2024年1月23日新疆乌什MS7.1地震宏观震中与地质灾害调查

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2025.02.20240066

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2024年1月23日新疆乌什发生 M_S7.1 地震, 震中位于西南天山乌什凹陷, 极震区烈度为Ⅸ度。此次地震是新疆地区近十年以来最大的地震, 也是自1992年吉尔吉斯斯坦Suusamyr M_S7.3地震以来天山地震带内最大的地震。地震造成的人员伤亡、房屋破坏相对较轻, 但次生地质灾害较为严重。文中通过震后第一时间野外科学考察、大比例尺卫星影像解译及无人机航拍, 对宏观震中及震区地质灾害的空间位置、基本类型和发育特征等进行了调查。结果表明, 乌什地震宏观震中主要位于微观震中以南约8km的别迭里河—恰勒玛提河之间, 地质灾害主要沿构造走向集中分布在微观震中东、西两侧30km范围内的山区, 灾害类型多以岩崩、滑坡、滚石、边坡失稳和地裂缝为主, 尤其以地震崩塌和地裂缝最为突出, 偶有沿地裂缝的喷砂冒水现象, 地震崩塌主要集中在玉山古溪河—科克留木苏河之间, 震中所在的别迭里河表现最为明显, 地裂缝主要集中在由新近系地层组成的别迭里背斜核部, 以张裂缝和张剪裂缝为主, 覆盖范围南北长2.53km, 东西宽0.2~1.2km, 面积约为2.2km²。本次调查的次生地质灾害的分布区与InSAR同震形变场给出的最大形变区在空间上具有较好的一致性, 表明构造变形对地质灾害形成具有显著的控制作用。

关键词: 乌什地震, 地震地质灾害, 地震崩塌, 地裂缝, 迈丹断裂

Abstract:

The Wushi M_S7.1 earthquake is the largest seismic event in Xinjiang in the past decade and the most significant earthquake in the Tianshan seismic belt since the Suusamyr M_S7.3 earthquake in Kyrgyzstan in 1992. The microseismic epicenter is located at the transition between the Keping nappe structure belt and the Kuqa nappe belt in the southwestern Tianshan Mountains, near the intersection of the southern Tianshan Mountains and the Wushi Depression. This region is a compressional fault depression valley formed in the context of Tianshan orogeny. The northern boundary of the valley is controlled by the Maidan reverse fault zone, while multiple rows of newly developed linear uplifts and piedmont fault scarps in the northern depression are governed by low-angle overthrust and recoil faults. Focal mechanism analysis indicates that both the main shock and aftershocks exhibit a compressional thrust-type mechanism, consistent with the structural characteristics of the Wushishan front depression. Post-earthquake investigations revealed relatively minor casualties and structural damage, but secondary geological disasters were severe. Using field surveys, large-scale satellite image analysis, and drone aerial photography conducted immediately after the earthquake, this study investigates the spatial distribution, types, and development characteristics of seismic-induced geological hazards in various gullies within the affected region. Although no large-scale surface ruptures were observed at or near the epicenter, extensive seismic geological hazards were identified, providing crucial insights for determining the macroseismic epicenter and assessing the post-disaster intensity and loss in the earthquake area.
Geological hazards induced by the Wushi earthquake were primarily concentrated in Biediligou, Qialematigou, Cocriu Musugou, and adjacent mountainous areas within the VII-degree seismic intensity zone. The most severe damage occurred in the Biediligou-Qialematigou region, where the macroseismic epicenter was located, with diverse types of secondary disasters, including rockfalls, landslides, rolling stones, bank slope collapses, subgrade settlement cracks, and ground fissures. Some ground fissures were accompanied by displacement. Seismic geological hazards were predominantly observed near the microseismic epicenter and within 10km of the north and south sides of the fault zone, with collapses being the most prominent, followed by pavement cracking and riverbank slope failures caused by ground fissures and uneven subgrade settlement. Post-earthquake investigations also identified numerous concentrated surface tension and shear cracks in the macroseismic epicenter, alongside earthquake-induced collapses, landslides, slope instabilities, subgrade settlements, and structural failures. Coseismic InSAR deformation field and image offset analysis revealed a maximum line-of-sight displacement of approximately 40cm and a minimum displacement of -16cm. The long axis of the deformation zone trends NE, with its strongest deformation occurring between Biediligou and Qialamatigou. This spatial distribution aligns well with the observed ground fissures and seismic deformation zones near the macroseismic epicenter, indicating that structural deformation plays a critical role in controlling the formation of earthquake-induced geological hazards.

Key words: Wushi earthquake, earthquake-induced geological hazards, earthquake collapse, ground fissures, Maidan Fault

陈建波, 郑黎明, 李涛, 陈杰, 姚远, 钱黎, 张博譞, 胡宗凯, 刘冠伸, 李金. 2024年1月23日新疆乌什M_S7.1地震宏观震中与地质灾害调查[J]. 地震地质, 2025, 47(2): 561-576.

CHEN Jian-bo, ZHENG Li-ming, LI Tao, CHEN Jie, YAO Yuan, QIAN Li, ZHANG Bo-xuan, HU Zong-kai, LIU Guan-shen, LI Jin. GEOLOGICAL HAZARD CHARACTERISTICS AND MACRO-SCOPIC EPICENTER OF WUSHI M_S7.1 EARTHQUAKE ON JANUARY 23, 2024, XINJIANG[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(2): 561-576.

图/表 7

图 1 2024年1月23日新疆乌什 MS7.1 地震烈度与主、余震中位置及地质灾害调查点图中断层主要依据1︰20万地质图, 时间截至2024年2月7日, 主、余震的震源机制解主要来自中地震局预测所 ①

Fig. 1 Seismic intensity map and location of geological hazard survey sites and main and aftershock of Wushi MS7.1 in Xinjiang on January 23, 2024.

图 2 别迭里河谷的地震地质灾害 a、 b 河流阶地崩塌形成了倒石堆群1, 阻塞道路; c 河流阶地崩塌形成了倒石堆群2, 阻塞道路; d 河谷西岸西域砾岩崩塌形成的岩崩和滚石; e 河谷东岸松散堆积垮塌; f 古生界灰岩崩塌产生的滚石砸断电线杆; g 古生界灰岩崩塌形成的巨大滚石砸倒隔离墩和路桩, 阻塞道路; h 别迭里沟古生界和西域砾岩分界处断层附近地震形成的形成山剥皮现象(滑坡群)

Fig. 2 Earthquake-induced geological hazards in Biedieli valley.

图 3 玉山古溪沟与科克留木苏沟的地震地质灾害 a 玉山古溪沟公路边坡新近系泥岩崩塌, 阻塞道路; b 玉山古溪沟的河岸崩塌形成的倒石堆群和倒塌的房屋; c 玉山古溪沟内沿地裂缝伴生的轻微砂土液化; d 玉山古溪沟河流低阶地上发育的轻微地裂缝; e 玉山古溪沟河流西侧冲沟内形成的小规模的地震崩塌体; f 低阶地上发育的轻微地裂缝科克留木苏河东岸河岸阶地松散堆积物崩塌; g 巴里度尔沟西域砾岩崩塌

Fig. 3 Earthquake-induced geological disasters in Yushanguxi gully and Kekliusu gully.

图 4 别迭里河谷地震造成河岸边坡失稳产生的路基沉降和桥梁破裂

Fig. 4 Roadbed settlement and bridge rupture caused by the instability of riverbank slopes in the Biedieli river valley caused by the earthquake.

图 5 玉山古溪河高河漫滩和低阶地上形成的地裂缝及喷砂冒水点平面展布图

Fig. 5 Plane layout of ground fractures and sandblasting water points on the low terrace of Yushanguxi valley.

图 6 别迭里河谷西岸新近系背斜核部地震形成的密集裂缝平面展布图

Fig. 6 Plane distribution of dense fractures formed by earthquakes at the core of the Neogene anticline on the west bank of Biedieli river valley.

图 7 别迭里河谷西岸新近系背斜核部的地震裂缝和基岩断层及地震岩崩 a NW向裂隙, 为重力作用产生的拉张性裂缝, 断错现代河床; b NW向裂缝, 其分布范围和走向大致与局部地形等高线平行, 沿地貌高差呈台阶状或斜裂展布; c 在柏油路面产生的NW向斜向挤压鼓包; d 背斜南翼西域组砾岩内部的基岩断层活动产生岩崩; e、 f 近SN向构造裂缝, 沿已有基岩断层切割新近系泥岩, 并形成垂向位错

Fig. 7 Earthquake fractures, bedrock faults and seismic rock collapses at the core of the Neogene anticline on the west bank of Biedieli river valley.

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