2023年积石山MW6.1 地震InSAR同震形变与震间断裂运动机制

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2025.05.20240016

地震地质 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (5): 1416-1437.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2025.05.20240016

2023年积石山M_W6.1 地震InSAR同震形变与震间断裂运动机制

杨莹辉¹^,²⁾(), 谢丽媛¹⁾, 许强¹⁾, 王运生¹⁾, 赵晶晶³⁾, 王道明⁴⁾, 陈强³⁾

1)成都理工大学, 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护全国重点实验室, 成都 610059
2)成都理工大学, 地震研究中心, 成都 610059
3)西南交通大学, 测绘遥感信息系, 成都 610031
4)华能澜沧江水电股份有限公司, 昆明 650214

收稿日期:2024-02-02 修回日期:2024-04-25 出版日期:2025-10-20 发布日期:2025-11-11
作者简介:
杨莹辉, 男, 1987年生, 博士, 教授, 主要从事地震地质灾害InSAR形变监测与机制反演建模研究, E-mail: yinghuiyang_cdut@126.com。
基金资助:
四川省哲学社会科学基金特别委托重大项目(SCJJ23WT06); 国家自然科学基金(42474041); 国家自然科学基金(42471485); 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护全国重点实验室研究课题(SKLGP2020K019); 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护全国重点实验室研究课题(SKLGP2021Z016)

RESEARCH OF THE INSAR COSEISMIC DEFORMATION AND INTERSEISMIC FAULTING MECHANISM OF THE 2023 JISHISHAN M_W6.1 EARTHQUAKE

YANG Ying-hui¹^,²⁾(), XIE Li-yuan¹⁾, XU Qiang¹⁾, WANG Yun-sheng¹⁾, ZHAO Jing-jing³⁾, WANG Dao-ming⁴⁾, CHEN Qiang³⁾

1)State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
2)Research Center for Earthquake Disaster, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China
3)Department of Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China
4)Huaneng Lancang River Hydropower Inc., Kunming 650214, China

Received:2024-02-02 Revised:2024-04-25 Online:2025-10-20 Published:2025-11-11

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 2023年12月18日午夜, 中国甘肃省临夏市积石山县发生 M_W6.1 地震, 强烈的同震晃动造成大量房屋倒塌及人员伤亡。为揭示此次地震的发震构造和震前、同震运动机制, 文中利用震前GPS和时序InSAR形变, 反演得到孕震断裂震间走滑速率约为1.9mm/a, 断层闭锁深度约为11km, 跨断裂地壳缩短率约为1.0mm/a, 具备发生逆冲地震的潜力。进一步利用Sentinel-1卫星获取的地震前后的合成孔径雷达数据, 提取了同震InSAR形变场, 根据搜索断层参数后验概率密度分布, 估算了最优断层几何参数, 并反演了同震断层滑动模型。结果表明, 积石山地震为典型的低倾角逆冲断层运动, 断层倾向SW具有更高的置信度, 最大滑动量位于地下约6.8km深度处, 约为0.35m。此外, 不同深度处的库仑应力变化显示, 主震断层滑动造成的库仑应力传输显著促进了余震的发生。积石山南缘断裂的中北段、积石山北缘断裂东南段及西秦岭北缘断裂的中段均出现明显的库仑应力增加, 需持续关注这些区段的地震风险。

关键词: 积石山地震, 震间断裂运动, InSAR同震形变, 断层滑动模型, 库仑应力

Abstract:

On December 18, 2023, a M_W6.1 earthquake struck Jishishan County in the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province. The strong ground shaking caused widespread building collapse and significant casualties, underscoring the severe societal impact of seismic events in this region. Because the epicenter is located within a tectonically active area characterized by frequent crustal deformation and complex fault interactions, clarifying the seismogenic mechanisms is essential for understanding regional seismic hazards.

To investigate the fault structures and rupture processes associated with the event, we applied time-series Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(InSAR) analysis to descending-orbit deformation rate fields across the epicentral region, integrating these results with pre-earthquake Global Positioning System(GPS)observations. Constrained by these geodetic datasets, fault coupling behavior was estimated using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo(MCMC) inversion. The preferred fault model suggests an interseismic slip rate of ~1.9mm/a and a fault locking depth of ~11km. These results are consistent with geological field observations, providing validation for the geodetic modeling. The inversion also reveals a crustal shortening rate of ~1.0mm/a across the Lajishan Fault, highlighting the potential for reverse-faulting earthquakes in the region.

For coseismic deformation, we employed both ascending- and descending-track Sentinel-1 SAR acquisitions to extract high-resolution displacement fields. Using these InSAR constraints, the optimal fault geometry was determined from posterior probability density distributions of fault parameters. A linear inversion incorporating Laplacian smoothing was then applied to estimate the coseismic fault slip distribution. The results show that the earthquake was generated by low-angle thrust faulting, with the seismogenic fault plane striking 131° and dipping southwest at 23.3°. A prominent high-slip asperity was identified at depths of 3~8km, with a maximum slip of 0.35m at ~6.8km depth, consistent with regional reverse-faulting characteristics. Model residuals are mostly <5mm, concentrated northwest of the epicenter, where decorrelation is relatively strong.

Coulomb stress changes were further calculated based on the inverted slip model. The analysis shows that coseismic slip significantly modified stress distributions, with most aftershocks occurring in regions of increased Coulomb stress. This demonstrates the critical role of post-seismic stress redistribution in controlling aftershock occurrence and highlights the importance of stress analysis for seismic hazard assessment.

Beyond the main rupture, the earthquake also affected adjacent fault systems, including the middle-northern segment of the Jishishan Fault and the central segment of the northern margin fault of the Western Qinling Mountains. These segments now experience elevated Coulomb stress, implying heightened seismic risk. This finding underscores the necessity of continuous geodetic monitoring and regular seismic hazard reassessment in the region.

By integrating GPS and InSAR observations, this study provides a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of coseismic deformation and fault motion during the Jishishan earthquake. The results not only enhance understanding of earthquake dynamics but also contribute to improved seismic hazard assessment and long-term risk mitigation in tectonically active regions.

Key words: Jishishan Earthquake, interseismic fault motion, InSAR coseismic deformation, fault slip model, Coulomb failure stress

杨莹辉, 谢丽媛, 许强, 王运生, 赵晶晶, 王道明, 陈强. 2023年积石山M_W6.1 地震InSAR同震形变与震间断裂运动机制[J]. 地震地质, 2025, 47(5): 1416-1437.

YANG Ying-hui, XIE Li-yuan, XU Qiang, WANG Yun-sheng, ZHAO Jing-jing, WANG Dao-ming, CHEN Qiang. RESEARCH OF THE INSAR COSEISMIC DEFORMATION AND INTERSEISMIC FAULTING MECHANISM OF THE 2023 JISHISHAN M_W6.1 EARTHQUAKE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(5): 1416-1437.

图/表 11

图 1 区域构造背景断层数据来自邓起东(2007); GPS速度场来自Wang等(2020)

Fig. 1 Tectonic setting of the study region.

图 2 区域震间InSAR形变速率断层数据来自邓起东(2007); GPS速度场来自Wang 等(2020)

Fig. 2 Interseismic InSAR deformation velocity field in the seismic zone.

表 2 不同机构公布积石山地震发震断层参数

Table2 Fault parameters of the Jishishan earthquake reported by different institutions

参数来源	走向/(°)	倾角/(°)	滑移角/(°)	震级
GCMT	164	46	122	M_W6.1
	303	52	62
USGS	156	28	93	M5.9
	333	62	88
GFZ	137	38	79	M_W6.0
	331	52	98
IGCEA	156	28		M_W6.0
刘振江等(2025)	143	38	104	M_W6.1
	319	43	104
杨九元等(2025)	148.9	33.6	116.4	M_W6.1
	311	53.8	79.6
王润妍等(2024)	159.08	40.57	112.46	M_W6.2
	310.52	53.5	71.88
本文	131.0±4.2	23.3±0.9	94.0±3.3	M_W6.1

图 3 区域GPS形变及拉脊山断裂的震间断裂运动速率与闭锁深度

Fig. 3 Regional GPS displacement, estimated fault slip rate and locking depth of Lajishan Fault.

表 1 SAR影像基本参数

Table1 Parameters of Sentinel-1A SAR image

卫星	飞行方向	轨道	主影像日期	从影像日期	时间基线/d	空间基线/m
Sentinel-1	升轨	T128	2023-10-27	2023-12-26	60	65.3
Sentinel-1	降轨	T135	2023-12-14	2023-12-26	12	117.1

图 4 积石山地震同震InSAR形变场 a Sentinel-1卫星升轨观测积石山地震的InSAR形变场及形变剖面; b Sentinel-1卫星降轨观测积石山地震InSAR形变场及形变剖面。其中, 黄色五角星标识地震震中位置, 黑色实线为剖面线所在位置

Fig. 4 Coseismic surface deformation field of the Jishishan earthquake.

图 5 积石山地震InSAR形变场降采样 a 四叉树降采样升轨InSAR形变; b 四叉树降采样降轨InSAR形变

Fig. 5 Down-sampling InSAR deformation of the Jishishan earthquake.

图 6 反演断层参数后验概率分布 a 断层参数全空间搜优的后验概率分布; b 走向角限定在[0°, 250°]内时断层参数的后验概率分布。其中, 红色曲线为利用多次反演参数估算的最优高斯分布拟合曲线, 各子图为相关参数的联合概率分布

Fig. 6 Posterior probability distributions of the estimated fault parameters.

图 7 积石山地震同震断层滑动模型 a 反演断层面滑动粗糙度与InSAR形变未解释度的折中曲线; b 断层滑动三维空间分布; c 断层滑动平面分布。其中, 黄色五角星表示震源位置, 红色圆圈表示余震事件

Fig. 7 Coseismic fault slip model of the Jishishan earthquake.

图 8 正演InSAR同震形变场及残差 a 卫星观测升轨InSAR同震形变; b 断层运动模型正演升轨InSAR形变; c 升轨InSAR模型残差; d 卫星观测降轨InSAR同震形变; e 断层运动模型正演降轨InSAR形变; f 降轨InSAR模型残差

Fig. 8 Predicted coseismic InSAR deformation field and residual.

图 9 积石山地震同震库仑应力传输 a 地下5km深度处的库仑应力变化; b 地下10km深度处的库仑应力变化。余震数据来源于中国地震台网中心 ①

Fig. 9 The Coulomb failure stress change caused by the Jishishan earthquake.

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2023年积石山M_W6.1 地震InSAR同震形变与震间断裂运动机制

RESEARCH OF THE INSAR COSEISMIC DEFORMATION AND INTERSEISMIC FAULTING MECHANISM OF THE 2023 JISHISHAN M_W6.1 EARTHQUAKE

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2023年积石山MW6.1 地震InSAR同震形变与震间断裂运动机制

RESEARCH OF THE INSAR COSEISMIC DEFORMATION AND INTERSEISMIC FAULTING MECHANISM OF THE 2023 JISHISHAN MW6.1 EARTHQUAKE

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2023年积石山M_W6.1 地震InSAR同震形变与震间断裂运动机制

RESEARCH OF THE INSAR COSEISMIC DEFORMATION AND INTERSEISMIC FAULTING MECHANISM OF THE 2023 JISHISHAN M_W6.1 EARTHQUAKE