祁连山东段玛雅雪山断裂晚第四纪活动特征及其构造意义

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2025.06.20240052

地震地质 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (6): 1566-1585.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2025.06.20240052

祁连山东段玛雅雪山断裂晚第四纪活动特征及其构造意义

陈艳文¹⁾(), 袁道阳¹⁾^,^*(), 姚赟胜²⁾, 于锦超¹⁾, 文亚猛¹⁾, 苏瑞欢¹⁾, 孙浩¹⁾

¹⁾ 兰州大学, 地质科学与矿产资源学院, 兰州 730000
²⁾ 中国地震局兰州岩土地震研究所, 兰州 730000

收稿日期:2024-04-16 修回日期:2024-08-06 出版日期:2025-12-20 发布日期:2025-12-31
通讯作者: 袁道阳
作者简介:
陈艳文, 男, 1992年生, 现为兰州大学地质学专业在读博士研究生, 主要从事新构造与活动构造研究, E-mail: chenyw2023@lzu.edu.cn。
基金资助:
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究(2019QZKK0901); 国家自然科学基金(42172227)

CHARACTERISTICS OF LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE MAYAXUESHAN FAULT IN THE EASTERN QILIAN SHAN

CHEN Yan-wen¹⁾(), YUAN Dao-yang¹⁾^,^*(), YAO Yun-sheng²⁾, YU Jin-chao¹⁾, WEN Ya-meng¹⁾, SU Rui-huan¹⁾, SUN Hao¹⁾

¹⁾ School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
²⁾ Lanzhou Institute of Geotechnique and Earthquake, China Earthquake Administration, Lanzhou 730000, China

Received:2024-04-16 Revised:2024-08-06 Online:2025-12-20 Published:2025-12-31
Contact: YUAN Dao-yang

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 玛雅雪山断裂是祁连山东段的一条挤压逆冲断裂带, 整体呈向SW拱曲的弧形, 全长约152km。文中基于卫星影像解译、地质地貌填图、无人机航测和断错地貌面年代测试等技术方法, 对玛雅雪山断裂的几何结构和晚第四纪活动性等进行研究。结果表明, 该断裂晚第四纪构造活动具有分段性, 可划分为玛雅雪山(西)段、宝泉山(中)段和虎南山(东)段3段, 其活动时代分别为晚全新世、晚更新世末期和中更新世晚期。其中, 玛雅雪山段全新世以来活动强烈, 断错T₁-T₂级冲洪积阶地, 形成明显的断层陡坎, 其全新世以来的垂直滑动速率为(0.50±0.02)mm/a, 未来有发生6.7~7.0级强震的潜能。通过对比分析发现, 在晚第四纪活动性方面, 玛雅雪山段与庄浪河断裂之间可能具有更为密切的构造组合关系, 两者是在区域挤压应力作用下形成的弧形逆冲构造带。同样地, 青藏高原东北缘在NE向区域应力挤压和稳定地块的阻挡作用下, 形成了一系列前展式逆冲褶皱带和弧形挤出构造, 导致地壳缩短增厚和山脉快速崛起, 以次级地块分阶段逐次向外推挤的方式实现了青藏高原NE向的隆升扩展。

关键词: 玛雅雪山断裂, 晚第四纪活动性, 滑动速率, 弧形构造带, 高原扩展

Abstract:

The Qilian Shan, Hexi Corridor, and Longzhong Basin, on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau, form the leading edge of the plateau's outward advance into the mainland. They are young, critical components of the orogen, characterized by thrust faults, active folds, and strike-slip fault zones. The Mayaxueshan Fault(MYF), at the eastern end of the Qilian Shan, is a boundary thrust separating the northeastern Qilian margin from the Longzhong Basin. Constraining the late Quaternary activity and slip rate of the MYF is essential for elucidating regional deformation patterns and the mechanisms of Tibetan plateau uplift and outward growth, and it is also vital for seismic-hazard assessment.
Through remote-sensing interpretation, geological and geomorphic mapping, unmanned-aircraft photogrammetry, and optically stimulated luminescence dating, this paper examines the geometry, geomorphic expression, late Quaternary activity, and vertical slip rate of the MYF, and discusses its seismic risk and tectonic significance. Results show that the MYF is a SW-arching thrust-fault zone ~152km long, dipping SW-S at 32°~71°. The fault cuts a series of NE-SN-trending gullies, offsets landforms of multiple tiers, and forms scarps at 0.9~14.8m height. Variations in geometry and late Quaternary activity divide the MYF into three sections: Mayaxueshan(west), Baoquanshan(middle), and Hunanshan(east). Activity decreases from west to east, with respective activity epochs of late Holocene, end of late Pleistocene, and late Middle Pleistocene. From scarp heights and ages of corresponding geomorphic surfaces at Mayinggou and Shangbacigou, the vertical slip rate of the Mayaxueshan segment since the Holocene is(0.50±0.02)mm/a. This segment is thus capable of generating strong earthquakes of M6.7-7.0 in the future.
Comparative analysis suggests the western and middle-eastern sections of the MYF may belong to different fault systems. The Mayaxueshan segment shows a closer structural affinity with the Zhuanglanghe Fault; together they form arcuate thrust belts produced by regional compression. In contrast, the Baoquanshan segment appears to have evolved synergistically with the Baiyinbaiyangshugou Fault, constituting another arcuate belt in the north-central Longzhong Basin. As a whole, the MYF inherits an ancient arcuate architecture bulging toward the SW. Since the late Quaternary it has undergone progressive, west-to-east segmented reactivation, producing a mismatch between fracture geometry and the NE-oriented regional compressive stress and yielding along-strike differences in late Quaternary activity. On the northeastern Tibetan margin, NE-directed regional compression acting against stable blocks has generated foreland-propagating thrust-fold belts and curved extrusion structures, leading to crustal shortening and thickening and rapid mountain uplift. Consequently, the Tibetan plateau has risen and extended northeastward through the stepwise outward push of secondary blocks.

Key words: Mayaxueshan Fault, late Quaternary activity, slip rate, arc tectonic belt, plateau spreading

陈艳文, 袁道阳, 姚赟胜, 于锦超, 文亚猛, 苏瑞欢, 孙浩. 祁连山东段玛雅雪山断裂晚第四纪活动特征及其构造意义[J]. 地震地质, 2025, 47(6): 1566-1585.

CHEN Yan-wen, YUAN Dao-yang, YAO Yun-sheng, YU Jin-chao, WEN Ya-meng, SU Rui-huan, SUN Hao. CHARACTERISTICS OF LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE MAYAXUESHAN FAULT IN THE EASTERN QILIAN SHAN[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2025, 47(6): 1566-1585.

图/表 10

图 1 青藏高原东北缘活动构造分布图断层资料来源于文献(Yuan et al., 2013; 郑文俊等, 2021)。 F1阿尔金断裂; F2祁连-海原断裂(F2-1托莱山断裂, F2-2冷龙岭断裂, F2-3金强河断裂, F2-4毛毛山断裂, F2-5老虎山断裂, F2-6海原断裂, F2-7六盘山断裂, F2-8岐山-马召断裂); F3东昆仑断裂; F4西秦岭北缘断裂; F5榆木山断裂带; F6龙首山南缘断裂; F7龙首山北缘断裂; F8河西堡-四道山断裂; F9武威盆地南缘断裂; F10古浪断裂; F11香山-天景山断裂; F12烟筒山断裂; F13三关口-牛首山断裂; F14日月山断裂; F15拉脊山断裂; F16玛雅雪山断裂; F17庄浪河断裂; F18白银白杨树沟断裂; F19马衔山北缘断裂; F20洮河断裂

Fig. 1 Active tectonics in the northeastern Tibetan plateau.

图 2 玛雅雪山断裂展布图红色线条为玛雅雪山断裂; 研究点位: ①马营沟, ②上八刺沟, ③夹墙沟, ④达家窑, ⑤双墩村

Fig. 2 The spatial distribution of Mayaxueshan Fault.

表 1 玛雅雪山断裂光释光(OSL)测年结果

Table1 The results of optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating along the Mayaxueshan Fault

样品编号	采样深度 /m	含水量 /%	U /ppm	Th /ppm	K /%	等效剂量 /Gy	环境剂量率 /Gy·ka^-1	年龄 /a
OSL-2	0.95	9.85	2.47±0.02	13.5±0.18	2.59±0.01	42.99±1.9	3.99±0.04	10765±485
OSL-3	0.6	25.39	2.61±0.02	14.15±0.04	2.41±0.01	30.49±3.13	3.94±0.04	6275±795
OSL-4	1.3	28.84	2.59±0.03	13.24±0.17	2.27±0.03	55.72±3.31	3.71±0.05	15020±915
OSL-5	0.3	18.17	2.49±0.10	11.53±0.53	2.34±0.02	12.97±1.59	3.7±0.06	3500±430
OSL-6	0.2	7.77	2.3±0.02	11.36±0.13	2.13±0.01	42.46±1.2	3.49±0.04	12160±370
OSL-7	0.3	5.32	2.78±0.03	13.24±0.12	2.06±0.02	47.06±1.62	3.84±0.06	12255±450
OSL-8	0.7	2.89	2.46±0.03	11.69±0.12	2.12±0.03	55.76±1.23	3.64±0.05	15305±390

图 3 玛雅雪山段马营沟的河流阶地分级及断层陡坎特征 a 利用无人机航空影像生成的数字高程模型(DEM); b、 c地貌及断层陡坎无人机照片, 白色虚线为阶地边界; d 马营沟阶地剖面图; e-g从DEM影像中提取的地形剖面

Fig. 3 Terrace classification and fault scarp features of Mayaxueshan segment the Mayaxueshan Fault at Mayinggou.

图 4 马营沟河流阶地OSL样品采集图

Fig. 4 Sections of the OSL dating sample collection on the terraces in Mayinggou.

图 5 玛雅雪山段上八刺沟的断错地貌特征 a 利用无人机航空影像生成的数字高程模型(DEM); b、 c 上八刺沟地貌及断层陡坎照片, 白色实线为横穿断层的地形标示线; d、 e 从DEM影像中提取的地形剖面

Fig. 5 Faulted geomorphology features of Mayaxueshan segment the Mayaxueshan Fault at Shangbacigou.

图 6 上八刺沟OSL样品采集图 a 阶地地貌照片, 白色虚线为阶地边界; b、 c 测年样品采集剖面

Fig. 6 Sections of the OSL dating sample collection in Shangbacigou.

图 7 宝泉山段达家窑的断错地貌及断层剖面特征 a 利用无人机航空影像生成的数字高程模型(DEM); b 从DEM影像中提取的地形剖面; c 地貌及断层陡坎照片, 白色实线为横穿断层的地形标示线; d 冲沟东壁出露的断层剖面; e 达家窑地区OSL样品采集点

Fig. 7 Faulted geomorphology and fault features of Baoquanshan segment the Mayaxueshan Fault at Dajiayao.

图 8 宝泉山段夹墙沟的断错地貌及断层剖面特征 a 地貌及断层迹线照片; b 冲沟东壁出露的断层剖面

Fig. 8 Faulted geomorphology and fault features of Baoquanshan segment the Mayaxueshan Fault at Jiaqianggou.

图 9 青藏高原东北缘的构造变形模式图修改自文献(袁道阳等, 2004; 郑文俊等, 2016); 1 走滑断层; 2 逆断层; 3 正断层; 4 推测构造线; 5 玛雅雪山断裂; 6 区域主要挤压应力方向; 7 块体挤压方向; 8 块体拉张方向; 9 块体旋转方向

Fig. 9 Tectonic deformation model in northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau.

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祁连山东段玛雅雪山断裂晚第四纪活动特征及其构造意义

CHARACTERISTICS OF LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY AND TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE MAYAXUESHAN FAULT IN THE EASTERN QILIAN SHAN

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