青藏高原东南缘小江断裂带晚第四纪活动性研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.20240135

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

小江断裂带是川滇块体东边界的南段主干断裂, 在川滇块体围绕喜马拉雅东构造结顺时针旋转并侧向挤出过程中起调节作用。为了更好地理解小江断裂带在青藏高原物质向E挤出过程中扮演的角色, 文中在系统总结前人研究成果的基础上, 梳理其几何结构、不同时间尺度走滑速率、地震活动特征、与红河断裂带的变形协调等, 结合地貌特征分析, 重点讨论了变形几何学与运动学特征及深浅构造变形之间的关系和未来强震危险性。结果表明, 小江断裂带走向调整、走滑速率和运动性质沿走向的变化与川滇块体绕喜马拉雅东构造结顺时针旋转一致; 深部构造作用与浅部构造变形具有明显的耦合关系。小江断裂带各段现今的强震危险性均较高, 特别是北段巧家—东川地区和南段与红河断裂带交会的地区, 应予以高度重视。

关键词: 小江断裂带, 滑动速率, 变形协调, 地震活动, 强震危险性

Abstract:

The Xiaojiang fault zone is the southernmost branch fault of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang left-lateral strike-slip fault system, together with the Xianshuihe Fault, the Anninghe Fault and the Zemuhe Fault, which forms the eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan block on the southeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and plays an important role in accommodating the clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis and S-SE extrusion of the Sichuan-Yunnan block. The scientific understanding of geometric structures, the slip rate, the strong earthquake recurrence and the mechanism of deformation compatibility of different segments of the Xiaojiang fault zone, especially the intersection with the Red River fault zone, remains highly debated. In order to better understand the role of the Xiaojiang fault zone in the process of material extrusion of the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, based on the systematic summary of previous research results about the Xiaojiang fault zone, topographic relief and slope in the study area were extracted, and combined with geomorphological characteristics analysis, the geometric structure and kinematic characteristics, strike-slip rate at different time scales, seismic activity and deformation coordination with the Red River fault zone of the Xiaojiang fault zone are combed and summarized. combined with geomorphological characteristics analysis by extracting the relief and slope of the study area. The geometric segments and the late Quaternary activity characteristics of each segment of the Xiaojiang fault zone are described in detail. Then, we mainly reviewed the slip-rates at different timescales(geodetic scale, late Quaternary scale, and long time scale) of the Xiaojiang fault zone and their spatio-temporal variations. The seismicity characteristics of the Xiaojiang fault zone are summarized from three aspects: Paleoearthquakes, historical earthquakes and present earthquakes. The geometric relationship, deformation decomposition and transformation of faults at the intersection of the Xiaojiang fault zone and the Red River fault zone are analyzed. Besides, the geometric and kinematic characteristics of the deformation of the Xiaojiang fault zone and the coupling relationship between deep and shallow tectonic deformation are discussed, combined with geomorphic feature analysis. At last, he risk of future strong earthquakes in the Xiaojiang fault zone is discussed based on the results of previous studies on heterogeneous interseismic coupling along the Xiaojiang fault zone, etc. Through comprehensive analysis, it is concluded that the geometric and kinematic characteristics of the Xiaojiang fault zone are consistent with a clockwise rotation of the Sichuan-Yunnan block about the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. The deep tectonic process has an obvious controlling effect on the shallow tectonic deformation, and the Xiaojiang fault zone has a profound influence on the crustal structure, the deformation of the medium and the process of material migration. As the southeast boundary fault of the Sichuan-Yunnan block, the Xiaojiang fault zone has well restricted the S-SE movement of crustal material during the process of extrusion from the southeast margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau to the east. The results show that the strike adjustment of the Xiaojiang fault zone, the change of movement characteristics, the spatio-temporal evolution of strike-slip rate, the segmentation of geomorphic parameters and the distribution of seismic activity are highly consistent with the clockwise rotation direction of the Sichuan-Yunnan block around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. There is an obvious coupling relationship between deep tectonic action and shallow tectonic deformation in the Xiaojiang fault zone. The risk of strong earthquakes is high in the Xiaojiang fault zone, especially in the Qiaojia-Dongchuan area in the north and the confluence area of the Red River fault zone in the south. The probability of strong earthquakes in the future is increasing in each section of the Xiaojiang fault zone, especially in the northern section of the Qiaojia-Dongchuan fault zone and the intersection of the Red River fault zone and the Xiaojiang fault zone, the risk of strong earthquakes in the future is high, which should be paid great attention to.

Key words: The Xiaojiang fault zone, strike-slip rate, deformation compatibility, earthquake activity, hazard of strong earthquake

常玉巧, 张会平, 赵旭东. 青藏高原东南缘小江断裂带晚第四纪活动性研究进展[J]. 地震地质, 2026, 48(2): 279-313.

CHANG Yu-qiao, ZHANG Hui-ping, ZHAO Xu-dong. RESEARCH ADVANCES OF THE LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF XIAOJIANG FAULT ZONE IN THE SOUTHEASTERN MARGIN OF QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2026, 48(2): 279-313.

图/表 10

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序号	断裂分段	探槽位置 (各段分别自北向南排序)	揭露事件 (自上而下由新到老)	文献
1	东支	白沙井	③1733年东川$7 \frac{3}{4} $级地震 ②3065aBP ①5296aBP	国家地震局地质研究所等, 1990
2	东支	玉碑地	③1733年东川$7 \frac{3}{4} $级地震 ②(2450±80)aBP ①约5000aBP	国家地震局地质研究所等, 1990
3	东支	板河口	④(2 450±800)aBP ③无年龄数据 ②无年龄数据 ①无年龄数据	国家地震局地质研究所等, 1990
4	东支	小团山	③1733年东川$7 \frac{3}{4} $级地震 ②(2 035±85)aBP ①(2 905±95)aBP	朱向军, 1988 (源自宋方敏等, 1998)
5	东支	石膏塘	⑥1733东川$7 \frac{3}{4} $级地震 ⑤无年龄数据 ④(2 500±80)aBP ③无年龄数据 ②无年龄数据 ①无年龄数据	国家地震局地质研究所等, 1990
6	东支	大营盘	③1733年东川$7 \frac{3}{4} $级地震 ②(5 200±1050)aBP ①(7 200±155)aBP	朱向军, 1988 (源自宋方敏等, 1998)
7	东支	大脑包	④1733年东川$7 \frac{3}{4} $级地震 ③推测5 000aBP ②推测7 000aBP ①推测9 000aBP	宋方敏等, 1998
8	东支	双龙潭	②7 000a BP之后 ①无年龄数据	宋方敏等, 1998
9	东支	双龙潭	⑤1713寻甸6.7级地震 ④7 000aBP之后 ③7 000aBP之前 ②12 000aBP之后 ①12 000aBP之前	宋方敏等, 1998
10	东支	清水沟	无	宋方敏等,1998
11	东支	下米户	⑤1500年宜良7级地震 ④推测8 000aBP ③14 310aBP ②(19 850±1100)aBP之前 (20 280±1200)aBP之后1次 ①(20 280±1200)aBP之前1次	宋方敏等, 1998
12	东支	下麻邑	③1500年宜良7级地震 ②14 310aBP ①(19 850±1 100)aBP	宋方敏等, 1998
13	东支	店房	④无年龄数据 ③(13 260±50)aBP之前 ②无年龄数据 ①<30 000aBP	常玉巧等, 2021
14	东支	店房	晚更新世晚期9次: 38 000~17 000aBP	国家地震局地质研究所等, 1990
15	东支	店房	晚更新世晚期8次: 38 000~17 000aBP	国家地震局地质研究所等, 1990
16	东支	龚家营	②(9 720±190)~(13 860±260)aBP ①(13 860±260)aBP之前2次	宋方敏等, 1998
17	东支	打挂村	②1500年宜良7级地震 ①(14410±40)aBP之后	常玉巧等, 2021
18	东支	七江村	④1500年宜良7级地震 ③4 515aBP ②推测8 000aBP ①推测12 000aBP	宋方敏等, 1998
19	东支	凹子地	②1500年宜良7级地震 ①19 000aBP	宋方敏等, 1998
20	西支	干海子	③490aBP ②1 180~830aBP ①5 250~1 550aBP	李西等, 2018
21	西支	草海子	⑥1833年嵩明8级地震 ⑤830~330aBP ④1 560~1 230aBP ③11 450~1 450aBP ②37 350~26 750aBP ①41 950~38 250aBP	李西等, 2018
22	西支	甸沙	④1833年嵩明8级地震 ③4 700aBP ②推测8 000aBP ①推测15 000aBP	俞维贤等, 2004
23	西支	甸沙	⑥1833年8级地震 ⑤2 000aBP ④(4 670±380)aBP ③推测8 000aBP ②推测12 000aBP ①推测15 000aBP	俞维贤等, 2004
24	西支	海尾村	②1833年8级地震 ①(5 010±400)aBP	俞维贤等, 2004
25	西支	水马田	⑨1833年8级地震 ⑧15 000aBP ⑦无年龄数据 ⑥(19 200±380)aBP ⑤(30 030±1 070)aBP ④无年龄数据 ③无年龄数据 ②(38 260±3430)aBP ①无年龄数据	陈睿等, 1988
26	西支	大坟地	③20 200aBP ②20 770~20 350aBP ①24 250~21 550aBP	李西等, 2018
27	西支	龙家村西南	⑥1833年8级地震 ⑤2 000aBP ④4 000aBP ③8 000aBP ②12 000aBP ①15 000aBP	宋方敏等, 1998 俞维贤等, 2004
28	西支	冬瓜营	③1833年8级地震 ②2 000aBP ①3 210aBP	陈睿等, 1988
29	西支	冬瓜营	⑤1833年嵩明8级地震 ④1500年宜良M>7地震 ③(1 347±213)aBP ②(1 930±135)aBP ①(2 359±213)aBP	Hu et al., 1988
30	西支	七孔坡	④1833年8级地震 ③4 000aBP ②8 000aBP ①12 000aBP	俞维贤等, 2004
31	南段	落水洞	②12 490~5 655aBP ①3 845~505aBP	Guo et al., 2021
32	南段	东村	③15 365~12 725aBP ②10 840~6 890aBP ①1 685~185aBP	Guo et al., 2021
33	南段	放马坪	③1 640aBP之前 ②1 475~675aBP ①625~495aBP之后	Guo et al., 2021
34	南段	两岔河1	3次,无年龄数据	韩竹军等,2017
35	南段	两岔河2	无	韩竹军等,2017

序号	断裂分段	探槽位置 (各段分别自北向南排序)	揭露事件 (自上而下由新到老)	文献
1	东支	白沙井	③1733年东川$7 \frac{3}{4} $级地震 ②3065aBP ①5296aBP	国家地震局地质研究所等, 1990
2	东支	玉碑地	③1733年东川$7 \frac{3}{4} $级地震 ②(2450±80)aBP ①约5000aBP	国家地震局地质研究所等, 1990
3	东支	板河口	④(2 450±800)aBP ③无年龄数据 ②无年龄数据 ①无年龄数据	国家地震局地质研究所等, 1990
4	东支	小团山	③1733年东川$7 \frac{3}{4} $级地震 ②(2 035±85)aBP ①(2 905±95)aBP	朱向军, 1988 (源自宋方敏等, 1998)
5	东支	石膏塘	⑥1733东川$7 \frac{3}{4} $级地震 ⑤无年龄数据 ④(2 500±80)aBP ③无年龄数据 ②无年龄数据 ①无年龄数据	国家地震局地质研究所等, 1990
6	东支	大营盘	③1733年东川$7 \frac{3}{4} $级地震 ②(5 200±1050)aBP ①(7 200±155)aBP	朱向军, 1988 (源自宋方敏等, 1998)
7	东支	大脑包	④1733年东川$7 \frac{3}{4} $级地震 ③推测5 000aBP ②推测7 000aBP ①推测9 000aBP	宋方敏等, 1998
8	东支	双龙潭	②7 000a BP之后 ①无年龄数据	宋方敏等, 1998
9	东支	双龙潭	⑤1713寻甸6.7级地震 ④7 000aBP之后 ③7 000aBP之前 ②12 000aBP之后 ①12 000aBP之前	宋方敏等, 1998
10	东支	清水沟	无	宋方敏等,1998
11	东支	下米户	⑤1500年宜良7级地震 ④推测8 000aBP ③14 310aBP ②(19 850±1100)aBP之前 (20 280±1200)aBP之后1次 ①(20 280±1200)aBP之前1次	宋方敏等, 1998
12	东支	下麻邑	③1500年宜良7级地震 ②14 310aBP ①(19 850±1 100)aBP	宋方敏等, 1998
13	东支	店房	④无年龄数据 ③(13 260±50)aBP之前 ②无年龄数据 ①<30 000aBP	常玉巧等, 2021
14	东支	店房	晚更新世晚期9次: 38 000~17 000aBP	国家地震局地质研究所等, 1990
15	东支	店房	晚更新世晚期8次: 38 000~17 000aBP	国家地震局地质研究所等, 1990
16	东支	龚家营	②(9 720±190)~(13 860±260)aBP ①(13 860±260)aBP之前2次	宋方敏等, 1998
17	东支	打挂村	②1500年宜良7级地震 ①(14410±40)aBP之后	常玉巧等, 2021
18	东支	七江村	④1500年宜良7级地震 ③4 515aBP ②推测8 000aBP ①推测12 000aBP	宋方敏等, 1998
19	东支	凹子地	②1500年宜良7级地震 ①19 000aBP	宋方敏等, 1998
20	西支	干海子	③490aBP ②1 180~830aBP ①5 250~1 550aBP	李西等, 2018
21	西支	草海子	⑥1833年嵩明8级地震 ⑤830~330aBP ④1 560~1 230aBP ③11 450~1 450aBP ②37 350~26 750aBP ①41 950~38 250aBP	李西等, 2018
22	西支	甸沙	④1833年嵩明8级地震 ③4 700aBP ②推测8 000aBP ①推测15 000aBP	俞维贤等, 2004
23	西支	甸沙	⑥1833年8级地震 ⑤2 000aBP ④(4 670±380)aBP ③推测8 000aBP ②推测12 000aBP ①推测15 000aBP	俞维贤等, 2004
24	西支	海尾村	②1833年8级地震 ①(5 010±400)aBP	俞维贤等, 2004
25	西支	水马田	⑨1833年8级地震 ⑧15 000aBP ⑦无年龄数据 ⑥(19 200±380)aBP ⑤(30 030±1 070)aBP ④无年龄数据 ③无年龄数据 ②(38 260±3430)aBP ①无年龄数据	陈睿等, 1988
26	西支	大坟地	③20 200aBP ②20 770~20 350aBP ①24 250~21 550aBP	李西等, 2018
27	西支	龙家村西南	⑥1833年8级地震 ⑤2 000aBP ④4 000aBP ③8 000aBP ②12 000aBP ①15 000aBP	宋方敏等, 1998 俞维贤等, 2004
28	西支	冬瓜营	③1833年8级地震 ②2 000aBP ①3 210aBP	陈睿等, 1988
29	西支	冬瓜营	⑤1833年嵩明8级地震 ④1500年宜良M>7地震 ③(1 347±213)aBP ②(1 930±135)aBP ①(2 359±213)aBP	Hu et al., 1988
30	西支	七孔坡	④1833年8级地震 ③4 000aBP ②8 000aBP ①12 000aBP	俞维贤等, 2004
31	南段	落水洞	②12 490~5 655aBP ①3 845~505aBP	Guo et al., 2021
32	南段	东村	③15 365~12 725aBP ②10 840~6 890aBP ①1 685~185aBP	Guo et al., 2021
33	南段	放马坪	③1 640aBP之前 ②1 475~675aBP ①625~495aBP之后	Guo et al., 2021
34	南段	两岔河1	3次,无年龄数据	韩竹军等,2017
35	南段	两岔河2	无	韩竹军等,2017