not only deepen our understanding of the location and time of future destructive earthquakes, but also promote the development of the hypothesis of active block theory. Compared with the Bayan Har block, the Minshan active block located in the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau provides a unique experimental field for studying the temporal and spatial regularity of earthquake occurrence in the active block. In this paper, 39 076 small earthquakes in Minshan active block and its adjacent areas from 2000 to 2019 were relocated using the double-difference location method, and 48, 110 seismic events in the study area were obtained by combining the earthquake catalogues recorded by instruments in the same area from 1972 to 1999. For the major earthquakes since the 1933 Diexi M7.5 earthquake, a thorough analysis was made on the spatial distribution characteristics of earthquake sequences in different periods, especially on the basis of formation of small earthquake bands, and the results show that: Since the Diexi M7.5 earthquake in 1933, the four M≥7.0 earthquake sequences are all distributed along the boundary zone of Minshan active block in space, indicating that the active block plays a controlling role in the process of large earthquake preparation. In terms of the determination of seismogenic structure, the strike of the seismogenic fault of the 1976 Songpan MS7.2 earthquake is basically the same with that of the 2017 Jiuzhaigou MS7.0 earthquake, but differs by 60°~70° with that of the 1976 Pingwu MS7.2 earthquake. So, it is more reasonable that the seismogenic faults of these three major earthquakes belong to two earthquake rupture segments, among them, the seismogenic fault of Jiuzhaigou MS7.0 earthquake in 2017 and Songpan MS7.2 earthquake in 1976 is the NW-trending Shuzheng Fault, and that of the 1976 Pingwu MS7.2 earthquake is the north segment of the Huya Fault. From the perspective of seismicity, the seismogenic fault of the 1933 Diexi earthquake should be the southern segment of Minjiang Fault. The 2017 Jiuzhaigou MS7.0 earthquake occurred in the gap between the 1976 Songpan MS7.2 earthquake and the Minjiang Fault. There are probably two seismic hazard areas around Minshan active block, which are located in the southern segment of Huya Fault and the middle segment of Minjiang Fault. The large earthquakes around Minshan block probably belong to foreshock-main shock-aftershock type. Therefore, from the perspective of earthquake prediction, it is suggested to strengthen monitoring of these two seismic gaps. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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GRAVITY EVIDENCE OF META-INSTABLE STATE BEFORE THE 2008 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE GUO Shu-song, ZHU Yi-qing, XU Yun-ma, LIU Fang, ZHAO Yun-feng, ZHANG Guo-qing, ZHU Hui SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (6): 1368-1380.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.06.002 Abstract （538）   HTML （181）    PDF（pc） （5173KB）（298）       Knowledge map    Save The fault will experience different stress states in the process from compression to final rupture(earthquake outbreak). Researchers have defined the fault in meta-instability stage as the stress changes from quasi-static release to irreversible quasi-dynamic release. Meta-instability stage is the last stage of instability before earthquake and means earthquake is sure to break out. Various rock deformation experiments in laboratory show that there are observable meta-instability stage and evident synergism activity of physical field. Observing the evolution characteristics and laws of relevant physical parameters is fundamental and helpful for identifying short-term signals indicating earthquakes. In this paper, based on the theoretical characteristics of meta-instability stage obtained in laboratory and the results of repeated absolute and relative gravity measurements in Longmen Mountains area during 1996—2007, we analyze the characteristics of gravity variation in the meta-instable state before the 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake and propose a basis or method for determining the meta-instability fault using gravity data. The results are as follows: (1)Gravity field variations of Longmenshan fault zone before the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake showed a normal-state change during 1996 to 2001, regional anomaly occurred in 2001—2004, then an obvious reverse change appeared in 2004—2007, but the change was small and the faults were in a locking state for a year before the earthquake. The 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake occurred at the high gravity change belts and the epicenter was located near the zero isoline of the gravity converting from positive value to negative value. The patterns of the gravity variation with time match well with the linear steady-state, the deviation from linear steady-state and the meta-instability state in the process of steady-state loading to instability stage of rock experiments in the laboratory. The dynamic changes of gravity reflect the local gravity anomaly near the epicenter, thus help to judge the instability location. (2)The time series of gravity variation of some stations adjacent to the epicenter are obtained. Gravity time-series variations are disordered and irregular in the east side of the fault zone near the Sichuan Basin, but increased and decreased simultaneously since 2002 on the west of the fault zone in the observation stations over the Houshan Fault. The 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake occurred on the Houshan Fault and the distribution of aftershocks was consistent with the strike of the fault. This shows the Houshan Fault is the main instability position of Longmenshan fault zone. The instability of the fault led to the consistent change of the gravity field of the measuring stations in this area. The characteristic of this change satisfies the conditions for determining the degree of synergism which is an indicator for identifying the stress state. Combined with other research results we can confirm that Houshan Fault is in a critical state of meta-instability stage since 2002. (3)The spatio-temporal variations of gravity in the measuring stations on the west of the Longmenshan fault zone showed a synergism activity process before the 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake. It began with the gravity rise centered on station 607 and 612 in 2002 and expanded to station 606, 607 and 612 in 2006. Station 606 and 607 are located near Yingxiu Town, closest to the epicenter of Wenchuan earthquake and also in the instability area. In summary, the retrospective research on the regional gravity field before the 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake using the meta-instability fault theory indicates that the evolution of the time-varying gravity field corresponds well to the processes of rock deformation and instability in the laboratory experiment, and the time-series variation of gravity stations generally reflects the synergism characteristics of physical field, which is a key indicator to identify a fault in a meta-instable stress state. Seismicity evolution varies in different tectonic positions, so more earthquake cases should be investigated profoundly when we are trying to find the gravity anomaly related to the meta-instability stage. Next, we will carry out a profound study, such as gravity observation and analysis of fixed-point stations, intensive absolute gravity measurement, and research on gravity time series changes of measuring stations near the epicenter before and after strong earthquakes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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THE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPICAL PHENOMENA OF THE SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF THE MADUO MS7.4 EARTHQUAKE IN QINGHAI YAO Sheng-hai, GAI Hai-long, YIN Xiang, LI Xin SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY    2021, 43 (5): 1060-1072.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.05.002 Abstract （747）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （13580KB）（297）       Knowledge map    Save At 02:04, May 22, 2021, an earthquake with MS7.4 occurred in Maduo County, Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. The epicenter of the earthquake is about 70km(34.59°N, 98.34°E)south of the east Kunlun fault zone on the northern boundary of the Bayan Har block, with a focal depth of 17km. The Maduo MS7.4 earthquake is the largest in China after the 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake. As of 07:00 on June 12, 2021, 58 aftershocks of M≥3.0 had been recorded, including 0 earthquakes of M7.0~7.9, 0 earthquakes of M6.0~6.9, 1 earthquake of M5.0~5.9, 17 earthquakes of M4.0~4.9 and 40 earthquakes of M3.0~3.9. Field geological surveys after the earthquake showed that the earthquake occurred in the Yematan area, which is more than 30 kilometers south of the county seat of Machali Town. The seismic surface rupture shows obvious segmentation, which can be initially divided into 3~4 segments. The rupture spreads from east to west in a left step, gradually approaching the middle of the Yematan Basin. The nature of the fault is mainly left-lateral strike-slip. The earthquake produced a large-scale continuous surface rupture in the area from the west of National Highway 214 to the south of Eling Lake, with a length of about 45km and a strike of N95°~105°E. The surface rupture zone is composed of a series of compressional bulges and right-hand echelon fractures, forming large-scale seismic bulges(ridges), seismic fissures, left-lateral displacement and other geomorphic features, and producing the seismic geological disasters such as sand and water gushing, soft soil seismic subsidence and so on. From the east of National Highway 214 to the east of Xueluodong, the fracture zone strikes N100°E, which is composed of discontinuous, small-scale tension shear cracks and small-scale bulge(ridge). In the vicinity of Xuema village, Changmahe Township, a section of about 10km long, N75°E striking, large-scale tension shear fracture and seismic bulge(ridge) with good continuity is developed. The earthquake caused left-handed displacement of geological bodies, water system gullies, roads, etc. and formed strike-slip scratches in the strata. Through measurement, the horizontal displacement of this rupture is 1.5m in the Langmajiaheri area, 1.3m in the area of Yematanshangtou, and 1.1m west of Xuema Village. There is an obvious vertical displacement of 1.4~0.8m near Yematanshangtou, and the vertical displacement of other sections is not obvious. Generally speaking, the horizontal displacement is greater than the vertical displacement, and the rupture is dominated by strike-slip.Based on the field geological survey results, it is considered that the seismic rupture of this earthquake is large in scale and has a good continuity at its both ends, while the rupture scale is small and the continuity is poor in the middle. The preliminary inversion results of seismic rupture process, InSAR processing results and small earthquake precise positioning results show that the Maduo earthquake is a bilateral rupture with a rupture length of about 170km. The field geological investigation results are basically consistent with the geophysical inversion results. The Maduo MS7.4 earthquake(the instrument epicenter is located at 34.59°N, 98.34°E)occurred inside the Bayan Har block on the south side of the main Arak Lake-Tosuo Lake section of the east Kunlun fault zone. Existing data show that a number of nearly parallel NW-trending strike-slip faults are developed around the earthquake sequence. According to previous studies and this geological survey, the seismogenic structure of this earthquake is determined to be the Jiangcuo Fault. According to a comprehensive survey of the scale and length of the earthquake surface rupture and the damage to the buildings, it is believed that surface rupture zone in the Langmajiaheri area is large in scale with good continuity and multi types of surface ruptures. The area can be preliminarily determined as the macro-epicenter. The geographic coordinates of the macro-epicenter are 34.736°N, 97.794°E, which is nearly 50km away from the micro-epicenter. The difference is mainly due to the sparse seismic stations and weak monitoring capability in the area. The fact that the Maduo earthquake occurred inside the Bayan Har block on the south side of the east Kunlun main fault demonstrates the possibility of generating earthquakes with magnitude 7 or greater in the interior of this block. Therefore, the seismogenic conditions and mechanism of strong earthquake activity inside the Bayan Har block should be a scientific issue that needs more attention in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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COSEISMIC SURFACE DEFORMATION AND SLIP MODELS OF THE 2021 MS6.4 YANGBI(YUNNAN, CHINA)EARTHQUAKE WANG Shao-jun, LIU Yun-hua, SHAN Xin-jian, QU Chun-yan, ZHANG Guo-hong, XIE Zhao-di, ZHAO De-zheng, FAN Xiao-ran, HUA Jun, LIANG Shi-ming, ZHANG Ke-liang, DAI Cheng-long SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2021, 43 (3): 692-705.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.03.014 Abstract （666）   HTML    PDF（pc） （7636KB）（289）       Knowledge map    Save Due to the ongoing collision between Indian and Eurasian plates, the internal blocks of the Tibet plateau are experiencing eastward extrusion. Resulting from the blocking of the Sichuan Basin along the eastern boundary of the Bayanhar block, the plateau begins to rotate clockwise around the eastern syntaxis, and continues to move toward the IndoChina Peninsula. Such process forms the Hengduan Mountains with thousands of gullies in the Sichuan-Yunnan region, and generates major earthquakes across the entire Red River Fault, where infrastructures and residents are seriously threatened by the frequent earthquakes. InSAR observations feature a high spatial resolution and short intervals, ranging from several days to over a month, depending on the satellite revisit period. On May 21, 2021, an earthquake struck the Yangbi city. This event provides a rare opportunity to look at the local tectonic and seismic risk in the north of the Red River Fault. We processed the Sentinel-1 SAR data with D-InSAR technology and generated the surface deformation caused by the Yangbi MS6.4 earthquake occurring on May 21, 2021. Due to the abundant vegetation and moisture in Yunnan, significant atmospheric noise needs to be corrected for the derived InSAR displacement field. The results show a maximum deformation of~0.07m in line-of-sight for ascending track and~0.08m for descending track. The quality of interferogram on the ascending track is low, and only one of the quadrans can be distinguished, the rest of the interferogram is regarded as phase noise. However, the descending interferogram contains two deformation regions, with its long axis roughly along the NW-SE direction. The northeast part of interferogram moves towards the satellite, while the southwest part moves away from the satellite. The InSAR interferograms pattern shows a right-lateral strike-slip movement. Then, we combined coseismic displacement data obtained from the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)and InSAR(both the ascending and descending)to invert the coseismic slip model of the Yangbi earthquake. The inversion test shows that our data cannot give strong constraints for the dip orientations, and the two slip models with opposite dip orientation can explain the observations within the noise level. No matter what the dip orientation is, the slip models show that the coseismic slip concentrated at depth of 2~10km, with a maximum slip of~0.8m, which corresponds to a moment magnitude of MS6.4, and is consistent with body-wave-based focal mechanism. But the relocated aftershocks in 3 hours immediately after the mainshock reveal a SW-dipping fault plane 10km away to the west of Weixi-Qiaohou-Weishan Fault, we therefore conclude that the Yangbi earthquake ruptured a SW-dipping dextral fault, which is previously unknown. To analyze the effects of the Yangbi earthquake on the seismic risk of the regional dextral faults, we estimated the Coulomb stress change caused by our preferred slip model. The Coulomb stress at 7.5km depth is negative, indicating stress unloading, while the Coulomb stress at 15km depth is positive, indicating slightly loading, but still less than the empirical triggering threshold. The results indicate that Yangbi earthquake partially relieved the strain accumulated on the nearby faults, thus restraining the seismic risk of these faults. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ERUPTION HAZARDS TYPES OF BINGMAJIAO: A COASTAL VOLCANO IN EMAN, HAINAN ZHAO Yong-wei, LI Ni, CHEN Zheng-quan, WANG Li-zhu, FENG Jing-jing, ZHAO Bo SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY    2022, 44 (2): 281-296.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.02.001 Abstract （529）   HTML （32）    PDF（pc） （12803KB）（288）       Knowledge map    Save Bingmajiao volcano is a coastal volcano, located in Eman Town, Leiqiong volcanic field, China. In this paper, based on satellite image and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)image data interpretation, as well as field investigation, typical cross sections at different locations of the coastal volcanic cone were analyzed to identify the volcanic eruption sequence and determine the physical mechanism of eruption. The origin of pyroclasts was analyzed under microscope and scanning electron microscope. There are three types of pyroclasts in Bingmajiao volcano. The first type is in the shape similar to ropes or tree root and experienced obvious plastic deformation. The micro-plastic lava droplets with different sizes and irregular shapes are agglomerated on the surface of clasts. The vesicular structure in the clasts is extremely developed. All lines of evidence support this type of pyroclasts derived from magmatic explosive eruption without significant water-involving. The second type of pyroclasts is featured by crusted and moss-like surface with superficial cracks. The rigid shell surface fragmented, forming a large number of sheet-pieces that were re-disordered cemented. Under the surface, fine-honeycomb-like vesicular structure appears. The surface cracking supports the quenching by water under high temperature, and the interior vesicular structure shows that the core part may not be affected. These features indicate moderate water-magma interaction in the pyroclasts. The third type of pyroclasts shows no distinction between the surface and the interior. Irregular vesicles account for the major volume in the pyroclasts. Thin film-like lava separates these vesicles. Some lava broke into a large number of sheet-like pieces and agglomerated, forming strongly brittle-ductile deformed pyroclasts. Abundant cracks appear on the surface of lava. These features support this type of pyroclasts formed in relatively strong water-magma interaction. The study shows that the Bingmajiao volcano erupted in littoral environment, with the characteristic of transition from submarine volcano to terrestrial volcano. In the early stage of volcanism, submarine “fire fountain” type eruption prevailed, and pyroclastic deposits dominated by the third type of pyrolcasts formed underwater. Most were composed of sharp-hornlike volcanic lapilli. The pyroclastic deposit is loose and has no bedding, and the particle size sorting is not obvious. There is a large number of black fluidal juvenile lava with highly vesicular structure. As the eruption continued, when the pyroclastic deposits rose above the water surface, the volcanism transformed into the phreatomagmatic eruption, resulting in surge current and tuff deposit, which has obvious parallel bedding and cross-bedding. The second type of pyroclasts formed in this stage. In the late period of volcanic activity, Strombolian and Hawaiian type eruption were the main types, which formed black and red welding aggregates. Finally, the eruption turned into an overflow of lava, forming a lava platform. According to the eruption physics of Bingmajiao volcano, it is speculated that the potential eruption hazards of littoral volcano in the future include underwater “fire fountains”, surging currents, ballistic falling volcanic bombs, lava fountains and lava flows. Among them, the surge current may move at a high speed close to the sea level, affecting a range of 10km around the crater, which is the most dangerous type of volcanic eruption hazard. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics