2023年12月18日积石山 MS6.2 地震地表破裂及发震构造

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2025.04.20240010

地震地质 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4): 1058-1074.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2025.04.20240010

2023年12月18日积石山 M_S6.2 地震地表破裂及发震构造

李林林¹^,²⁾(), 姜文亮¹^,³⁾^,^*(), 李德文¹^,²⁾, 焦其松¹^,³⁾, 罗毅¹^,³⁾, 李永生¹^,³⁾, 田云锋¹^,³⁾, 李营营¹^,²⁾

1)应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院, 北京 100085
2)复合链生自然灾害动力学应急管理部重点实验室, 北京 100085
3)应急卫星工程与应用应急管理部重点实验室, 北京 100085

收稿日期:2024-01-17 修回日期:2024-02-17 出版日期:2025-08-20 发布日期:2025-10-09
通讯作者: *姜文亮, 男, 1982年生, 研究员, 主要从事遥感观测技术应用与研究、活动断层与构造地貌遥感研究工作, E-mail: jiang_wenliang@163.com。
作者简介:
李林林, 男, 1986年生, 2015年于北京大学获地质学专业博士学位, 副研究员, 现主要从事沉积学、湖泊沉积古地震学、活动构造与地震地质学研究, E-mail: leein@sina.com。
基金资助:
应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院基本科研业务专项(ZDJ2019-14); 国家科技基础资源调查专项(2021FY100104); 国家自然科学基金(42271017); 国家自然科学基金(42271015)

SURFACE RUPTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JISHISHAN M_S6.2 EARTHQUAKE ON DECEMBER 18, 2023

LI Lin-lin¹^,²⁾(), JIANG Wen-liang¹^,³⁾^,^*(), LI De-wen¹^,²⁾, JIAO Qi-song¹^,³⁾, LUO Yi¹^,³⁾, LI Yong-sheng¹^,³⁾, TIAN Yun-feng¹^,³⁾, LI Ying-ying¹^,²⁾

1)National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China
2)Key Laboratory of Compound and Chained Natural Hazards Dynamics, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China
3)Key Laboratory of Emergency Satellite Engineering and Application, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 100085, China

Received:2024-01-17 Revised:2024-02-17 Online:2025-08-20 Published:2025-10-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2023年12月18日23点59分, 甘肃省临夏州积石山县发生 M_S6.2 地震, 震中位于拉脊山断裂带南东段, 震源深度10km。地震发生后, 通过现场野外调查, 无人机航测、卫星遥感影像DSM提取、 InSAR形变分析, 结合震源机制、区域构造等, 对本次地震的地表破裂、发震构造等进行了综合分析。在积石山山前尹家山东侧发现向NNW延伸的长约1km的地表破裂, 显示出挤压兼右旋走滑特征, 可见最大垂直位错约8cm, 右旋位错约2cm。本次地震的发震构造为拉脊山北缘断裂南东段, 震中区域断裂表现为一系列NNW向次级断裂的组合样式。本次地震的发震断裂规模不大, 历史强震缺失, 说明在青藏高原NE向构造隆升扩展作用下, 高原东北缘规模有限的断裂同样具有发生中强地震的潜在风险。

关键词: 积石山M_S6.2地震, 地表破裂, 发震构造, 拉脊山断裂带

Abstract:

At 23:59 on December 18, 2023, an M_S6.2 earthquake struck Jishishan County, Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province. The epicenter(35.70°N, 102.79°E) was located in the southeastern segment of the Lajishan fault zone, with a focal depth of approximately 10km. According to the Ministry of Emergency Management, the maximum intensity reached Ⅷ degree, with the NNW-striking long axis of the isoseismal zone consistent with the fault strike. Although moderate in magnitude, the earthquake has caused over 150 fatalities, primarily due to its occurrence at midnight, high population density, poor seismic resistance of housing, and secondary hazards such as debris flows.

Following the event, a comprehensive field investigation was conducted at the epicentral area. Utilizing UAV imagery, digital surface models(DSMs) derived from GF-7 satellite data, and InSAR analysis using Sentinel-1 SAR data, the characteristics of the surface ruptures and the seismogenic structure were examined.

The InSAR results from the ascending orbit of Sentinel-1 revealed that coseismic deformation was dominated by uplift, with a maximum line-of-sight(LOS) displacement of approximately 65mm. The primary deformation zone exhibited an elliptical shape, trending NNW, and extended approximately 10km along the fault strike—consistent with the expected rupture length for an event of this magnitude.

Field surveys and UAV imagery identified a ~1km-long NNW-trending surface rupture east of Yinjiashan Village, which cut across multiple geomorphic units. These ruptures exhibited dominantly thrusting motion with minor right-lateral strike-slip components and were linearly distributed, indicating a tectonic origin rather than landslides or secondary processes. The maximum observed offset reached 8cm vertically and 2cm horizontally.

Digital surface model interpretation from GF-7 imagery revealed several NNW-trending linear structures along the eastern front of the Jishishan Mountains, forming linear topographic scarps and ridges. The observed surface rupture corresponds with one of these structures(F₁₂). Additionally, two local rivers exhibit sharp deflections toward the NNW, controlled by these structures, supporting the interpretation that they are branch faults of the northern Lajishan fault.

According to empirical relationships between magnitude, rupture length, and displacement(Wells & Coppersmith, 1994), an M_S6.2 event is expected to produce a rupture length of approximately 10km. Similar surface rupture lengths(~15km and ~11km) were observed in the 2021 M_S6.1 Biru earthquake. Combined with InSAR-derived deformation extent and the lack of field coverage south of the observed rupture, it is inferred that the surface rupture may extend several kilometers southward along the same structural lineament.

In conclusion, the seismogenic fault responsible for this event is the northern Lajishan fault, comprising multiple NNW-trending branch faults along the eastern front of the Jishishan Mountains. The surface rupture identified corresponds to one of these secondary faults. Despite of the modest scale of the Lajishan fault zone compared to major structures like the Altyn Tagh, East Kunlun, and Qilian-Haiyuan fault zones, and its lack of historical large earthquakes, this event highlights the potential seismic hazard posed by smaller faults under the influence of ongoing crustal uplift and tectonic extension in the northeastern Tibetan plateau.

Key words: Jishishan M_S6.2 earthquake, surface rupture zone, seismogenic structure, Lajishan fault zone

李林林, 姜文亮, 李德文, 焦其松, 罗毅, 李永生, 田云锋, 李营营. 2023年12月18日积石山 M_S6.2 地震地表破裂及发震构造[J]. 地震地质, 2025, 47(4): 1058-1074.

LI Lin-lin, JIANG Wen-liang, LI De-wen, JIAO Qi-song, LUO Yi, LI Yong-sheng, TIAN Yun-feng, LI Ying-ying. SURFACE RUPTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JISHISHAN M_S6.2 EARTHQUAKE ON DECEMBER 18, 2023[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(4): 1058-1074.

图/表 10

图1 青藏高原活动构造简图(a)及积石山地震震中周缘活动构造图(b) 断层数据来源于中国地震灾害防御中心地震活动断层探察数据中心①, 拉脊山断裂带位置据文献(Han et al., 2024)修正, 地震数据引自中国活动构造图(邓起东等, 2007)

Fig. 1 Tectonic map of the study area showing the active faults, historical strong earthquakes around the epicentre of Jishishan MS6.2 earthquake.

图2 积石山 MS6.2 地震序列重新定位的空间分布图(截至2023年12月22日24时) a 地震序列重新定位震中位置及拉脊山断裂带南东段断层分布图(断层分布参照文献(王世广等, 2024)修订); b 震源深度沿AA'剖面分布图; c 震源深度沿BB'分布图

Fig. 2 The aftershock distribution of MS6.2 Jishishan earthquake(As of 24:00 on December 22, 2023).

表1 不同机构发布震源参数表

Table1 Parameters of the Jishishan MS6.2 earthquake from different institutions

参数来源	震中位置	深度 /km	节面1			节面2			震级 /M_W
参数来源	震中位置	深度 /km	走向 /(°)	倾角 /(°)	滑动角 /(°)	走向 /(°)	倾角 /(°)	滑动角 /(°)	震级 /M_W
USUS^①	35.739°N,102.805°E	10	333	62	88	156	28	93	5.9
CEA-IGP^②	35.70°N,102.79°E	10	168	50	124	302	51	56	6.0
GCMT^③	35.83°N,102.81°E	18.9	164	46	122	303	52	62	6.1

图3 积石山地震InSAR同震形变场形变正值为抬升, 负值为沉降

Fig. 3 Coseismic InSAR interferograms of the Jishishan earthquake.

图4 垂直断裂的InSAR同震位错剖面 a GPS水平运动速度场叠加InSAR形变场(GPS速度场资料引自文献(Wang et al., 2020), InSAR形变场数据提取自Sentinel-1卫星128轨道升轨(2023-10-27、 2023-12-26)数据), 图中NEE向虚线表示剖面中心线位置; b AB剖面形变数据提取自剖面线两侧各5km宽度范围带内, x轴指示沿剖面线方向的位置, y轴指示垂直形变量, 不同颜色代表该点到剖面中心线的距离, 负值指示剖面NNW侧, 正值指示剖面SSE侧; c CD剖面的InSAR同震位错特征, d EF剖面的InSAR同震位错特征

Fig. 4 InSAR coseismic displacement profiles perpendicular to the fault strike.

图5 尹家山东侧地表破裂出露特征 a 公路“U”形拐弯处可见数条地表破裂, 裂缝显示新生特征, 路基和道路均发生了破裂, 裂缝处轻微凸起; b 破裂局部显示右旋位错, 位错量约2cm, 裂缝宽约2cm; c 公路“U”形弯南侧梯田内发育地表破裂, 裂缝宽约5cm, 破裂处形成反向陡坎, 坡底一侧沿破裂面发生抬升, 说明破裂的产生与滑坡无关; d 公路“U”形弯北部山顶平坦区域发育地表破裂, 裂缝宽约2cm; e 山坡下田间的地表破裂, 整体显示出右旋轻微位错, 破裂处有轻微凸起; f 地表破裂显示约8cm垂直位错; g 裂缝宽约8cm; 图片位置如图6所示

Fig. 5 Characteristics of surface ruptures on the east of the Yinjiashan.

图6 尹家山东地表破裂位置无人机航拍正射影像(a)及DSM山体阴影(b) 图中红色实线为在影像中识别的地表破裂位置, 航拍位置如图7所示

Fig. 6 The digital orthophoto map(a) and the digital surface model(b) through UAV images showing the location of the surface ruptures.

图7 积石山地震震中区域DSM山体阴影(a)及50m等高线地形图(b) 图中DSM山体阴影为基于GF-7号遥感影像信息处理获得, 黑色方框为野外调查及无人机测量地表破裂区域, 黄色细线为50m等高线。图a中的红色实线为识别地表破裂; 红色虚线为推测的地表破裂; 图b中红色粗实线为识别出的 NNW向逆冲分支断面, 三角齿位于抬升一侧

Fig. 7 The digital surface model(a) and topographic map with 50m contour interval line(b)around the epicentre of the Jishishan earthquake.

表2 Wells不同类型断裂震级与破裂参数经验公式(Wells et al., 1994)

Table2 Empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length and displacement proposed(Wells et al., 1994)

序号	经验公式	断裂类型	震级范围
1	log(SRL)=-3.55+0.74×M	走滑	5.6~8.1
2	log(SRL)=-2.86+0.63×M	逆冲	5.4~7.4
3	log(SRL)=-3.22+0.69×M	所有	5.2~8.1
4	log(MD)=-7.03+1.03×M	走滑	5.6-8.1
5	log(MD)=-1.84+0.29×M	逆冲	5.4~7.4
6	log(MD)=-5.46+0.82×M	所有	5.2~8.1
7	log(AD)=-6.32+0.90×M	走滑	5.6~8.1
8	log(AD)=-0.74+0.08×M	逆冲	5.8~7.4
9	log(AD)=-4.80+0.69×M	所有	5.6~8.1

图8 积石山地震的发震构造模式图

Fig. 8 Seismogenic structure map of the Jishishan MS6.2 earthquake.

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2023年12月18日积石山 M_S6.2 地震地表破裂及发震构造

SURFACE RUPTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JISHISHAN M_S6.2 EARTHQUAKE ON DECEMBER 18, 2023

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2023年12月18日积石山 MS6.2 地震地表破裂及发震构造

SURFACE RUPTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JISHISHAN MS6.2 EARTHQUAKE ON DECEMBER 18, 2023

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2023年12月18日积石山 M_S6.2 地震地表破裂及发震构造

SURFACE RUPTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JISHISHAN M_S6.2 EARTHQUAKE ON DECEMBER 18, 2023